A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

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8 Verbs Table 8.7: Consonant gradation patterns for verbs, with 3sg.prs and 2sg.prs example pairs strong ‐ weak 3sg.prs 2sg.prs ʰx ‐ x /pɔʰta/ ‐ /pɔta/ ‘come’ båhta båda xː ‐ x /paːlːa/ ‐ /paːla/ ‘dig’ bálla bála /maːʰtːa/ ‐ /maːʰta/ ‘be able to’ máhtta máhta xːy ‐ xy /parːka/ ‐ /parka/ ‘work’ barrga barga xy ‐ y /atnaː/ ‐ /anaː/ ‘have’ adná aná xyz ‐ xz /ʧaːjpma/ ‐ /ʧaːjma/ ‘laugh’ tjájbma tjájma 8.4.2.1 Vowel harmony patterns for verbs Vowel harmony in verb forms refers to a regressive assimilation of place of articulation between the two vowels of the final foot in a word. Specifically the raising of the vowel in V1 position triggered by the presence in specific, classdependent paradigmatic slots of a close-mid /e/ (orthographic e) or a close front /i/ (orthographic i) vowel in V2 position. There are six attested vowel harmony patterns in the V1 vowel of a verb stem from Class II or Class III, as illustrated by Table 8.8 on the facing page. The data from the corpus indicate that Class I and Class IV verbs do not exhibit vowel harmony, but there are no tokens of Class I or Class IV verbs with one of the vowels listed in Table 8.8 on the next page in V1 position. Consequently, the data must be considered inconclusive in this respect. On the other hand, it is quite evident that Class V verbs are not affected by vowel harmony because the V2 vowel in Class V verbs is never subject to the allomorphic alternations which trigger vowel harmony in the V1 vowel. It is not clear why á and a have different vowel harmony alternations (i/ä and i/e, respectively, as illustrated by the first four examples in Table 8.8); these alternation patterns do not align with verb classes. Further research is needed to come to a better understanding of this vowel harmony. 164
8.4 Morphological marking strategies on verbs Table 8.8: Vowel harmony alternation patterns for verbs (Class II and III), with inf and 2sg.prs example pairs A → B inf 2sg.pst á → i tjájbmat tjijbme ‘laugh’ á → ä sávvat sävve ‘wish’ a → i barrgat birrge ‘work’ a → e adnet edne ‘have’ å → u bårråt burre ‘eat’ uä → u buälldet bullde ‘ignite’ 8.4.3 The potential mood: inflection or derivation? The potential mood 8 is not attested very often in the corpus, particularly outside elicitation settings, and was not considered in most elicitation sessions focussing on verb paradigms. As a result, the amount of data from the corpus available to inform a description of the inflectional behavior of the potential forms are quite limited. Nonetheless, the paradigm for the potential forms of the verb gullat ‘hear’ is provided in Table 8.9. Table 8.9: Potential forms for the verb gullat ‘hear’ sg du pl 1 st gulatjav gulatjen gulatjep 2 nd gulatja gulatjähpen gulatjehpit 3 rd gulatja gulatjäba gulatje Taking the potential forms presented in the verb paradigms in Lehtiranta (1992: 150–155) and in the examples in Lagercrantz (1926: 22–24) into consideration, the paradigm of class marking suffixes and person/number suffixes used for potential verb forms is presented in Table 8.10 on the next page. The stem allomorph of the verb is in the weak stage, when applicable. In the literature on Saami languages, potential mood is normally treated as an inflectional category, 9 and, for this reason as well as due to its seeming opposition 8 Cf. §8.1.3.2 for a general description, including examples, of the potential mood. 9 Cf., e.g., Sammallahti (1998: 76–84), Lehtiranta (1992: 88–89,150–153), Lagercrantz (1926: 118– 122) and Feist (2010: 115). 165
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A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
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A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
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Muv vienagijda Árjepluovest
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Contents 3.2 Vowels . . . . . . . .
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Contents 8.5.4 Class IV . . . . . .
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Acknowledgements This grammar of Pi
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Symbols and abbreviations - segment
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1 Introduction This description of
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1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
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1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
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1.2 Linguistic documentation of Pit
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1.3 Typological profile Nouns infle
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2 Prosody This description of the p
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2.2 Multisyllabic word structure a
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2.2 Multisyllabic word structure 2.
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2.2 Multisyllabic word structure Ta
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2.2 Multisyllabic word structure (8
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2.3 Utterance-level prosody 2.3 Utt
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3 Segmental phonology Pite Saami ha
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3.1 Consonants not have a comparabl
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3.1 Consonants (21) /pɛvːte/ bäv
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3.1 Consonants (33) /trotnik/ drodn
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3.1 Consonants (50) /nurːʰtas/ nu
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3.1 Consonants (57) /pɔʦoj/ båts
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3.1 Consonants Table 3.5: Fricative
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3.1 Consonants (81) /taːfːo/ dáf
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3.1 Consonants Table 3.7: Nasal pho
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3.1 Consonants Table 3.8: Oral sono
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3.1 Consonants (120) /tijstak/ dijs
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3.1 Consonants onset cluster tend t
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3.1 Consonants Table 3.13: Heterosy
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3.2 Vowels Table 3.15: Quantitative
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3.2 Vowels Table 3.16: Distribution
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3.2 Vowels Due to the verbal suffix
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3.2 Vowels (164) /porːe/ buorre [p
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3.2 Vowels r i p ə r e 94 118 166
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4 Morphological patterns and word c
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4.1 Overview of morphology 4.1.2.1
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4.1 Overview of morphology consonan
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4.1 Overview of morphology (10) /pu
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4.2 Overview of word classes (13) /
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5 Nominals I: Nouns Nouns in Pite S
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5.2 The nominal case system (5) ja
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5.2 The nominal case system (14) va
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5.2 The nominal case system (25) d
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5.2 The nominal case system clear,
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5.3 Number and case marking on noun
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5.4 Inflectional classes for nouns
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5.5 Possessive suffixes Table 5.23:
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5.5 Possessive suffixes indicate th
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Page 136 and 137: 6 Nominals II: Pronouns are listed
Page 140 and 141: 6 Nominals II: Pronouns plement cla
Page 143 and 144: 7 Adjectivals Adjectivals in Pite S
Page 145 and 146: 7.1 Attributive adjectives are mark
Page 147 and 148: 7.2 Predicative adjectives (9) fáh
Page 149 and 150: 7.2 Predicative adjectives v vi vii
Page 151 and 152: 7.4 Comparatives and superlatives 7
Page 153 and 154: 7.5 Comparing NP referents As with
Page 155 and 156: 7.6 Restrictions on smáva and unna
Page 157 and 158: 7.7 Quantifiers However, when a qua
Page 159 and 160: 7.9 Numerals (41) dajd d-a-jd gulij
Page 161 and 162: 7.9 Numerals Table 7.8: Suppletive
Page 163 and 164: 7.9 Numerals (46) nittonhundratála
Page 165 and 166: 8 Verbs Verbs in Pite Saami form an
Page 167 and 168: 8.1 Finite verbs and inflectional c
Page 169 and 170: 8.2 Non-finite verb forms and perip
Page 175 and 176: 8.4 Morphological marking strategie
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Page 185 and 186: 8.5 Inflectional classes for verbs
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Page 200 and 201: 9 Other word classes Table 9.1: Der
Page 202 and 203: 9 Other word classes (7) A: udtju u
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Page 206 and 207: 9 Other word classes Saami as other
Page 208 and 209: 9 Other word classes (21) inijmä i
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Page 212 and 213: 10 Derivational morphology tion ses
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Page 216 and 217: 10 Derivational morphology (23) då
Page 218 and 219: 10 Derivational morphology (37) tja
Page 220 and 221: 10 Derivational morphology 10.2.2 T
Page 222 and 223: 10 Derivational morphology the clas
Page 224 and 225: 10 Derivational morphology (70) bah
Page 227 and 228: 11 Phrase types There are five type
Page 229 and 230: 11.1 Verb complex (1) vietja [vietj
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11.2 Nominal phrases (9) mån lev m
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11.2 Nominal phrases (16) dä dä i
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11.3 Adjectival phrases 11.2.1 NPs
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11.3 Adjectival phrases (30) mánn
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11.5 Postpositional phrases The exa
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12 Overview of the syntax of senten
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12.2 Constituent order at clause le
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12.2 Constituent order at clause le
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13 Basic clauses A basic clause is
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13.1 Declarative clauses (6) dát d
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13.1 Declarative clauses (15) motor
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13.1 Declarative clauses likely the
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13.1 Declarative clauses (28) dä d
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13.1 Declarative clauses (37) iv i-
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13.2 Interrogative clauses Alternat
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13.3 Clauses in the imperative mood
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13.4 Clauses in the potential mood
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14 Complex clauses (2) men ijtjin m
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14 Complex clauses (6) mån mån j
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14 Complex clauses (15) nä, mån n
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14 Complex clauses 14.2.3 Other sub
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14 Complex clauses (27) dä dä lin
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Appendix: Inventory of recordings T
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Appendix: Inventory of recordings n
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Bibliography Feist, Timothy. 2010.
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Bibliography Selkirk, Elisabeth. 19
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Name index Spiik, Nils Eric, 64, 71
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Subject index 183 strong grade, 75,
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Subject index trill, 55 typological
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A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

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