A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

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8 Verbs Just as with nouns, inflectional categories for verbs can be expressed by suffixes and by non-linear morphology, and frequently a combination of both. In the following, §8.4.1 focusses on inflectional suffixes, while §8.4.2 goes on to describe the behavior of non-linear morphology found in stem-consonant alternations (consonant gradation), stem-vowel alternations (umlaut), and vowel harmony. The final section (8.5) then uses the various morphophonological inflectional patterns found across verb paradigms to posit five preliminary inflectional classes for verbs. 8.4.1 Inflectional suffixes for verbs The portmanteau suffixes expressing agreement in person and number as well as tense or mood in finite verbs are listed in Table 8.3. In this table, if only one suffix is given in a slot, then it is found in all inflectional classes. When more than one suffix is included in a slot, then the first allomorph is for inflectional classes I, II and III, the second allomorph for class IV, and the third allomorph for class V verbs. The suffixes for the non-finite infinitive, connegative and perfect verb forms are included here and in the following sections because they are common verb forms in the corpus and particularly useful in recognizing patterns in verb paradigms. Table 8.3: Inflectional verb suffixes sg du pl prs 1 st -v -n/-jin/-n -p 2 nd - -bähten/-bähten/-hpen -ähtet/-bähtet/-hpit 3 rd -/-ja/- -ba -/-je/- pst 1 st -v/-jiv/-jiv -jmen -jmä/-jme/-jme 2 nd -/-je/-je -jden -jdä/-jde/-jde 3 rd -j -jga -n/-jin/-n imp 2 nd - -n/n/a/-hten -t/n/a/-htet inf -t conneg - prf -m 8.4.1.1 Verbal suffixes and syncretism Several of the verbal inflectional suffixes, considered by themselves, are homophonous: 160
8.4 Morphological marking strategies on verbs • -v for 1sg.prs and 1sg.pst in classes I, II and III • -n for 1du.prs, 3pl.pst in all classes, and also du.imp in classes I, II and III • -t for inf and pl.imp in classes I, II and III • no suffix for 2sg.prs, sg.imp and conneg in all classes; 3sg.prs, 3pl.prs in classes I, II, III and V; and 2sg.pst in classes I, II and III Despite these similarities, only the morphology of 1du.prs and 3pl.pst verb forms is syncretic in all verb classes because in most cases homophonous suffixes combine with different non-linear morphology and/or with different class marking suffixes. 8.4.2 Non-linear morphology in verbs In addition to using the inflectional suffixes described above, inflectional categories for verbs can be marked by one or more of the following stem allomorphy strategies: • stem consonant alternations (consonant gradation) • V1 vowel alternations (umlaut) • V1 vowel raising when followed by a close/close-mid V2 vowel (vowel harmony) Because 2sg.prs, 3sg.prs, 3pl.prs, 2sg.pst, 3sg.pst, sg.imp and conneg forms often lack suffixes (cf. §8.4.1.1 above), verbs in these inflectional categories are typically marked exclusively by these essentially non-linear morphological marking strategies. To illustrate this, the inflectional paradigm for the verb buälldet ‘ignite, burn’ is provided in Table 8.4 on the next page and described here. Note that the vowel in V2 position (a, e and i) in all forms is the inflectional class marker for Class III verbs (cf. §8.5.3); thus the stem has five allomorphs: buälld-, bualld-, buold-, bulld- and buld-. 5 This reflects a consonant gradation pattern that alternates between strong lld and weak ld, and an umlaut pattern that alternates between ua/uä and uo in the vowel in V1 position. 6 Furthermore, the forms for 1du.prs, 3pl.prs and all past forms are subject to vowel harmony; 5 The examples used in this description of non-linear verb morphology is based on the current Pite Saami orthography, which is still a work in progress. Because the orthography is to a great extent phonemic, orthographic representations are sufficient for the current discussion. 6 Note that ua and uä are allophones of /ua/; cf. §3.2.1.9. 161
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A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
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A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
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Muv vienagijda Árjepluovest
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Contents 3.2 Vowels . . . . . . . .
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Contents 8.5.4 Class IV . . . . . .
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Acknowledgements This grammar of Pi
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Symbols and abbreviations - segment
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1 Introduction This description of
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1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
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1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
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1.2 Linguistic documentation of Pit
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1.3 Typological profile Nouns infle
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2 Prosody This description of the p
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2.2 Multisyllabic word structure a
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2.2 Multisyllabic word structure 2.
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2.2 Multisyllabic word structure Ta
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2.2 Multisyllabic word structure (8
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2.3 Utterance-level prosody 2.3 Utt
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3 Segmental phonology Pite Saami ha
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3.1 Consonants not have a comparabl
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3.1 Consonants (21) /pɛvːte/ bäv
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3.1 Consonants (33) /trotnik/ drodn
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3.1 Consonants (50) /nurːʰtas/ nu
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3.1 Consonants (57) /pɔʦoj/ båts
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3.1 Consonants Table 3.5: Fricative
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3.1 Consonants (81) /taːfːo/ dáf
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3.1 Consonants Table 3.7: Nasal pho
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3.1 Consonants Table 3.8: Oral sono
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3.1 Consonants (120) /tijstak/ dijs
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3.1 Consonants onset cluster tend t
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3.1 Consonants Table 3.13: Heterosy
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3.2 Vowels Table 3.15: Quantitative
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3.2 Vowels Table 3.16: Distribution
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3.2 Vowels Due to the verbal suffix
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3.2 Vowels (164) /porːe/ buorre [p
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3.2 Vowels r i p ə r e 94 118 166
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4 Morphological patterns and word c
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4.1 Overview of morphology 4.1.2.1
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4.1 Overview of morphology consonan
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4.1 Overview of morphology (10) /pu
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4.2 Overview of word classes (13) /
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5 Nominals I: Nouns Nouns in Pite S
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5.2 The nominal case system (5) ja
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5.2 The nominal case system (14) va
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5.2 The nominal case system (25) d
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5.2 The nominal case system clear,
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5.3 Number and case marking on noun
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5.4 Inflectional classes for nouns
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Page 125 and 126: 5.5 Possessive suffixes Table 5.23:
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Page 130 and 131: 6 Nominals II: Pronouns Table 6.1:
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Page 143 and 144: 7 Adjectivals Adjectivals in Pite S
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Page 147 and 148: 7.2 Predicative adjectives (9) fáh
Page 149 and 150: 7.2 Predicative adjectives v vi vii
Page 151 and 152: 7.4 Comparatives and superlatives 7
Page 153 and 154: 7.5 Comparing NP referents As with
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Page 157 and 158: 7.7 Quantifiers However, when a qua
Page 159 and 160: 7.9 Numerals (41) dajd d-a-jd gulij
Page 161 and 162: 7.9 Numerals Table 7.8: Suppletive
Page 163 and 164: 7.9 Numerals (46) nittonhundratála
Page 165 and 166: 8 Verbs Verbs in Pite Saami form an
Page 167 and 168: 8.1 Finite verbs and inflectional c
Page 169 and 170: 8.2 Non-finite verb forms and perip
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Page 185 and 186: 8.5 Inflectional classes for verbs
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Page 200 and 201: 9 Other word classes Table 9.1: Der
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Page 208 and 209: 9 Other word classes (21) inijmä i
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Page 212 and 213: 10 Derivational morphology tion ses
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Page 218 and 219: 10 Derivational morphology (37) tja
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Page 222 and 223: 10 Derivational morphology the clas
Page 224 and 225: 10 Derivational morphology (70) bah
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11 Phrase types There are five type
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11.1 Verb complex (1) vietja [vietj
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11.2 Nominal phrases (9) mån lev m
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11.2 Nominal phrases (16) dä dä i
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11.3 Adjectival phrases 11.2.1 NPs
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11.3 Adjectival phrases (30) mánn
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11.5 Postpositional phrases The exa
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12 Overview of the syntax of senten
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12.2 Constituent order at clause le
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12.2 Constituent order at clause le
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13 Basic clauses A basic clause is
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13.1 Declarative clauses (6) dát d
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13.1 Declarative clauses (15) motor
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13.1 Declarative clauses likely the
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13.1 Declarative clauses (28) dä d
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13.1 Declarative clauses (37) iv i-
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13.2 Interrogative clauses Alternat
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13.3 Clauses in the imperative mood
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13.4 Clauses in the potential mood
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14 Complex clauses (2) men ijtjin m
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14 Complex clauses (6) mån mån j
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14 Complex clauses (15) nä, mån n
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14 Complex clauses 14.2.3 Other sub
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14 Complex clauses (27) dä dä lin
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Appendix: Inventory of recordings T
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Appendix: Inventory of recordings n
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Bibliography Feist, Timothy. 2010.
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Bibliography Selkirk, Elisabeth. 19
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Name index Spiik, Nils Eric, 64, 71
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Subject index 183 strong grade, 75,
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Subject index trill, 55 typological
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A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

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