Repression and resilience: Diagnosing closing space mid-pandemic
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REPRESSION AND RESILIENCE: DIAGNOSING CLOSING SPACE MID-PANDEMIC<br />
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Contents<br />
Executive summary<br />
4<br />
Introduction<br />
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A theoretical framework of democratic <strong>space</strong><br />
Democratic <strong>space</strong> as competition <strong>and</strong> cooperation<br />
Three pillars of democratic <strong>space</strong> - before <strong>and</strong> during the p<strong>and</strong>emic<br />
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8<br />
9<br />
Key features of democratic <strong>space</strong> a<strong>mid</strong> a global p<strong>and</strong>emic<br />
Increase in violent attacks on democracy defenders<br />
Militarisation<br />
Keeping the executive in check – oversight <strong>and</strong> rule by decree<br />
Rights of women <strong>and</strong> disadvantaged people<br />
Increased socio-economic inequalities<br />
Political competition <strong>and</strong> elections<br />
Closing digital <strong>space</strong><br />
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Defenders of democratic <strong>space</strong> <strong>mid</strong>-p<strong>and</strong>emic<br />
Civil society <strong>and</strong> citizens<br />
Media<br />
Judiciary<br />
Political parties<br />
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Conclusion: a vaccine against democratic backsliding?<br />
Temporary versus long-term impact of the p<strong>and</strong>emic on democratic <strong>space</strong><br />
Building back better for a democratic post p<strong>and</strong>emic future?<br />
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Recommendations<br />
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Annex: Summaries of the country cases<br />
El Salvador<br />
Guatemala<br />
Colombia<br />
Kenya<br />
Indonesia<br />
Venezuela<br />
Burundi<br />
Ug<strong>and</strong>a<br />
Honduras<br />
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