114 WOOLFIAN BOUNDARIES dominated, a righted position can be achieved. It was all the more moving when the “haycolored” moth is seen as a neglected “other:” “when there was nobody to care or to know, this gigantic eff ort on the part of an insignifi cant little moth, against a power of such magnitude, to retain what no one else valued or desired to keep, moved one strangely” (6). Showing an early sense of shared energy, and a growing respect for the struggle of an insignifi cant being against the greater power of death, Woolf constructs solidarity across distant species. At strategic points in her writing, which are allied to her feminism, Woolf questions abuses and controls of living things, even as she allows their diff erences and seeming invasions. She studies earth’s living beings with care. Th rough her characters and narrators she encourages the dispersal of the self into this collective, and thereby defi es spiritual defeat, and death itself. Notes 1. See, as a strong example, Ellen Tremper’s “Who Lived at Alfoxton?”: Virginia Woolf and English Romanticism (Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1998). 2. Notable examples are the work of Carol Christ, Charlene Spretnak, and Starhawk. 3. See for example her response to Joyce in her “Modern Novels” notebook (643). 4. Maria DiBattista suggests that “one is the genius of the shore, the other of the garden, off ering their protest against ‘the reign of chaos’” (74). Works Cited Abbott, Reginald. “Birds Don’t Sing in Greek: Virginia Woolf and ‘Th e Plumage Bill.’” Animals and Women. Ed. Carol Adams and Josephine Donovan. 263-89. Adams, Carol and Josephine Donovan, ed. Animals and Women: Feminist Th eoretical Explorations. Durham: Duke UP, 1995. Birkeland, Janis. “Ecofeminism: Linking Th eory and Practice.” Ecofeminism. Ed Greta Gaard. 13-59. Cantrell, Carol H. “‘Th e Locus of Compossibility’: Virginia Woolf, Modernism, and Place.” Th e ISLE Reader: Ecocriticism, 1993-2003. Ed. Michael P. Branch and Scott Slovic. Athens: <strong>University</strong> of Georgia Press, 2003. 33-46. Di Battista, Maria. Virginia Woolf’s Major Novels: Th e Fables of Anon. New Haven: Yale UP, 1980. Donovan, Josephine. “Animal Rights and Feminist Th eory.” Ecofeminism. Ed. Greta Gaard. 167-94. Flynn, Elizabeth A. Feminism Beyond Modernism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2002. Froula, Christine. Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Avant-Garde: War, Civilization, Modernity. New York: Columbia UP, 2005. Gaard, Greta, ed. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1993. Kheel, Marti. “License to Kill: An Ecofeminist Critique of Hunters’ Discourse.” Animals and Women. Ed. Carol Adams and Josephine Donovan. 85-125. Leopold, Aldo. “Th e Land Ethic.” A Sand Country Almanac and Sketches Here and Th ere. Special Commemorative Edition. 1949. New York: Oxford UP, 1989. 201-26. Merchant, Carolyn. Th e Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientifi c Revolution. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1979. Plumwood, Val. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London: Routledge, 1993. Ritvo, Harriet. Th e Animal Estate: Th e English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1987. Walker, Charlotte Zoe. “Th e Book ‘Laid Upon the Landscape’: Virginia Woolf and Nature.” Beyond Nature Writing: Expanding the <strong>Boundaries</strong> of Ecocriticism. Ed. Karla Armbruster and Kathleen R. Wallace. Charlottesville: <strong>University</strong> Press of Virginia, 2001. 143-61. Wilde, Alan. “Touching Earth: Virginia Woolf and the Prose of the World.” Philosophical Approaches to Literature: New Essays on Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Texts. Ed. William E. Cain. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1984. 140-64.
Woolf, Ecofeminism, and Breaking <strong>Boundaries</strong> 115 Woolf, Leonard. Beginning Again: An Autobiography of the Years 1911 to 1918. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964. Woolf, Virginia. Th e Death of the Moth and Other Essays. 1942. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970. 3-6. ——. Th e Essays of Virginia Woolf. Ed. Andrew McNeillie. Vol. 3. London: Hogarth, 1988. ——. “Modern Novels.” Ed. Suzette Henke. Th e Gender of Modernism. Ed. Bonnie Kime Scott. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1990. 642-45. ——. Mrs. Dalloway. 1925. Annotated and introd. Bonnie Kime Scott. Orlando: Harcourt, 2005. ——. Orlando. 1928. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1956. ——. A Passionate Apprentice: Th e Early Journals of Virginia Woolf. Ed. Mitchell A. Leaska. London: Hogarth, 1992. ——. To the Lighthouse. 1927. Annotated and introd. Mark Hussey. Orlando: Harcourt, 2005. ——. Th e Years. 1937. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1965.
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Woolfi an Boundaries Selected Paper
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Foreword by Ruth Gruber On October
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MAPPING WOOLF’S MONTAIGNIAN MODER
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Reading Notes