A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

More documents

Recommendations

Info

13 Basic clauses 13.2 Interrogative clauses Constituent interrogative clauses in Pite Saami are consistently marked as such syntactically, and thus are distinct from declarative clauses. Polar interrogative clauses, on the other hand, do not differ significantly from declarative clauses, although some syntactic constructions are more common than others. The following sections deal first with constituent interrogative clauses, then polar interrogative clauses in more detail. 13.2.1 Constituent interrogative clauses Constituent interrogative clauses are the only type of independent clause in Pite Saami which is consistently marked syntactically as a clause type. Specifically, every constituent interrogative clause is marked as such by having an interrogative word or phrase in clause-initial position. When it is an interrogative pronoun, it inflects for case and number consistent with its grammatical role in the clause (as with any pronoun), while the humanness of its (expected) referent determines the choice of the root. 14 Some examples can be found in (43) through (46). (43) mav ma-v dån dån what-acc.sg 2sg.nom ‘What are you saying?’ hålå? hålå say\2sg.prs [pit090519.329] (44) majd ma-jd dä dä viehkedi? viehkedi what-acc.pl then help\2sg.pst ‘What then did you help (with)?’ (45) gejna ge-jna dä dä who-com.sg then ‘Who did you go with?’ tjuovvo tjuovvo accompany\2sg.pst [pit080924.615] [pit080924.071] (46) man man how mällgadav mällgada-v long-acc.sg ana ana have\2sg.prs dajd d-a-jd dem-dist-acc.pl ‘How long do you have those in the smoke hole for?’ riehpenen riehpene-n smoke.hole-iness.sg [pit090702.168] 14 Interrogative pronouns referring to non-human NPs all feature a ma- root, while those referring to human NPs have a ge- root. Interrogative adverbs also begin with g-. Cf. §6.4. 242
13.2 Interrogative clauses Alternatively, the interrogative can be an adverb, as in (47) through (49). (47) gukt lä gukte lä how ‘How is it?’ (48) guste guste be\3sg.prs dát d-á-t dem-prox-nom.sg dån dån from.where 2sg.nom ‘Where are you coming from?’ (49) gånne dajt gånne d-a-jt where bådá bådá come\2sg.prs dem-dist-acc.pl ‘Where did you pick those?’ tjogidä tjogi-dä pick-2pl.pst [pit080924.130] [pit080924.003] [pit080924.168] Assuming that any constituent which is the pragmatic focus can be marked by fronting, as preliminarily asserted in §12.2.1, then the fronting of the interrogative word is consistent with focus-marking. However, for constituent interrogative clauses, fronting is then obligatory. The rest of the clause is constructed syntactically just as freely as any declarative clause would be. While subjectverb inversion can occur, the flexible nature of Pite Saami constituent ordering prevents this from necessarily marking a clause as interrogative. It is worth noting that the discourse marker nå, which can be translated as ‘well’ or sometimes ‘yes’, frequently precedes constituent interrogative clauses, as in (50). However, it is not obligatory, nor is it restricted to interrogative clauses. It is likely a discourse marker, perhaps simply indicating the speaker’s active interest in the conversation. (50) nå nå gukte gukte well how lij li-j Áhkabákten Áhkabákte-n gu gu dånnå dånnå lidje lidje be-3sg.pst Áhkkabákkte-iness.sg when 2sg.nom be\2sg.pst mánná? mánná child\nom.sg ‘Well what was Áhkkabákkte like when you were a child?’ [pit080924.063] 243
Page 1 and 2:
A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
Page 3 and 4:
A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
Page 5:
Muv vienagijda Árjepluovest
Page 8 and 9:
Contents 3.2 Vowels . . . . . . . .
Page 10 and 11:
Contents 8.5.4 Class IV . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14:
Acknowledgements This grammar of Pi
Page 15 and 16:
Symbols and abbreviations - segment
Page 17 and 18:
1 Introduction This description of
Page 19 and 20:
1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
Page 21 and 22:
1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
Page 23 and 24:
1.2 Linguistic documentation of Pit
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
1.3 Typological profile Nouns infle
Page 41 and 42:
2 Prosody This description of the p
Page 43 and 44:
2.2 Multisyllabic word structure a
Page 45 and 46:
2.2 Multisyllabic word structure 2.
Page 47 and 48:
2.2 Multisyllabic word structure Ta
Page 49 and 50:
2.2 Multisyllabic word structure (8
Page 51 and 52:
2.3 Utterance-level prosody 2.3 Utt
Page 53 and 54:
3 Segmental phonology Pite Saami ha
Page 55 and 56:
3.1 Consonants not have a comparabl
Page 57 and 58:
3.1 Consonants (21) /pɛvːte/ bäv
Page 59 and 60:
3.1 Consonants (33) /trotnik/ drodn
Page 61 and 62:
3.1 Consonants (50) /nurːʰtas/ nu
Page 63 and 64:
3.1 Consonants (57) /pɔʦoj/ båts
Page 65 and 66:
3.1 Consonants Table 3.5: Fricative
Page 67 and 68:
3.1 Consonants (81) /taːfːo/ dáf
Page 69 and 70:
3.1 Consonants Table 3.7: Nasal pho
Page 71 and 72:
3.1 Consonants Table 3.8: Oral sono
Page 73 and 74:
3.1 Consonants (120) /tijstak/ dijs
Page 75 and 76:
3.1 Consonants onset cluster tend t
Page 77 and 78:
3.1 Consonants Table 3.13: Heterosy
Page 79 and 80:
3.2 Vowels Table 3.15: Quantitative
Page 81 and 82:
3.2 Vowels Table 3.16: Distribution
Page 83 and 84:
3.2 Vowels Due to the verbal suffix
Page 85 and 86:
3.2 Vowels (164) /porːe/ buorre [p
Page 87 and 88:
3.2 Vowels r i p ə r e 94 118 166
Page 89 and 90:
4 Morphological patterns and word c
Page 91 and 92:
4.1 Overview of morphology 4.1.2.1
Page 93 and 94:
4.1 Overview of morphology consonan
Page 95 and 96:
4.1 Overview of morphology (10) /pu
Page 97 and 98:
4.2 Overview of word classes (13) /
Page 99 and 100:
5 Nominals I: Nouns Nouns in Pite S
Page 101 and 102:
5.2 The nominal case system (5) ja
Page 103 and 104:
5.2 The nominal case system (14) va
Page 105 and 106:
5.2 The nominal case system (25) d
Page 107 and 108:
5.2 The nominal case system clear,
Page 109 and 110:
5.3 Number and case marking on noun
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
5.4 Inflectional classes for nouns
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
5.5 Possessive suffixes Table 5.23:
Page 127:
5.5 Possessive suffixes indicate th
Page 130 and 131:
6 Nominals II: Pronouns Table 6.1:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
6 Nominals II: Pronouns are listed
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
6 Nominals II: Pronouns plement cla
Page 143 and 144:
7 Adjectivals Adjectivals in Pite S
Page 145 and 146:
7.1 Attributive adjectives are mark
Page 147 and 148:
7.2 Predicative adjectives (9) fáh
Page 149 and 150:
7.2 Predicative adjectives v vi vii
Page 151 and 152:
7.4 Comparatives and superlatives 7
Page 153 and 154:
7.5 Comparing NP referents As with
Page 155 and 156:
7.6 Restrictions on smáva and unna
Page 157 and 158:
7.7 Quantifiers However, when a qua
Page 159 and 160:
7.9 Numerals (41) dajd d-a-jd gulij
Page 161 and 162:
7.9 Numerals Table 7.8: Suppletive
Page 163 and 164:
7.9 Numerals (46) nittonhundratála
Page 165 and 166:
8 Verbs Verbs in Pite Saami form an
Page 167 and 168:
8.1 Finite verbs and inflectional c
Page 169 and 170:
8.2 Non-finite verb forms and perip
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
8.4 Morphological marking strategie
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
8.5 Inflectional classes for verbs
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197:
Page 200 and 201:
9 Other word classes Table 9.1: Der
Page 202 and 203:
9 Other word classes (7) A: udtju u
Page 204 and 205:
9 Other word classes prepositions,
Page 206 and 207:
9 Other word classes Saami as other
Page 208 and 209: 9 Other word classes (21) inijmä i
Page 210 and 211: 9 Other word classes The interjecti
Page 212 and 213: 10 Derivational morphology tion ses
Page 214 and 215: 10 Derivational morphology Two othe
Page 216 and 217: 10 Derivational morphology (23) då
Page 218 and 219: 10 Derivational morphology (37) tja
Page 220 and 221: 10 Derivational morphology 10.2.2 T
Page 222 and 223: 10 Derivational morphology the clas
Page 224 and 225: 10 Derivational morphology (70) bah
Page 227 and 228: 11 Phrase types There are five type
Page 229 and 230: 11.1 Verb complex (1) vietja [vietj
Page 231 and 232: 11.2 Nominal phrases (9) mån lev m
Page 233 and 234: 11.2 Nominal phrases (16) dä dä i
Page 235 and 236: 11.3 Adjectival phrases 11.2.1 NPs
Page 237 and 238: 11.3 Adjectival phrases (30) mánn
Page 239 and 240: 11.5 Postpositional phrases The exa
Page 241 and 242: 12 Overview of the syntax of senten
Page 243 and 244: 12.2 Constituent order at clause le
Page 245 and 246: 12.2 Constituent order at clause le
Page 247 and 248: 13 Basic clauses A basic clause is
Page 249 and 250: 13.1 Declarative clauses (6) dát d
Page 251 and 252: 13.1 Declarative clauses (15) motor
Page 253 and 254: 13.1 Declarative clauses likely the
Page 255 and 256: 13.1 Declarative clauses (28) dä d
Page 257: 13.1 Declarative clauses (37) iv i-
Page 261 and 262: 13.3 Clauses in the imperative mood
Page 263: 13.4 Clauses in the potential mood
Page 266 and 267: 14 Complex clauses (2) men ijtjin m
Page 268 and 269: 14 Complex clauses (6) mån mån j
Page 270 and 271: 14 Complex clauses (15) nä, mån n
Page 272 and 273: 14 Complex clauses 14.2.3 Other sub
Page 274 and 275: 14 Complex clauses (27) dä dä lin
Page 277 and 278: Appendix: Inventory of recordings T
Page 279 and 280: Appendix: Inventory of recordings n
Page 285: Appendix: Inventory of recordings n
Page 288 and 289: Bibliography Feist, Timothy. 2010.
Page 290 and 291: Bibliography Selkirk, Elisabeth. 19
Page 292 and 293: Name index Spiik, Nils Eric, 64, 71
Page 294 and 295: Subject index 183 strong grade, 75,
Page 296 and 297: Subject index trill, 55 typological
show all

A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?