Acid gas
Acid gas
Acid gas
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Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi )<br />
Email: istadi@undip.ac.id
DEFINISI<br />
� <strong>Acid</strong> <strong>gas</strong>: <strong>gas</strong> alam yang mengandung H2S, dan CO2<br />
� Sour <strong>gas</strong>: <strong>gas</strong> alam yang mengandung H2S dan senyawa sulfur lainnya<br />
(COS, CS2, dan mercaptan)<br />
� Sweet <strong>gas</strong>: <strong>gas</strong> alam yang mengandung CO2<br />
� Gas treating: reduction of the “acid <strong>gas</strong>es” to sufficiently low levels to<br />
meet contractual specifications or permit additional processing in<br />
the plant without corrosion and plugging problems.<br />
� Questions:<br />
� Why are the acid <strong>gas</strong>es a problem?<br />
� What are the acid <strong>gas</strong> concentrations in natural <strong>gas</strong>?<br />
� How much purification is needed?<br />
� What is done with the acid <strong>gas</strong>es after separation from the natural <strong>gas</strong>?<br />
� What processes are available for acid <strong>gas</strong> removal?
Natural Gas Pipeline Specification
<strong>Acid</strong> Gas Definitions<br />
� Hydrogen Sulfida (H2S):<br />
� Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic, and in the presence of water<br />
it forms a weak corrosive acid.<br />
� threshold limit value (TLV): 10 ppmv<br />
� When H2S concentrations are well above the ppmv level,<br />
other sulfur species can be present: carbon disulfide (CS2),<br />
mercaptans (RSH), and sulfides (RSR), in addition to<br />
elemental sulfur.<br />
� If CO2 is present, the <strong>gas</strong> may contain trace amounts of<br />
carbonyl sulfide (COS).<br />
� ASTM D4084 Standard test method for analysis of hydrogen<br />
sulfide in <strong>gas</strong>eous fuels
H 2S…<br />
� At 0.13 ppm, H2S can be sensed by smell.<br />
� At 4.6 ppm, the smell is quite noticeable.<br />
� As the concentration increases beyond 200 ppm, the<br />
sense of smell fatigues, and the <strong>gas</strong> can no longer be<br />
detected by odor.<br />
� At 500 ppm, breathing problems are observed and<br />
death can be expected in minutes.<br />
� At 1000 ppm, death occurs immediately.
<strong>Acid</strong> Gas Definitions<br />
� Carbon dioxida (CO2):<br />
� Carbon dioxide is nonflammable and, consequently, large<br />
quantities are undesirable in a fuel.<br />
� it forms a weak, corrosive acid in the presence of water.<br />
� If the partial pressure of CO2 exceeds 15 psia, inhibitors<br />
usually can only be used to prevent corrosion.<br />
� The partial pressure of CO2 depends on the mole fraction of<br />
CO2 in the <strong>gas</strong> and the natural <strong>gas</strong> pressure.<br />
� Corrosion rates will also depend on temperature.<br />
� Threshold Limit Value (TLV): of a chemical substance is a<br />
level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day<br />
after day for a working lifetime without adverse health<br />
effects.
Gas Purification Level<br />
� The inlet conditions at a <strong>gas</strong> processing plant are<br />
generally temperatures near ambient and pressures<br />
in the range of 300 to 1,000 psi (20 to 70 bar), so<br />
the partial pressures of the entering acid <strong>gas</strong>es<br />
can be quite high<br />
� If the <strong>gas</strong> is to be purified to a level suitable for<br />
transportation in a pipeline and used as a residential<br />
or industrial fuel, then the H2S concentration must<br />
be reduced to 0.25 g/100 SCF (6 mg/m 3 )<br />
� the CO2 concentration must be reduced to a<br />
maximum of 3 to 4 mol%
� However, if the <strong>gas</strong> is to be processed for NGL<br />
recovery or nitrogen rejection in a cryogenic<br />
turboexpander process, CO2 may have to be<br />
removed to prevent formation of solids.<br />
� If the <strong>gas</strong> is being fed to an LNG liquefaction facility,<br />
then the maximum CO2 level is about 50 ppmv
<strong>Acid</strong> Gas Disposal<br />
� What becomes of the CO2 and H2S after their<br />
separation from the natural <strong>gas</strong>? � The answer<br />
depends to a large extent on the quantity of the acid<br />
<strong>gas</strong>es. � Warning: CO2 is the most greenhouse <strong>gas</strong><br />
contributor<br />
� For CO2, if the quantities are large � sometimes used<br />
as an injection fluid in EOR (enhanced oil recovery)<br />
projects.
In the case of H 2S, four disposal<br />
options are available:<br />
� Incineration and venting, if environmental<br />
regulations regarding sulfur dioxide emissions can be<br />
satisfied<br />
� Reaction with H2S scavengers, such as iron sponge<br />
� Conversion to elemental sulfur by use of the Claus<br />
or similar process (2 H 2S + O 2 → S 2 + 2 H 2O)<br />
� Disposal by injection into a suitable underground<br />
formation, � if concentration is too high
<strong>Acid</strong> Gas Removal Processes
Natural Gas Sweetening Processes<br />
� 1. Batch solid bed absorption: For complete removal of H2S at<br />
low concentrations, the following materials can be used: iron<br />
sponge, molecular sieve, and zinc oxide.<br />
� 2. Reactive solvents: MEA (monoethanol amine), DEA<br />
(diethanol amine), DGA (diglycol amine), DIPA (di-isopropanol<br />
amine), hot potassium carbonate, and mixed solvents. These<br />
solutions are used to remove large amounts of H2S and CO2 and<br />
the solvents are regenerated.<br />
� 3. Physical solvents: Selexol, Recitisol, Purisol, and Fluor<br />
solvent. They are mostly used to remove CO2 and are<br />
regenerated.<br />
� 4. Direct oxidation to sulfur. Stretford, Sulferox LOCAT, and<br />
Claus. These processes eliminate H2S emissions.<br />
� 5. Membranes. This is used for very high CO2 concentrations.<br />
AVIR, Air Products, Cynara (Dow), DuPont, Grace, International<br />
Permeation, and Monsanto are some of these processes
Process Selection? Please consider:<br />
� The type and concentration of impurities and hydrocarbon<br />
composition of the sour <strong>gas</strong>.<br />
� The temperature and pressure at which the sour <strong>gas</strong> is available.<br />
� The specifications of the outlet <strong>gas</strong> (low outlet specifications favor the<br />
amines).<br />
� The volume or flow rate of <strong>gas</strong> to be processed.<br />
� The specifications for the residue <strong>gas</strong>, the acid <strong>gas</strong>, and liquid products.<br />
� The selectivity required for the acid <strong>gas</strong> removal.<br />
� Feasibility of sulfur recovery<br />
� The capital, operating, and royalty costs for the process.<br />
� <strong>Acid</strong> <strong>gas</strong> selectivity required<br />
� Presence of heavy aromatic in the <strong>gas</strong><br />
� Well location<br />
� Relative economics<br />
� The environmental constraints, including air pollution regulations and<br />
disposal of byproducts considered hazardous chemicals.
PURIFICATION PROCESS<br />
� Four scenarios are possible for acid <strong>gas</strong> removal from<br />
natural <strong>gas</strong>:<br />
� CO2 removal from a <strong>gas</strong> that contains no H2S<br />
� H2S removal from a <strong>gas</strong> that contains no CO2<br />
� Simultaneous removal of both CO2 and H2S<br />
� Selective removal of H2S from a <strong>gas</strong> that contains<br />
both CO2 and H2S
Process selection chart for<br />
CO 2 removal with no H 2S present
Process selection chart for<br />
H 2S removal with no CO 2 present
Process selection chart for<br />
simultaneous H 2S and CO 2 removal
Process selection chart for<br />
selective H 2S removal with CO 2 present
CO 2 and H 2S Removal Processes for<br />
Gas Streams
SOLVENT ABSORPTION PROCESSES<br />
� In solvent absorption, the two major cost factors are:<br />
� the solvent circulation rate, which affects both<br />
equipment size and operating costs,<br />
� and the energy requirement for regenerating the<br />
solvent
Comparison of Chemical and<br />
Physical Solvents
� Primary amine<br />
� Secondary amine<br />
� Tertiary amine<br />
Amine Structure
amines…<br />
� The amines are used in water solutions in<br />
concentrations ranging from approximately 10 to 65<br />
wt% amines<br />
� All commonly used amines are alkanolamines, which<br />
are amines with OH groups attached to the<br />
hydrocarbon groups to reduce their volatility
Molecular structures of commonly used amines
Amines remove H 2S and CO 2 in a two<br />
step process<br />
� The <strong>gas</strong> dissolves in the liquid (physical<br />
absorption).<br />
� The dissolved <strong>gas</strong>, which is a weak acid, reacts with<br />
the weakly basic amines.<br />
� Absorption from the <strong>gas</strong> phase is governed by the<br />
partial pressure of the H2S and CO2 in the <strong>gas</strong>,<br />
whereas the reactions in the liquid phase are<br />
controlled by the reactivity of the dissolved<br />
species
Basic Amine Chemistry<br />
� Amines are bases, and the important reaction in <strong>gas</strong><br />
processing is the ability of the amine to form salts with<br />
the weak acids formed by H2S and CO2 in an aqueous<br />
solution<br />
� The reaction between the amine and both H2S and<br />
CO2 is highly exothermic<br />
� Direct proton transfer:<br />
� R 1R 2R 3N + H 2S ↔ R 1R 2R 3NH+HS −
� The reaction between the amine and the CO2 is more<br />
complex because CO2 reacts via two different<br />
mechanisms.<br />
� When dissolved in water, CO2 hydrolyzes to form<br />
carbonic acid, which, in turn, slowly dissociates to<br />
bicarbonate.<br />
� The bicarbonate then undertakes an acid−base<br />
reaction with the amine to yield the overall reaction
� A second CO2 reaction mechanism, requires the presence of a labile<br />
(reactive) hydrogen in the molecular structure of the amine.<br />
� The CO2 reacts with one primary or secondary amine molecule to form<br />
the carbamate intermediate, which in turn reacts with a second amine<br />
molecule to form the amine salt<br />
� The rate of CO2 reaction via carbamate formation is much faster<br />
than the CO2 hydrolysis reaction, but slower than the H2S<br />
acid−base reaction.<br />
� These reactions are reversible and are forward in the absorber (at low<br />
temperature) and backward in the stripper (at high temperature).
Monoethanolamine<br />
� Monoethanolamine (MEA) is the most basic of the<br />
amines used in acid treating and thus the most<br />
reactive for acid <strong>gas</strong> removal.<br />
� It has the advantage of a high solution capacity at<br />
moderate concentrations, and it is generally used<br />
for <strong>gas</strong> streams with moderate levels of CO2 and H2S<br />
when complete removal of both impurities is required.<br />
� A slow production of “heat stable salts” form in all<br />
alkanol amine solutions, primarily from reaction with<br />
CO2.<br />
� Oxygen enhances the formation of the salts.
MEA Reactions<br />
� 2(RNH 2) + H 2S ↔ (RNH 3) 2S<br />
� (RNH 3) 2S + H 2S ↔ 2(RNH 3)HS<br />
� 2(RNH 2) + CO 2 ↔ RNHCOONH 3R
Some Representative Operating<br />
Parameters for Amine Systems<br />
� The MEA process is usually using a solution of 15–20% MEA (wt%)<br />
in water.<br />
� Loading is about 0.3–0.4 mol of acid removed per mole of MEA.<br />
� The circulation rate is between 2 and 3 mol of MEA per mole of<br />
H2S<br />
� However, commercial plants use a ratio of 3 to avoid excessive<br />
corrosion.
Monoethanolamine Disadvantages<br />
� A relatively high vapor pressure that results in high<br />
vaporization losses<br />
� The formation of irreversible reaction products with COS<br />
and CS2<br />
� A high heat of reaction with the acid <strong>gas</strong>es that results in high<br />
energy requirements for regeneration<br />
� The inability to selectively remove H2S in the presence of<br />
CO2<br />
� Higher corrosion rates than most other amines if the MEA<br />
concentration exceeds 20% at high levels of acid <strong>gas</strong> loading<br />
(Kohl and Nielsen, 1997)<br />
� The formation of corrosive thiosulfates when reacted with<br />
oxygen (McCartney, 2005)
Operating Features<br />
� MEA forms foam easily due to the presence of contaminants in the liquid<br />
phases; this foam results in carryover from the absorber. These<br />
contaminants could be condensed hydrocarbons, degradation products,<br />
iron sulfide, as well as corrosion products and excess inhibitors.<br />
� Solids can be removed by using a filter; hydrocarbons could be flashed;<br />
degradation products are removed using a reclaimer.<br />
� The number of trays used in absorbers in commercial units is between<br />
20 and 25 trays. However, the theoretical number of trays calculated from<br />
published equilibrium data is about three to four.<br />
� If we assume an efficiency of 35% for each tray, then the actual number of<br />
trays is 12. It has been reported that the first 10 trays pick up all of the H2S<br />
and at least another 10 trays are of not much value. Thus, it is suggested<br />
to use 15 trays.<br />
� It is recommended that MEA be used if the feed does not contain COS or<br />
CS2, which form stable products and deplete the amine. If the feed has<br />
these compounds, a reclaimer must be used, where a strong base like<br />
NaOH is used to regenerate and liberate the amine. This base has to be<br />
neutralized later.
Diglycolamine<br />
� Compared with MEA, low vapor pressure allows<br />
Diglycolamine [ 2-(2-aminoethoxy) ethanol] (DGA) to be<br />
used in relatively high concentrations (50 to 70%),<br />
� Which results in lower circulation rates.<br />
� It is reclaimed onsite to remove heat stable salts and<br />
reaction products with COS and CS2.
Diethanolamine<br />
� Diethanolamine (DEA), a secondary amine, is less<br />
basic and reactive than MEA.<br />
� Compared with MEA, it has a lower vapor pressure<br />
and thus, lower evaporation losses;<br />
� it can operate at higher acid <strong>gas</strong> loadings, typically 0.35<br />
to 0.8 mole acid <strong>gas</strong>/mole of amine (DEA) versus<br />
0.3 to 0.4 mole acid-<strong>gas</strong>/mole (MEA);<br />
� and it also has a lower energy requirement for<br />
reactivation.<br />
� Concentration ranges for DEA are 30 to 50 wt% and<br />
are primarily limited by corrosion.
DEA Reactions<br />
� 2R 2NH + H 2S ↔ (R 2NH 2) 2S<br />
� (R 2NH 2) 2S + H 2S ↔ 2R 2NH 2SH<br />
� 2R 2NH + CO 2 ↔ R 2NCOONH 2R 2
� DEA forms regenerable compounds with COS and CS2<br />
and, thus, can be used for their partial removal<br />
without significant solution loss.<br />
� DEA has the disadvantage of undergoing irreversible<br />
side reactions with CO2 and forming corrosive<br />
degradation products; thus, it may not be the best<br />
choice for high CO2 <strong>gas</strong>es.<br />
� Removal of these degradation products along with the<br />
heat stable salts must be done by use of either vacuum<br />
distillation or ion exchange.
Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)<br />
� Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), a tertiary amine,<br />
selectively removes H2S to pipeline specifications while<br />
“slipping” some of the CO2.<br />
� MDEA has a low vapor pressure and thus, can be used at<br />
concentrations up to 60 wt% without appreciable<br />
vaporization losses.<br />
� Even with its relatively slow kinetics with CO2, MDEA is<br />
used for bulk removal of CO2 from high-concentration <strong>gas</strong>es<br />
because energy requirements for regeneration are lower<br />
than those for the other amines.<br />
� It is not reclaimable by conventional methods
Comparison of Amine Solvents
Principles of Amine Treating Process<br />
� The acid <strong>gas</strong> is fed into a scrubber to remove entrained water and<br />
liquid hydrocarbons.<br />
� The <strong>gas</strong> then enters the bottom of absorption tower which is<br />
either a tray (for high flow rates) or packed (for lower flow rate).<br />
� The sweet <strong>gas</strong> exits at the top of tower.<br />
� The regenerated amine (lean amine) enters at the top of this<br />
tower and the two streams are contacted countercurrently. In this<br />
tower, CO2 and H2S are absorbed with the chemical reaction into<br />
the amine phase.<br />
� The exit amine solution, loaded with CO2 and H2S, is called rich<br />
amine.<br />
� This stream is flashed, filtered, and then fed to the top of a stripper<br />
to recover the amine, and acid <strong>gas</strong>es (CO2 and H2S) are stripped<br />
and exit at the top of the tower.<br />
� The refluxed water helps in steam stripping the rich amine<br />
solution.<br />
� The regenerated amine (lean amine) is recycled back to the top of<br />
the absorption tower.
Process Flow Diagram for Amine Treating
Average Heats of Reaction of the<br />
<strong>Acid</strong> Gases in Amine Solutions
Amine Reclaiming<br />
� Amines react with CO 2 and contaminants, including<br />
oxygen, � to form organic acids.<br />
� These acids then react with the basic amine to form heat<br />
stable salts (HSS). As their name implies, these salts are<br />
heat stable, accumulate in the amine solution, and must be<br />
removed.<br />
� For MEA and DGA solutions, the salts are removed through<br />
the use of a reclaimer which utilizes a semicontinuous<br />
distillation<br />
� The reclaimer is filled with lean amine, and a strong base,<br />
such as sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide, is added to<br />
the solution to neutralize the heat stable salts.
Operating Issues<br />
� Corrosion—Some of the major factors that affect<br />
corrosion are:<br />
� Amine concentration (higher concentrations favor<br />
corrosion)<br />
� Rich amine acid <strong>gas</strong> loading (higher <strong>gas</strong> loadings in<br />
the amine favor corrosion)<br />
� Oxygen concentration<br />
� Heat stable salts (higher concentrations promote<br />
corrosion and foaming)<br />
� the corrosion products can cause foaming
� Solution Foaming—<br />
� Foaming of the liquid amine solution is a major<br />
problem because it results in:<br />
� poor vapor−liquid contact,<br />
� poor solution distribution,<br />
� and solution holdup with resulting carryover and off spec <strong>gas</strong>.<br />
� Among the causes of foaming are:<br />
� suspended solids,<br />
� liquid hydrocarbons,<br />
� surface active agents, such as those contained in inhibitors<br />
and compressor oils,<br />
� and amine degradation products, including heat stable salts.<br />
� One obvious cure is to remove the above materials;<br />
the other is to add antifoaming agents.
ALKALI SALTS<br />
� Hot potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is used to remove<br />
both CO2 and H2S.<br />
� Best for the CO2 partial pressure is in the range 30–90<br />
psi.<br />
� The process is very similar in concept to the amine process,<br />
in that after physical absorption into the liquid, the CO2<br />
and H2S react chemically with the solution<br />
� In a typical application, the contactor will operate at<br />
approximately 300 psig (20 barg), with the lean<br />
carbonate solution entering near 225°F (110°C) and<br />
leaving at 240°F (115°C).
Process flow diagram for hot<br />
potassium carbonate process
Batch Processes for Sweetening<br />
� Iron Sponge (Fe2O3)<br />
� Zink Oxide (ZnO)<br />
� Molecular Sieve (crystalline sodium alumino silicates)
Iron Sponge Process<br />
� This process is applied to sour <strong>gas</strong>es with low H2S concentrations<br />
(300 ppm) operating at low to moderate pressures (50–500 psig).<br />
� Carbon dioxide is not removed by this treatment.<br />
� The inlet <strong>gas</strong> is fed at the top of the fixed-bed reactor filled with<br />
hydrated iron oxide and wood chips.<br />
� 2Fe 2O 3 + 6H 2S ↔ 2Fe 2S 3 + 6H 2O<br />
� The reaction requires an alkalinity pH level 8–10 with controlled<br />
injection of water.<br />
� The bed is regenerated by controlled oxidation as<br />
� 2Fe 2S 3 + 3O 2 ↔ 2Fe 2O 3 + 6S<br />
� Some of the sulfur produced might cake in the bed and oxygen should<br />
be introduced slowly to oxide this sulfur, Arnold and Stewart [2]:<br />
� S 2 + 2O 2 ↔ 2SO 2
Iron sponge ….
Zinc Oxide<br />
� Zinc oxide can be used instead of iron oxide for the<br />
removal of H 2S, COS, CS 2, and mercaptans.<br />
� However, this material is a better sorbent and the exit H 2S<br />
concentration can be as low as 1 ppm at a temperature of<br />
about 300 o C.<br />
� The zinc oxide reacts with H 2S to form water and zinc<br />
sulfide:<br />
� ZnO + H 2S ↔ ZnS + H 2O<br />
� A major drawback of zinc oxide is that it is not possible to<br />
regenerate it to zinc oxide on site, because active surface<br />
diminishes appreciably by sintering.<br />
� Much of the mechanical strength of the solid bed is lost<br />
due to fines formation, resulting in a high-pressure-drop<br />
operation.
Molecular Sieve<br />
� Molecular sieves (MSs) are crystalline sodium alumino<br />
silicates (Al/Si) and have very large surface areas and a<br />
very narrow range of pore sizes.<br />
� They possess highly localized polar charges on their<br />
surface that act as adsorption sites for polar materials<br />
at even very low concentrations.<br />
� This is why the treated natural <strong>gas</strong> could have very low<br />
H2S concentrations (4 ppm).<br />
� In order for a molecule to be adsorbed, it first must be<br />
passed through a pore opening and then it is adsorbed<br />
on an active site inside the pore.<br />
� There are four major zones in a sieve bed
Adsorption zone in a molecular sieve bed
Sweetening of natural <strong>gas</strong> by<br />
molecular sieves
� If it is desired to remove H2S, a MS of 5 A* is selected<br />
� If it is also desired to remove mercaptans, 13 X* is<br />
selected.<br />
� In either case, selection made to minimize the<br />
catalytic reaction:<br />
� H2S + CO2 ↔ COS + H2O<br />
� Olefins, aromatics, and glycols are strongly adsorbed,<br />
which may poison the sieves.