Swabhiman Dukhdaichha Ajhai

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ISBN - 9789937933667
Title - Swabhiman Dukhdai Chha Ajhai
P; k':tssf] c+z jf ;Dk"0f{ kf7 n]vssf] cg'dlt ljgf
s'g} klg dfWodåf/f k'g?Tkfbg jf k|;f/0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
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g]kfnL ;dfh sf] sflJos P]gf
slj jf;' zdf{ ;Fu d]/f] k|yd e]6 n08g df Pp6f
;flxlTos tyf eflifs cGtlqm{of df ePsf] lyof] . pSt
sfo{qmd df n08g df a;]/ g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt
sf] ;]jf ul//x]sf n]vs, snfsf/ / ;flxTok|]dL x¿ sf] /fd|f]
hd36 lyof] . sfo{qmd sf] cfof]hs lyof] n08g sf] …j'nljrÚ
Pl/of df a:g] g]kfnL x¿ sf] ;femf ;+:yf …;flxTo rf}tf/LÚ .
>L zdf{ pSt ;+:yf sf k|d'v ;+of]hs g} x'g' x'GYof] / e]63f6
sfo{qmd klg >L jf;' zdf{ s} ;efkltTj df ;~rflnt lyof] .
;DejtM dF t]xfF cltly agfOPsf] lyPF / Tof] sfo{qmd d]/f
nflu clt g} dxTj sf] klg lyof] . dF rfxGy]F g]kfnL efiff /
;+:s[lt af/] n08g df a;]sf hfu?s o'jf x¿ s;/L sfd
ul//xg' ePsf] . t];df dF cfˆgf cg'e"lt x¿ klg ld;fpg
rfxGy]F . slj >L jf;' zdf{ n] t]xL z}nL df sfo{qmd agfpg'
klg ePsf] /x]5 . d}n] ;j{k|yd slj zdf{ sf sltko d'Sts
x¿ t]xL ;femf cGtlqm{of df ;'Gg kfPF . sltko c¿ ;xefuL
x¿ n] klg cfcfˆgf /rgf x¿ ;'gfpg' eof] / ;'gfpg] qmd
df slt n] slj jf;' zdf{ af6 k|]l/t eP/ ;flxTo sf] If]q
df cfPsf s'/f klg eGg' eof] / …;flxTo rf}tf/LÚ ;+:yf sf]
;+of]hg u/]/ klg >L zdf{ n] n08g df a:g] w]/} o'jf x¿
df g]kfnL efiff / ;+:s[lt k|lt Wofg cfs[i6 u/]sf s'/f klg
eGg'eof] . d}n] klg dGbfqmfGtf 5Gb df n]v]sf] cfˆgf] Pp6f
sljtf ;'gfPF / g]kfnL efiff / ;+:s[lt af/] cfFk"m nfO{ nfu]sf
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s'/f s'/f klg ;f/f+z ¿k df ;'gfPF . vf; u/L g]kfnL
j0f{ljGof; af/] ;xefuL x¿ n] d]/f] wf/0ff sf sltko ljifo
df k|Zg /fVg' eof] / d}n] ljut rf/ bzs b]lv lqlj sf]
kf7Øqmd df tf]lsPsf] lxHh] gLlt / g]kfn k|1f sf]
a[xTzAbsf]z sf] zAbk|ljli6 sf] z}nL sf sf/0f g]kfnL n]vg
df cfPsf cgluGtL ljs[lt x¿ / ltgsf sf/0f g]kfnL efiff
/ ;flxTo sf] cu|ult df kg{ uPsf] c8rg jf ck7Øf/f x¿
a'emfpg] k|of; u/]F, /fd|f] cGtlqm{of eof] .
n08g zx/ lgSs} ljzfn 5 / t]xfF :yfoL / c:yfoL
¿k df a:g] g]kfnLefifL x¿ klg 7"nf] ;+Vof df 5g\ . clg
t]xfF sf g]kfnL x¿ df ;flxlTos / eflifs r]tgf klg ;+;f/
sf c¿ d'n's df eGbf cuf8L g} 5 eGbf cTo'lSt x'Fb}g . of]
s'/f n08g df e]l6g] g]kfnL ;f+:s[lts ;+:yf x¿, g]kfnLefifL
PkmPd /]l8of] x¿, g]kfnLefifL 6]nLlehg x¿ tyf g]kfnL
x¿ n] ;~rfng u/]sf kq–klqsf / k':ts x¿, g]kfnL n]
rnfPsf k;n x¿ cflb cflb n] atfpF5g\ . g]kfn sf k|b]z
jf c~rn x¿ sf] cfwf/ df klg g]kfnL efiff / ;+:s[lt sf]
;]jf ug]{ ;+:yf x¿ n08g df 5g\ pbfx/0f sf nflu sf]zL
;f+:s[lts kl/jf/, u08sL ;f+:s[lts kl/jf/ cflb nfO{ lng
;lsG5, P;/L :yflkt ;+:yf x¿ n] ;do ;do df ;flxlTos,
;f+uLlts / P:t} r]tgfd"ns ultljlw x¿ rnfO/x]sf x'G5g\
/ t]:tf ;+:yf x¿ n] a]nfot a;]sf ljleGg af}l4s JolStTj
nfO{ cltly sf] ¿k df af]nfP/ cfˆgf ;fyL x¿ df pmhf{
sf] ;~rf/ u/fpg] k|oTg klg u5{g\ . slj jf;' zdf{ ;d]t
sf n08g df sfo{/t ljlzi6 k|ltef x¿ P; sf]l6 df
kg'{x'G5 . slxn] sxL+ P:tf ;+:yf n] g]kfn sf ljlzi6 k|ltef
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x¿ nfO{ af]nfP/ ;Ddflgt / k'/:s[t ug'{ sf] ;fy} pgLx¿
af6 klg pmhf{ k|fKt ug]{ k|oTg ;d]t ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
h'g a]nf dnfO{ slj jf;' zdf{ n] n08g sf] Ps k':tsfno
sf] e]63f6 sIf df ;flxlTos cGtlqm{of df ;xefuL
agfO/xg' ePsf] lyof], t];} a]nf g]kfn af6 sljj/ uf]ljGb
ljgf]bL / dbgk'/:sf/ ljhoL pkGof;sf/ cd/ Gof}kfg] x¿
n08g sf] csf]{ s'g} ;lxlTos hd36 df Jo:t x'g'x'GYof] clg
t];} a]nf lj/f6gu/ sf s]xL ;flxTosf/ n08g s} s'g}
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd df ;xefuL eO/x]sf lyP . Ps lbg g]kfn
af6 n08g k'u]sf s]xL ;flxTosf/ x¿ d]/f 5f]/f dbg sf]
3/ -rfN6{g Pl/of_ df dnfO{ e]6\g eg]/ cfOk'Ug' eof] / txL+
a}7s sf]7f df Pp6f ;fgf] hn;f klg hDof] . ;a}n] cfcfˆgf
/rgf ;'gfpg' eof] h;df– slj af;' zdf{, slj uf]ljGb
ljgf]bL, cfVofgsf/ cd/ Gof}kfg] slj tyf cfVofgsf/ uf]kL
;fksf]6f cflb cflb pNn]vgLo x'g'x'GYof] . Ps l5g sf]
sfJojfrg kl5 t]xfF klg s]xL a]/ g]kfnL lxHh] sf] k|;+u klg
p7Øf] . k|;+u p7fpg' ePsf] lyof] sljj/ uf]ljGb ljgf]bL n] .
a8f] /dfOnf] ;Fu Tof] lbg klg ;flxTodo agfP/ latfOof] .
d]/f sfG5f 5f]/f dbg/fh kf}8]n n08g df a:5g\, pgsf]
n3'syf n]vg df ljz]if cle?lr 5 / t]df pgL nf]slk|o
klg 5g\ . pgL klg pSt …j'nljrÚ sf] ;f+:s[lts ;+:yf
…;flxTo rf}tf/LÚ ;Fu cfa4 5g\ . jf;' zdf{ sf] sljTj /
nf]slk|otf af/] dnfO{ pgn] klg s]xL hfgsf/L lbP .
n08g k|jf; sf] t]xL cjlw df slj jf;' zdf{ ;Fu
cfTdLotf a9\g' :jfefljs} lyof] . pxfF / pxfF sL >LdtL eP/
Ps lbg k]ml/ klg dnfO{ e]6\g cfOk'Ug' eof] . t]; lbg klg
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d}n] >L zdf{ sf sltko d'Sts ;'Gg kfPF . pxfF ef}lts ¿k
n] n08g df x'g'x'GYof] t/ lrGtg hlt k"/} g]kfn df s]lGb|t .
slj jf;' zdf{ dfq xf]Og n08g jf Go"of]s{ jf k]l/; cyjf
l;8gL jf Sofga]/f jf xªsª jf zfª3fO{ cyjf d'DaO{ g}
lsg gxf];\ g]kfn aflx/ k'u]sf g]kfnL x¿ hxfF hxfF k'u]
a;]sf x'G5g\ pgsf] dg / d'6' g]kfn d} ;dlk{t eO/x]sf]
x'G5 . 3l/ 3l/ dF ;f]Rg] u5"{ Ptf g]kfn df If'b| /fhgLlts
:jfy{ sf] k"lt{ sf nflu xfd|f tyfslyt /fhg]tf x¿ n] g]kfnL
g]kfnL aLr dgf]dflnGo hGdg] u/L st} …g]kfnL efiff n] c¿
efiff dfyL lyrf] ldrf] u¥of]Ú elglbg], st} …cd's hflt n]
of]hgfa4 ¿k n] cGohflt sf] zf]if0f ul//x]5 elglbg]Ú /
…hflt sf cfwf/ df k|b]z x¿ sf] ljefhg ug]{ s'/f p7fOlbg]Ú
kmnfgf] hft / l9:sfgf] hft P:tf] / p:tf] OToflb ljjfbf:kb
k|;+u p7fP/ Ps d'6' h:t} ag]/ ldn]/ a;]sf g]kfnL x¿
nfO{ gfgfefFtL km6ØfO{+ sf s'/f sy]/ ;f+:s[lts ¿k df
k'm6fpg] u/L efif0f ul/lbg] cflb b'Jo{jxf/ ul/x]sf klg e]l6g]
u5{g\, s:tf] lj8Dagf Û t/ g]kfn aflx/ k'u]sf g]kfnL x¿
df 7Ls t];sf ljk/Lt g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt sf]
;+/If0f / ljsf; df tyf g]kfnL g]kfnL aLr cfTdLotf,
Pstf / ;f}hGo a9fpg] ljifo df lrGtg / lrGtf al9/x]sf]
e]l6G5 . sljtf jf uhn, syf jf pkGof; cflb n]v]/ klg
k|jf;L g]kfnL /x]sf] / sfo{qmd ;~rflnt ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfh d]/f xft df pg} slj >L jf;' zdf{ sf] Pp6f
d'St sljtf x¿ sf] ;Fufnf] cfOk'u]sf] 5 kf08'lnlk sf ¿k
df . dF …yfnL k'nsÚ Gofo ;DeFmb} x]l//x]5" . d'Qms x? sf]
ljz]iftf eg"F of slj jf;' zdf{ sf] :jb]z lrGtf eg"F pxfFsf
d'Qms x? df g]kfnL ;dfh sf] lrq k|ltljlDat ePsf]
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b]lvG5 . P; lx;fa n] x]bf{ P;nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfh sf] sflJos
P]gf eGbf cTo'lQm x'Fb}g . d'Qms x? df slj sf] /fhg}lts
r]tgf d'vl/t ePsf] 5 . P; d'Qms ;+u|x sf] klxnf] d'Qms
n] s[lt sf] gfpF nfO{ rl/tfy{ u/]sf] 5 M
df6fsf s0f s0fdf :jfledfg b'Vb}5 ce}m
d'6'sf x/ w8\sgdf :jfledfg b'Vb}5 ce}m
cfˆgf] cfFugdf b'i6x¿nfO{ k/]8 v]Ng lbP/
bË kg]{ kfunkgdf :jfledfg b'Vb}5 ce}m . ! .
slj sf] Joª\Uo r]tgf sf] pTsif{ cg]s d'Qms x? df
b]Vg kfOG5 . ltgdf dnfO{ dg k/]sf] Pp6f d'Qms M
Pshgf d]/f ldq gzfsf] s'/f ub}{ lyP
cg]s gzfx¿sf] bzfsf] s'/f ub}{ lyP
uHhasf] gzf rflxF s';L{sf] xf] c/], /
s';L{ b]Vbf u|GyL /;fÚsf] s'/f ub}{ lyP . ( .
g]kfn sf] jt{dfg /fhgLlt b]v]/ slj Jolyt
aGg'ePsf] 5 . pxfF sf] of] Joyf P;/L b]Vg kfOG5 M
kmf]xf]/ gagfpm nf]stGq of] …cfxfÚ rflxof]
b]z / hgtfsf lglDt ;f]Rg] …rfxfÚ rflxof]
Ps lyP ?bfg] ofbdf cfP, pgL eGg] ub{y]
s], lsg / s;/L hgtfnfO{ …yfxfÚ rflxof] . !^ .
;du| df d'Qms ;ª\u|x k7gLo ag]sf] 5 . pxfF sf
;zSt n]vgL af6 g]kfnL ;flxTo c¿ ;d[4 agf];\ . Og}
xflb{s z'esfdgf x¿ ck{0f ub}{ n]vgL nfO{ lj>flGt lbG5" .
uxgfkf]v/L, sf7df08"
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cfˆgf] eGg} kg]{ s'/f
of] d'Sts ;ª\u|x oxfFx¿sf] xftdf NofOk'¥ofpg
kfpFbf dnfO{ xif{ nfu]sf] 5 . d'Sts ;ª\u|x sf] ¿kdf of]
d]/f] klxnf] s[lt xf] eg] k|sflzt s[ltx¿sf] ;"lrdf of] d]/f]
cf7f}+ s[lt xf] . o; cl3 Pp6f cg'lbt k':ts, Pp6f afn
sljtf ;ª\u|x, tLgj6f sljtf ;ª\u|xx¿, Pp6f n]v ;ª\u|x
/ Pp6f uhn ;ª\u|x k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . k|sfzg
tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf /x]sf] Pp6f pkGof; g]kfnL,
cª\u|]hL / lxGbL tLg j6f efiffdf Ps} k6s rfF8} k|sflzt
x'g nfu]sf] s'/f oxfFx¿nfO{ eGg kfpFbf v'zL nflu/x]sf] 5 .
ljut ;f9] rf/ bzsb]lv ljleGg ljwfsf l;h{gfx¿ ub}{
cfO/x]sf]df otf k|jf;df /xg yfn]kl5 klg c6'6 ¿kdf
n]vg sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
o; ;ª\u|xdf ;ª\u[lxt d'Stsx¿ ?afO{ z}nLdf
/lrPsf 5g\ . ljifo ;Gbe{x¿sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] s]xL
d'Stsx¿ k|]d /;sf / cGt/fli6«o ;Gbe{x¿sf 5g\ eg] w]/}
h;f] b]z leqsf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / j}olSts lj;+ult /
unt k|j[lQx¿ pk/ k|xf/ ul/Psf kfpg' x'g]5 . o;df
;ª\u[lxt d'Stsx¿ k|foM ;fdflhs ;~hfn jf cGo dfWoddf
k|sflzt eO;s]sf x'g\ . tfklg, kf7sx¿nfO{ Pp6} u|Gydf
;a} d'Stsx¿ k9\g] ;'ljwf ldnf];\ eGg] x]t'n] of] d'Sts
;ª\u|x …:jfledfg b'Vb}5 ce}mÚ k|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5' .
s'g} klg u|Gy sf] e"ldsf n]vg cfk}+mdf ;do nfUg]
sfd x'Fbfx'Fb} klg d]/f] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L o; ;ª\u|x sf
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nflu e"ldsf n]lvlbg' x'g] efiffljb\ tyf al/i7 slj, d]/f
cfb/0fLo cu|h k|f1 d's'Gbz/0f pkfWofo k|lt d cToGt}
cfef/L 5' . d pxfFnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . ;fy},
k':ts k|sfzgsf] lhDdf lnOlbg d}n] u/]sf] cg'/f]wnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L se/k[i7sf] l8hfOg tof/ ul/lbg] / k|sflzt
;d]t ul/lbg' x'g] ljåfg\ ldq nf]sdl0f kf}8]n tyf uf]/vf
klAns]zgnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' .
d]/f] ;flxTo ofqfdf ;b}j k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t /xg' ePsf
d]/f bfh' al/i7 ;flxTosf/ 3g]Gb| zdf{sf] cflzj{rg /
k|f]T;fxg d]/f] l;h{gfsd{ / s[lt k|sfzgsf nflu dfu{bz{s
aGg] u/]sf5g\ . of] d'Sts ;ª\u|x k|sfzgsf nflu klg pxfFn]
dnfO{ 3R3RofO{ g} /xg' eof] . pxfF k|lt cfef/ JoSt ub}{
pxfFnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . n]Vg a:bf rflxg] ;do
/ jftfj/0f tyf k':tsx¿ k|sfzgsf nflu kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u
ckl/xfo{ x'g] s'/f d]/f] cg'ejsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] .
o; d];f]df dnfO{ ;xof]u, k|f]T;fxg / phf{ k|bfg ul//xg]
d]/L kTgL uLtf v/]n Gof}kfg]sf] u'g lt/]/} g;lsg] 5 . pgL
cfk}mF Ps ;flxTosf/ ePsLn] l;h{gfx¿ k':tssf/df
k|sflzt ug]{ s'/fdf ;w}+ hf]8 lbO/x]sL x'lG5g\ / cfh pgs}
k|f]T;fxgn] of] ;ª\u|x k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . d pgLk|lt cfef/L
5' / w]/}–w]/} wGojfb lbG5' . To:t}, kl/jf/ leq k|f]T;fxgd'ns
jftfj/0fsf] s'/f ubf{ 5f]/f ljlbt Gof}kfg], a'xf/L cf/tL
k'8f;}gL Gof}kfg], HjfOF uf}/j ;'j]bL / 5f]/L ljlbzf Gof}kfg]
;'j]bL]sf] ;fy ;xof]u TolQs} ;/fxgLo /x]sf] 5 / pgLx¿
;a}nfO{ leqL dgb]lv wGojfb JoQm ub{5' . d]/f sltko
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l;h{gfx¿sf] ;|f]t d]/f b'O{ gfltx¿ ;fo'd ;'j]bL / clb|t
Gof}kfg] /x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ k|lt c;Ld jfT;No JoSt ub}{
b'a} gfltx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbG5' .
cGtdf, l;h{gfx¿ kf7ssf nflu x'g] ePsfn]
kf7sx¿n]rfvsf ;fy gkl9lbg] xf] eg] k|sflzt k':tssf]
vf;} cy{ /xFb}g . t;y{, d kf7sx¿ k|lt ;a} eGbf a9L
wGojfb JoSt ub{5' / kf7sx¿af6 k|ltlqmof / ;'emfjsf]
;d]t ck]Iff ub{5' . c:t' .
n08g
O{–d]n M basushrm@yahoo.co.uk
— jf;' zdf{
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 11

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df6fsf s0f s0fdf :jfledfg b'Vb}5 ce}m
d'6'sf x/ w8\sgdf :jfledfg b'Vb}5 ce}m
cfˆgf] cfFugdf b'i6x¿nfO{ k/]8 v]Ng lbP/
bË kg]{ kfunkgdf :jfledfg b'Vb}5 ce}m .
@
;x]s} xf] slxn] 6fpsf] t slxn] sfg b'v]sf]
;lhnf] 5 a? ;xg cfˆgf] lghL dfg b'v]sf]
t/ ;fx|} g} b'V5 d'6'd} nfU5 x/ lbg x/ If0f
s;f] u/L ;xg' xf]nf b]zsf] :jfledfg b'v]sf] .
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#
sf]xL eG5g\ g]kfnnfO{ agfgf l/klAns agfP
sf]xL eG5g\ n'6L vfg] vhfgf l/klAns agfP
cfˆgf ;kgf kmut d[ud/Llrsf ag]sf] b]Vbf
hgtf eG5g\ 9fF6x¿n] axfgf l/klAns agfP .
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sk6k"0f{ :jfy{x¿sf] sfkdf k/]5 b]z
g]tf a]O{dfg x'gfn] w/fkdf k/]5 b]z
;f]+rsf] v8]/L k/]sf] b]Vbf vKk/x¿df
nfU5 ;fFRr} ;tLs} ;/fkdf k/]5 b]z .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 13

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kfl/tf]lifs 7fg]/ vfO/xg] kl/kf7 agfof} /fhgLlt
hgtfnfO{ dtna} gu/L cfˆg} 7fF6 agfof} /fhgLlt
rfsfr'nL yfDbf yfDbf sdhf]/ ag] hgtfsf sfFw
kmfNg' g yfDg'sf] af]em em}+ emDkf6 agfof} /fhgLlt .
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/fhgLlt l3gnfUbf] ag]5, cg]s zgs b]lv+b}5
kmf]xf]/L xftx¿df /fhgLlt kmF:g] 5gs b]lv+b}5
b'MvLhgn] s] cfz u?g\ v} So} xf]nf ls eg]/ <
nf]stGqnfO{ g} ynf kfg]{ s7f]/ bgs b]lvFb}5 .
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dg}{ k/] kl5 v'§f] tGsfP/} dg{ dg nfu]5 a/f Û
cfo' a9\g] cfzn] 56kl6 ug{ dg nfu]5 a/f Û
/fhgLlts d[To' t emg\ w]/} si6sf/L x'G5 Sof/]
dg{ nfUbf klg kfksf] 38f eg{ dg nfu]5 a/f Û
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alNemg]x¿ bfpmdf alNem;s] clNemg]sf v'b|f s'/f
gzf nfu]5 cxª\sf/sf] a/f Û cnfK5g\ /fu a];'/f
cfˆgf] cfª\udf e}+;Lsf] uf]7} 5 c?sf h'd|f vf]h]/
vlr{G5g\ cfˆgf] ePe/sf] pmhf{ To;}df k"/fsf k"/f .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 15

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Pshgf d]/f ldq gzfsf] s'/f ub}{ lyP
cg]s gzfx¿sf] bzfsf] s'/f ub}{ lyP
uHhasf] gzf rflxF s';L{sf] xf] c/], /
s';L{ b]Vbf u|GyL /;fÚsf] s'/f ub}{ lyP .
!)
:jfy{sf bfDnfx¿n] s;]/ afFWg] ynf] /x]5 s';L{
dg nfu] h;/L bfO{+ ug{ ;lsg] vnf] /x]5 s';L{
s';L{df k'Ug' dfq} k5{ :j/} klg km/s kg{ yfN5
cxª\sf/sf] em'l;nf] :j/ lgsfNg] unf] /x]5 s';L{ .
16 | jf;' zdf{

!!
tk;Lnsf s'/f x'g\ c?yf]s, kb r}+ vf; s'/f xf]
ljsf;sf s'/f 5f8f}+, cfˆgf] sb r}+ vf; s'/f xf]
/fhgLlt ug{'sf] dhf sxfF 5 cGt, s';L{df afx]s
s';L{df k'u] kl5 Tof] s';L{sf] db r}+ vf; s'/f xf] .
!@
/fhgLlt ug{ ;lhnf] sxfF 5 / ldq < cfF6 x'g'k5{
5n5fd] s'/f ug{ l;kfn' cAan bhf{sf] 9fF6 x'g'k5{
l;4fGt / cfbz{sf s'/f t b]vfpg] bfFt h:tf g x'g\
O{dfg} a]r]/ eP klg a08f ldnfpg ;fF7ufF7 x'g'k5{ .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 17

!#
sfd kfPg5f} c? So} g]tfhL kf]Vb} p7fpFb} u/
:jfy{ l;l4 x]t' ;f]emf hgnfO{ af]Sb} k5fb}{ u/
s;sf] tfut /f]Sg] ltdLnfO{ < ltdL g]tf hf] xf}
cfzfsf cª\s'/x¿ hgtfsf] pdfb}{ lgdf]7\b} u/ .
!$
af]n]/ g} pGglt x'g] eP slt af]n] slt g]tfn]
u'lnof zAbx¿ efif0fdf slt 3f]n] slt g]tfn]
ug]{ ;fFRr} xf] eg] cf/De ul/xfn g sfd cfh}
kmut cfZjf;gsf kf]sf slt vf]n] slt g]tfn] .
18 | jf;' zdf{

!%
l5s]{ xfGg] xf]Og ca t b]z agfpg] :kwf{ u/
l;h{gzLn ljrf/n] hgtf dgfpg] :kwf{ u/
…h'g hf]uL cfP klg sfg} lr/]sfÚ eGg] plQm
ca /fhgLltdf ldNb}g egL hgfpg] :kwf{ u/ .
!^
kmf]xf]/ gagfpm nf]stGq of] …cfxfÚ rflxof]
b]z / hgtfsf lglDt ;f]Rg] …rfxfÚ rflxof]
Ps lyP ?bfg] ofbdf cfP, pgL eGg] ub{y]
s], lsg / s;/L hgtfnfO{ …yfxfÚ rflxof] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 19

!&
sfd xf];\ ls gxf];\ t/ ltgsf] wfs uhasf] 5
b]zsf] 9's'6L l;Wofpg] ltgsf] 5fs uhasf] 5
b]z / hgtfnfO{ 9fFl6/x]5g\ lg/Gt/ ltgn] t}klg
k6Ss} nHhfaf]w gx'g] ltgsf] gfs uhasf] 5 .
!*
em'6sf] v]tL ;lk|of] eG5g\ d n"6sf] v]tL ;k|]sf] b]V5'
s'/f t x'G5 hglxtsf] t/ d u'6sf] v]tL ;k|]sf] b]V5'
O{dfg / :jfledfg v} stf n'sfPsf 5g\ s'lGg ltgn] <
nx–nx afnL e'mln/x]sf] sfns"6sf] v]tL ;k|]sf] b]V5' .
20 | jf;' zdf{

!(
rf]/nfO{ rf}tf/f] ;fw'nfO{ z"nL, lylt s] a;]5
lynlynf] eof] a/f Û lxdr'nL, lylt s] a;]5
cfˆg} ljtf{ of jkf}lt em}+ kf] dgf]dfgL u5{g\ t
l5lrld/f em}+ cfˆg} cfo' e'nL, lylt s] a;]5 .
@)
Pshgf 7"nf g]tf otf cfPsf 5g\ /]
ldl8ofx¿df klg ;j{q 5fPsf 5g\ /]
efif0f 7f]Sg' pgsf] k]zf xf] 7f]S5g\ g}
v'a} zfgn] pgn] wSs' nfPsf 5g\ /] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 21

@!
jfbsf s'/fn] ;+jfb g} 3fon xf]nf h:tf] ef]
hfnem]nn] /fhgLlt g} sfon xf]nf h:tf] ef]
kmf]xf]/L v]nnfO{ /fhgLlt 7fg]kl5 s] nfU5 / <
b]zsf] rf}x2L cs}{sf] kf] vfon xf]nf h:tf] ef] .
@@
ahf/df :jfledfgsf] lnnfd x'Fb}5 /]
ljj]ssf] df]ndf]nfO{ v'n]cfd x'Fb}5 /]
36f36sf] xf] lnnfdL af]Ng] eP cfpm
a'l4;'l4 lnnfd ug]{ hf]/hfd x'Fb}5 /] .
22 | jf;' zdf{

@#
s'nfª\uf/x¿ t k|e'sf] kfpdf nDk;f/ knf{g\ h:tf] kf] 5
;+ljwfg dfq xf]Og b]zs} gfd ;+zf]wg unf{g\ h:tf] kf] 5
;QfnDk6, c?s} akmfbf/x¿ tL dflnssf nflu anL r9]/
cfˆgf] dnfdL cfkm}+ uO{ cfkm}+nfO{ a'sL{ 5nf{g\ h:tf] kf] 5 .
@$
h'Fuf vf}l/;s]sf] eGy] k]ml/ b]lv+b}5 h'Fufs} n8fO{+
9'Ëf kmfln;s]sf] eGy] k]ml/ b]lv+b}5 9'Ëfs} n8fO{+
;Qfsf] :jfb rfv]sfx¿sf] k]ml/ /;fof] ls u|GyL <
b]lv+b}5 kfv'/f ;'s]{/ eGsg] xl/of] lemËfs} n8fO{+ .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 23

@%
x;'g{' x;'/]5g\ s/f]8f}+ s/f]8 nfvsf] r}+ s'/f gu/f}+
pN6} nf]stGqsf] kmnfsf] / wfssf] r}+ s'/f gu/f}+
e|i6frf/nfO{ ;+:yfut agfP/} 5f8]5g\ h'sfx¿n]
u/LaLn] lklN;Psf hgtfsf] 5fssf] r}+ s'/f gu/f}+ .
@^
cfcf] ;fyLx¿ xf] t]QL; lsnf] ;"gsf] s'/f u/f}+
b]znfO{ n'6L sËfn kfg]{ sk6L w'gsf] s'/f u/f}+
tnb]lv dfly ;Dd} ldnLeut, ;]l6ª /fd|} /x]5
/fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0fsf] dha"gsf] s'/f u/f}+ .
24 | jf;' zdf{

@&
xF;fpg' klg clncln xf] / d'5}{ kg]{ u/L xF;fP xf}
uFh8Lx¿sf] ukm h:t} a]6'ª\u] ukm}df kf] kmF;fP xf}
…Do'lhsn r]o/Ú sf] zfgbf/ v]n /x]5 /ª\ud~rdf
kfn} kfnf] ub}{ Psn] csf]{nfO{ s';L{df kf] a;fP xf} .
@*
b'O{ l;+x ldn]/ Ps} 7fpFsf /fhf x'g] /]
gofF gf}6ÍL b[Zodf Dof08]6 tfhf x'g] /]
cfnf] / kfnf]sf] k|aGw ldnfP/ cfk;df
;Qf :jfb lnO/xg] Ph]08f ;femf x'g] /] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 25

@(
Ct' km]l/P5 u7aGwgsf] ahf/ hd]sf] 5 cr]n
k|nf]egsf ld7fO{x¿sf] Jofkf/ hd]sf] 5 cr]n
kb / r'gfjL l6s6sf] zt{gfdfsf] ns]{ tfFt;+u}
g]tf sfo{stf{sf] cf];f/ k;f/ hd]sf] 5 cr]n .
#)
w]/} kl5 d}bfgdf Ps gofF v]n z'? eof]
df]rf{aGbLsf] cf–cfˆg} tfnd]n z'? eof]
s] xf]nf < s;f] xf]nf < sf}t'xn r}+ afFls 5
dgdf eg] cfzfx¿sf] 7]nd7]n z'? eof] .
26 | jf;' zdf{

#!
bn xf] ls an xf] a'‰g sl7g ef]
5n xf] ls kmn xf] a'‰g sl7g ef]
r'gfjL ;fF7ufF7sf] o:tf] en b]Vbf
gn xf] ls 9n xf] a'‰g sl7g ef] .
#@
tftf] kfgL vGofO{ cfuf] afN5' eG5 pm
d'vn] km's]/ g} ;lt;fn 9fN5' eG5 pm
s;/L kTofpg' p;sf s'/f, cfwf/} 5}g
lagf af6f] Ps dxfofqf yfN5' eG5 pm .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 27

##
xf]Og xf} ;fyL xf] s] sf] tdfzf xf] of] <
;s'gL g} 5Ss kg]{ s:tf] kfzf xf] of] <
s] ;Gb]z lbG5 xf]nf o:tf] rlt{snfn]
ca'em d aa'/f]sf] lgl/x lh1fzf xf] of] .
#$
ltdL eG5f} ;f]emf] 5' t/ afª\uf] b]Vb}5'
eG5f} nfh 5f]k]s}5', t/ gfª\uf] b]Vb}5'
afbzfxsf] gofF j:q eP ltd|f 9f]+ux¿
Tof] 9f]+uL cg'xf/ ltd|f] pbfª\uf] b]Vb}5' .
28 | jf;' zdf{

#%
Pstfsf] s'/f] kf] lyof] t efua08fsf] xNnf kf] 5 t
elt{s]G› r}+ v'Nof] ls s;f] cf–cfˆgf] uNnf kf] 5 t
tf;sf] dxn xNsf atf;n] uNof{du'n{'d 9n] em}+ u/L
hgdtn] ag]sf] ;kgfsf] w/x/f 9Nnf 9Nnf kf] 5 t .
#^
zlQmsf] pGdfb x]/ cxf] Û w]/} dfly r'lnP5
cxª\sf/sf] 8sf/n] p;sf] :j/ g} efl;P5
c?dfly cl/ª\ufnsf] uf]nf] vGofpF5' eGYof]
cl/ª\ufn t s7}a/f Û p;}dfly kf] vlgP5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 29

#&
lj/f]w ug{' /fhgLlt xf] eGg] rngsf] s'/f ;'lg+b}5
;fg} lgx'F eP klg rsf]{ cfGbf]ngsf] s'/f ;'lg+b}5
/fhgLlt klg a'em]/} a'lemg;Sg' eO;Sof] xf} ufF7] Û
To;}sf] cfj/0f leq afv|f kfngsf] s'/f ;'lg+b}5 .
#*
kbrfkx¿ ;'lgg yfn]sf5g\ dfG5]x¿ a}l/P ls s;f]
h'ª\ufsf] n8fO{ klg ;lsP5 h'ª\uf vf}l/P ls s;f]
t/ª\lut eO{ c? dfG5]x¿ klg x'n afFw]/ Tot}lt/ g}
cfzfsf TofG›fx¿ ;dft]/ kl5 kl5 bf}l8P ls s;f] .
30 | jf;' zdf{

#(
sf]xL xfQL x'g\ c/] sf]xL af]sf, v} s'/f a'em]sf] <
Oltxf; eg] vfO/x]s} 5 wf]sf, v} s'/f a'em]sf] <
ct[Kt dg kf]v]/ s7}Û af]Nb5 dfG5] zd{ krfP/
tdfz} kf] u5{g\ t ;Qfsf ef]sf, v} s'/f a'em]sf] <
$)
htf kmSof]{ pt} b}nf] agfpF5g\ c/] sf]xL
kmf]xf]/ x'n]/ 3/ d}nf] agfpF5g\ c/] sf]xL
b]z ?Fb}5 n'6]/fx¿ ;nanfpFbf 5ftLleq
n'6]/} b]z dha't y}nf] agfpF5g\ c/] sf]xL .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 31

$!
s'Fjf eGbf aflx/ lgl:sg] slxn] xf] g]tfhL <
uGtJo lt/ lx8\b} nlDsg] slxn] xf] g]tfhL <
…df5f] df5f] Eofu'tf]Ú sf] v]n k'Uof] xf} ca
;d[l4sf] rf]OnL kl:sg] slxn] xf] g]tfhL <
$@
nDk;f/ k/]/ 3'F8fel/ s;}sf] 3fp k/]5 c/]
:jfledfg e]6L r9fP/ s;}sf] kfp k/]5 c/]
/fhgLlt klg v} s] xf] a'emL g;Sg' 5 cr]n
l5s]{ xfGg l;kfn' hfGg]x¿sf] bfp k/]5 c/] .
32 | jf;' zdf{

$#
;fd"lxs anfTsf/ eof] c/] jfO8a8L hxfhsf]
oxL Wo]o xf] t g]tf xf] b'O{ ltxfO{ /fh sfhsf] <
oxL kf/f xf] eg] t s] kf] eGg ;lsPnf / xf} <
ufO{+u'O{+ xNnf rNb}5 o:t} lgolt kfgL hxfhsf] .
$$
sf] aG5 dfq s/f]8klt < cj{sf] s'/f 5 cr]n
hlt ;lsG5 e|i6frf/ ug{' uj{sf] s'/f 5 cr]n
zfgsf] s'/f ef] b]znfO{ n'6\g' df}sf kfpgf;fy
n"6sf] v'l;ofnL dgfpg] kj{sf] s'/f 5 cr]n .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 33

$%
;fOsnn] klg t]n lkpg yfNof] c/] cr]n
hdfgf cg';f/ s'2} lhpg yfNof] c/] cr]n
k'/ftgjfbLx¿nfO{ kl5 kfb}{ pu|ult lnP/
p„]sf] s'07f bDen] l;pg yfNof] c/] cr]n .
$^
uf8Ldf O{Gwg xfNbf vNtL klg el/G5 /]
afO{ jfg u]6 jfg k|mLsf] pkef]u ul/G5 /]
oxL xf]nf ;Qfdf k'Ug'sf] z'e–nfe eg]sf]
Tolt nfe lng g;Sg] x'ltxf/f 7xl/G5 /] .
34 | jf;' zdf{

$&
cfˆgL >LdtL efG;] /fv]/ tna v'jfP5 s;}n]
lbdfu e/]/ b'lift ls6f0f'n] a'l4 s'jfP5 s;}n]
krfpg g;s]/ t/ ;a} /sd lkmtf{ ug{' k/]5 a/f Û
lgn{Hh eP/ kmf]xf]/L /f;df /fn r'jfP5 s;}n] .
$*
slt xfF:g' xf} va/ k9]/ xfF;]/ g} dl/of] ufF7] Û
ljrf/ xf] ls ladf/ xf] bf]wf/df kf] kl/of] ufF7] Û
jfbL / k|ltjfbL cfkm}+, jlsn / GofofwLz cfkm}+
…df5f] df5f] Eofu'tf]Ú t /fli6«o v]n bl/of] ufF7] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 35

$(
gofF o'usf] z'?jft eGg] tfdemfd b]lv+b}5
lj1fkgsf] af9L ;8sdf v'n]cfd b]lv+b}5
kIf ljkIfdf zAbsf v]nf]km8\sf] ug]{x¿sf
s'ts{sf 3f]8fx¿ d}bfgdf a]nufd b]lv+b}5 .
%)
…;fx]a ;fx]agLx¿sf] o'uÚ ca cGTo x'g] eof] c/]
…gftfuf]tf / cf;]kf;]sf]Ú syf bGTo x'g] eof] c/]
;'g]/ c7f]6 o:tf], knfP5g\ cfzfsf cª\s'/ km]l/
c;kmn x'g] sf/0fx¿ ca dgu0fGt] x'g] eof] c/] .
36 | jf;' zdf{

%!
Ps hgf dg'jf 3'F8fdf 3fp k/]sf] s'/f ub}{ lyP
pgs} d08nL km]l/ 3'F8f 6]sfpFb} cIf]tf 5b}{ lyP
s] s] ;'Gg' / b]Vg' kb{5 oL sfg / cfFvfn] klg
cfˆg} tdfzf x]b}{ do'/ em}+ cfkm}+ bË kf] kb}{ lyP .
%@
3'F8f 6]s]/ 6Lsf nufpF eg] 3'F8fsf] ladf/ 5
g6]s'F eg] klg 3'F8f 6]Sg]s} t/SsL e/df/ 5
l6Sg} kf] d'lZsn kg]{ eof] t xf} of] b'lgofFdf
htf x]¥of] cr]n hNbf]aNbf] 3'F8fs} ahf/ 5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 37

%#
sf]N6] km]nf{ t P ;/sf/ Û ;don] < a'emfO{ b]pm g
afFRg kfpnfg\ s] 5f]/Lx¿ lge{on] < a'emfO{ b]pm g
e|i6frf/, b'/frf/ / a]lyltx¿ df}nfP5g\ b'af] h:t}
gofF s] lbof] nf]stGqsf] ljhon] < a'emfO{ b]pm g .
%$
aGbL agfO{ kfpF ;/sf/ Û ltvf zAbsf nx/x¿nfO{
v'nf cfsfzdf p8\g rfxg] :jtGqtfsf /x/x¿nfO{
ltdLnfO{ laemfpFb} hfu[t x'g yfn]sf ;kgfx¿ b]Vof} <
k|ltaGw g} nufOb]pm ltdL ;kgf b]Vg] tL k|x/x¿nfO{ .
38 | jf;' zdf{

%%
p;n] x/] Û cfˆgf] 3/df cfkm}+ cfuf] ;NsfP5
3/sf] ;fFrf] ;'Dk]/ n'6]/fnfO{ cfkm}+n] kNsfP5
t}klg lgn{Hh eP/ ub{5 b]z / hgtfsf] s'/f
/, /fi6«3ftnfO{ nf]stGqsf] hnkn] 6NsfP5 .
%^
lgs} g} ;'lgg yfn]sf]5 cr]n vflt/bf/Lsf] s'/f
hndfu{ clg /]ndfu{ ;~rfng lhDd]bf/Lsf] s'/f
t/ wf]s}wf]sfsf] hudf plePsf] Oltxf; s]nfpFb}
em:s]sf] dgdf eg] cfzª\sf 5 O{dfGbf/Lsf] s'/f .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 39

%&
k|f1 ;efdf s;sf] sf]6faf6 d l5?F v}
leg}{ k/]kl5 s;sf] r}+ laNnf d le?F v}
ToxfF k'Ug]x¿ ;a} sfg lr/]sf x'G5g\ c/]
bflxg] lr?F jf b]a|] < s'g sfg d lr?F v} .
%*
/fhb"tsf] hfuL/ v'n]5 bfj]bf/x¿sf] nfd b]lv+b}5
cfˆgf dfG5]nfO{ etL{ ug]{ s;/t v'n]cfd b]lv+b}5
lagfzsfn] ljkl/t a'l4 eGg] plQmnfO{ rl/tfy{ ub}{
bDesf] hu/ km'nfpFb} bf}8]sf] s'dlt a]nufd b]lv+b}5 .
40 | jf;' zdf{

%(
of]Uotf, Ifdtf ;a} ldn] klg y/ ldNg' x'Fb}g
dfOtL clg ;;'/fnLsf] ufpF zx/ ldNg' x'Fb}g
nf]stGqsf] dfkb08 cjnDag g} ug]{ xf] eg]
Pp6} lhNnfdf / k|b]zdf klg 3/ ldNg' x'Fb}g .
^)
lgjt{dfg kfNg' eGbf ltg}nfO{ jt{dfg kfg'{ a]z
w]/} xf]nfg\ kbfsf+IfL a? o;/L g} bjfj 6fg'{ a]z
cfˆg} xftdf 8f9' kGo", lrGtf afFls s] /Xof] / <
cfk"m v'zL xk]{sf] l3pm cfˆg} efudf emfg'{ a]z .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 41

^!
ahf/df cr]n OHht lsGg ;lsG5 /]
a]Rg] cf} lsGg]x¿ k|i6 lrGg ;lsG5 /]
lgs} ;:tf] ePsf] /x]5 ahf/efp klg
cfk"m v'zL tf]s]/ efp l5Gg ;lsG5 /] .
^@
afn'jf k]n]/ t]n lgsfNg] cEof; lgs} eP5
klUnxfN5 ls eg]/ kTy/sf] Gof; lgs} eP5
g t t]n lg:Sof], g t kTy/ g} kUNof] slxNo}
kL8f vk]/ c?nfO{ l/emfpg] k|of; lgs} eP5 .
42 | jf;' zdf{

^#
sxfF k'Unfg\ v} tL pN6f] ult ePkl5
eGg' klg s] eGg' < e|i6 dlt ePkl5
cfz s] u?g\ hgtfn] s]xL xf]nf eg]/
/fhgLltsf] kmf]xf]/L v]n clt ePkl5 .
^$
d x'F Ps dfq nfos g]tf c? ;a} gfnfos
b]znfO{ ;d[l4lt/ lx+8fpg] d} x'F d'lQm bfos
/fhgLltsf] k6syfdf d]/f] e"ldsf ljz]if 5
d x'F syfsf] gfos afFls c? ;a} vngfos .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 43

^%
;b\efj / cfk;L ljZjf;sf] lgj[lQ eP h:tf] 5
c?sf] pl5Qf] vGg' a? cfd k|j[lQ eP h:tf] 5
;Eotfn] ;xL lbzf lt/ lx8\g kfpg' kg]{ xf], pN6}
dfgj]Q/ bfgjL :jefjsf] k'g/fj[lQ eP h:tf] 5 .
^^
s;}sf] wdf;\ t s;}sf] 3'sL{ b]lv+b}5
xftdf hqf] 5 8f8' t]q} r'k'sL{ b]lv+b}5
afFb/sf] xftdf gl/jn eP5 nf]stGq
n'5fr'F8Ldf em/]sf em'sf{em'sL{ b]lv+b}5 .
44 | jf;' zdf{

^&
v'a} ukm lbg yfn]5f} cr]n ltdL g]tf eof} ls s;f] <
ctL{ klg lbPsf] b]V5' 1fgsf] ;j{j]Qf eof} ls s;f] <
cfˆgf] s'/f dfg] eg] dfgL xfn] gdfg] dgfpgsf nflu
dfG5]sf] df]n} tf]Sg yfn]5f} ltdL qm]tf eof} ls s;f] <
^*
s] cf}wL vf]s]sf] xf} xh'/ sfg} km'6\g] u/L
;f]emf l;wf tL hgx¿sf] lbdfu} e'6\g] u/L
;Hhg eG7fg]/ e/f];f kf] 5 t xh'/ dfly
To;/L gvf]Sg] xf] ls xh'/ e/f];} 6'6\g] u/L .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 45

^(
pxfFsf] s'/f s] ug{' < pxfFsf] efif0f ljz]if 5
b]zsf] xfnt h] xf];\ pxfFsf] zf;g ljz]if 5
pxfF olt prfO{df k'Ug'ePsf] 5 ls s'/f gu/f}+
lgSs} prfO{df /x]sf] pxfFsf] cf;g ljz]if 5 .
&)
…p8Gt] xNnfdf /dfpF5 sflGtk'/ gu/LÚ c/]
xNnfs} kl5 k]ml/ s'b\5g\ dfG5] 3l/ 3l/ c/]
g t u5{g\ cfkm" g t c?nfO{ g} ug{ lbG5g\
cfˆg} ehg ufO{ cfkm" v'zL u'Y5g\ ku/L c/] .
46 | jf;' zdf{

&!
cfˆgf] x'lt 5}g, k'vf{sf] wfs nfpg] gsRr/f x]/
af]nLsf] 6'ª\uf] gePsf k+rd'vf lgn{Hh l5r/f x]/
snª\ssf] 6Lsf nufO{ lgwf/df dlRrb}5g\ a]:;/L
cfkm}+n] vg]sf] vfN6fdf kg]{ eP nf} tL lar/f x]/ .
&@
v08 cv08sf] ;ª\u|fddf clNemP5 sfnv08
ToxL ;ª\u|fdsf] bfjfgn xx{/L blGsP5 cv08
5f]8\g] xf] jf df]8\g] xf] cfkm}+ larsf] ;Ldf /]vf
;x–cl:tTj / cfkmlGtkgsf] k]ml/P5 dfkb08 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 47

&#
5\ofª\u} 5 p;sf] gh/s} cufl8,
t/ p b]Vb}g, gh/ g} t'lxP5 zfob
k|i6} t 5 ;/n ;a}n] a'lem;s],
t/ p a'‰b}g, lbdfu g} s'lxP5 zfob
h;/L u}+8fnfO{ sfps'lt nfUb}g
7Ls To;/L p;nfO{ klg 5'Fb} t 5'Fb}g
s'/f a]6'ª\u] u5{, lxhf] Pp6f cfh cs}{,
lbdfusf] tGt' g} r'lxP5 zfob Û
&$
;'Gg ;S5f} eg] ;'g g]tfhL–
ltdL /fhgLltsf] s'/f u5f}{ t/ /fhgLltsf] /ª\u 5}g
ltdL;+u b]z agfpg cfjZos kg]{ ;Lk / 9ª\u 5}g
To:tf] lsg ePsf] xf] yfxf 5 ls 5}g g]tfhL ltdLnfO{
dfG5]sf] lbdfu eGg] cª\u x'G5, ltdL;+u ToxL cª\u 5}g .
48 | jf;' zdf{

&%
sd{7 xftsf s'/f w]/} eof], ef]sf] cfG›fsf] s'/f u/f}+
7"n7"nf s'/f klg w]/} eof], cfzsf] TofG›fsf] s'/f u/f}+
cfZjf;gn] k]6 el/Pg v}, g]tf 5n5fd] / 9F6'jf eP
b]z / hgtfnfO{ 9fF6]/} gyfSg] ltg} Hof›fsf] s'/f u/f}+ .
&^
htf lt/ kfSof] sfkmn pt} r/L gfFRb}5 /]
cfˆg} gfrdf /dfP/ do"/ sDd/ efFRb}5 /]
;f]emf dg eg] ga'lemsg} 7f]lsxfN5g\ tfnL
ToxL tfnL kf] eFhfP/ vfb} sf]xL afFRb}5 /] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 49

&&
s'/fx¿sf] a:tLdf htftt} s'/fx¿s} le8 5
s'g} dg xg]{ ld7f; t s'g} d'6' 5]+8\g] tL/ 5
s'/f u/] s'/}nfO{ b'Mv eG5g\, e}uf] gu/f}+ Sof/]
c?nfO{ >Lv08 xf]nf d a'4'nfO{ v'kf{sf] la+8 5 .
&*
s'/} t xf] hlt pkmf/] klg ef] es'08f] pkmf/] em}+ u/L
l;wf ;fbf hgnfO{ yrf/] ef] es'08f] yrf/] em}+ u/L
…Dofr lkmlS;+uÚsf gfOs] 5Fb}5g\ lhtfpg] / x/fpg]
:jfledfg a]r]/ k5{g\ nDk;f/ bf;Tj ;sf/] em}+ u/L .
50 | jf;' zdf{

&(
kfsf cg'ejL eG5g\ –
ef]h vfg dg nfu]sf] eP n}grf}/lt/ hfg"
df]h ug{ dg nfu]sf] eP l;+xb/jf/lt/ hfg"
Gofo gkfP uf]/vf hfg" eGg] t pvfg g xf]
Gofo gkfP klg ;xg" gq sf/fuf/lt/ hfg" .
*)
lgsfn lgsflnxfn To;nfO{ lgsfn]/ k7fOb]pm
b'u{Gw uGxfPsf] lkzfrnfO{ a:tLaf6 x6fOb]pm
le8} kf] nfUof] t xf} ufF7] Û lhpFbf lkzfrx¿sf]
rf/kf6f d'8]/ tL lkzfrnfO{ l;dfgf s6fOb]pm .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 51

*!
x]g{ ;Sg' k5{ b]lvG5 oxfF s] s] xf] s] s] <
;'Gg ;Sg' k5{ ;'lgG5 oxfF s] s] xf] s] s] <
ljj]s g} aGwsL /fVg]sf] rn]5 xfnLd'xfnL
ef]Ug ;Sg' k5{ ef]luG5 oxfF s] s] xf] s] s] <
*@
x]lnsf]K6/sf] s'/f ug{ yfn] kh]/f] lkmSsf nfUg yfNof]
wld/fx¿sf] st{'t b]Vbfv]l/ P]+h]/f] lkmSsf nfUg yfNof]
hgtfsf ;kgfx¿nfO{ df8]/ o;/L w':gf] kf/]sf] b]v]/
5f8f 5f]8]sf] ;fF9]n] u/]sf] /}+bfnf] lkmSsf nfUg yfNof] .
52 | jf;' zdf{

*#
ult, ;+ult, lj;+ult ldl;P5g\ Ps} 7fpFm
kyx¿sf] rqmJo"xdf d klys stf hfpFm
hfnx¿sf] ;~hfn of] ca t caf]Wo eof]
nf} g hflgkmsf/x¿ xf] Û tŒj 1fg kfpFm .
*$
;lsof] ls dof{bf ;lsof] ls nfh
slt ;Dd b]Vg' kof]{ v'n]cfd cfh
c;Gt'li6 kf]v] x'Gg ;Eo tl/sfn] <
dfGohg klg xf]nfg\ b]Vg]x¿ dfem .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 53

*%
af3n] km]l/ ;'gsf] jfnf bfg ub}{5 c/]
g]kYoaf6 s;}n] p;sf] sfg eb}{5 c/]
afx| jif{df vf]nf] kmSof]{ eg]sf] ;'lgb}5
OHht k:s]/ et]/ nfpg] efg kb}{5 c/] .
*^
km]l/ cfP c/] sfhL, d'lvof ag]/
dflnssf] v]t hf]Tg] xlnof ag]/
sltGh]n xf] ce}m nufpg] eP bfFb]
df6f] km]l/ ?g] …ef] l5of l5of ag]/ .
54 | jf;' zdf{

*&
g]tf kf] eGy] p;nfO{ t/ efF8 /x]5
;dfhnfO{ g} a]¿k kfg]{ unufF8 /x]5
gzf 3f]n]/ zAbdf dtfpF5 dfG5]nfO{
dtfP/} ;a}nfO{ n8fpg] p hfF8 /x]5 .
**
s'F8]sf] b'w hf]ufpg] lhDdf kfP/ la/fnf] s'b}{5
3/ el/ Kjfn} Kjfn kfb}{ lgl:kmqmL d';f bu'b}{5
crDds} lylt a;]5 3/df a'em]/} g;lsg] e}of]
e08f/d} k;]/ clhª\u/ lgw{Ss 9's'6L x;'b}{5 .
s'/f ;f]emf] 5 xh'/, 5Ssf k~hf hfGb} hflGbg
sfd lagfsf] ukmnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfGb} dflGbg
s'/f hf]Tg] slt cfP slt cfP, ugL ;fWo] 5}g
ukm}n] afFemf] hf]ltPnf eGg] emg 7fGb} 7flGbg .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 55

*(
elQmufgsf] klg cf–cfˆg} ;'/ / tfn 5
s7k'tnL grfpg] cf}+nfsf] ljz]if rfn 5
;f6km]/sf] v]n rln/x]5 Úl/n] /];Ú h:tf]
cl:dtf bfpdf /flvPsf] h'jfsf] vfn 5 .
()
ahf/ lgs} tft]sf] 5 cr]n ay{8] s]ssf] s'/fn]
s/f]8f}+sf] e|i6frf/sf] uf]Ko cl8of] 6]ksf] s'/fn]
gofF ljifon] ahf/ ttfpg yfn]sfn] xf]nf zfob
dxŒj u'dfP5 lnlDkofw'/f / lnk'n]ssf] s'/fn] .
56 | jf;' zdf{

(!
k'Ug yfNof] c/] UofF; kfOkaf6} 3/ 3/ klg ;'lgof]
rsf]{ s/sf] s'/f ;'lgof] To;}sf] s/s/ klg ;'lgof]
s] s;f] x'Fb}5 3/b]zdf, /fd|f] x'Fb}5 ls g/fd|f] x'Fb}5
s;} s;}sf] r}+ emsf]{nfUbf] Eofu't] 66{/ klg ;'lgof] .
(@
km"nnfO{ dfnfsf] zd{, dfnfnfO{ g]tfsf] zd{
dfnfs} v]n kf] eof] t vfl6 /fhgLlts wd{
b]Vg] cfFvfx¿nfO{ nfh nflu/x]5, 5f]k] eP5
lbg/ft x]g'{ eGbf t kmf]xf]/L /fhgLltsf] sd{ .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 57

(#
sfFwel/ dfnf b]Vbf km"n v]tL u?F u?F nfU5
Jofj;fo u/]/ km"ns}, y}nL kf] e?F e?F nfU5
dfnf nufpg] / nufOlbg]x¿sf] r'l/km'l/ b]Vbf
pt}lt/ cfkm" klg :yfO{ a;fO{+ ;?F ;?F nfU5 .
($
:ofjf;\ v'a u/]5f} Ps b'O{ dgsf] dfnf lnP/ cfpFnf
ltd|} gfddf ;fFemkv bLkfjnL ug{ kfnf lnP/ cfpFnf
u/, hlt ;S5f} dgkl/ u/, km]l/ df}sf cfpg] xf] xf]Og
lj/f]wLx¿sf d'vdf nufpgsf nflu tfnf lnP/ cfpFnf .
58 | jf;' zdf{

(%
vfbf, dfnf / bf];Nnfsf] nt nfUof] /] pxfFnfO{
cfˆg} ;fd' cfˆgf] k|;l:t 3t nfUof] /] pxfFnfO{
/f]u klg s] nfu]sf] xf] dfG5]nfO{ lagf pkrf/sf] <
s';L{s} nflu x'?Ss x'g] cfbt nfUof] /] pxfFnfO{ .
(^
bf}8w'k yfNg' k5{ ls Sof xf] vfbf ldlnxfN5 ls
xf]df xf]sf] :j/ ld;fO{ af]Nbf efsf ldlnxfN5 ls
h:tf] b]z 5 p:t} e]if ug{" eG5g\ cg'ejL kfsfx¿
b'?:t p:t} km'Fbf hf]l8lbP kl5 kf/f ldlnxfN5 ls .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 59

(&
dfOs t b]Vg} gx'g] eof] ;dfpF ;dfpF nfU5
t's a]t's vf]s]/ /jfkm hdfpF hdfpF nfU5
c?nfO{ k6\of/ nfu] nflu/xf];\ g s] dtna <
cfˆgf] avfg cfkm}+n] u/]/ /dfpF /dfpF nfU5 .
(*
;'Gb}5' cr]n v'a} cl/ª\ufnsf] v]tL x'g yfNof] c/]
;Qfdfb ljZjf;sf] 3fF6L /]6\g] /]tL x'g yfNof] c/]
a]lylt emg km}lnFb} /x]5, lbg b'O{ u'gf /ft rf}u'gf
cxª\sf/sf] 8f]/L /fhgLlt dYg] g]tL x'g yfNof] c/] .
60 | jf;' zdf{

((
lxhf] ltdL g} eGYof} ltg} lyP l;4fGtaf6 lu/]sf
s;}sf] O{zf/fdf rf]/L bfpn] h:s]nfaf6 l5/]sf
cfh km]l/ ltd|f] cfXjfg ltg};+u ;fF7ufF7sf nflu
rl/tfy{ kfg]{ g} eof} pvfg ;a} hf]uL sfg} lr/]sf .
!))
Pstf 3f]if0ff–kqsf] d;L ;'ls;Sof] t g]tf xf] <
/fi6« xLtsf] s'/f s';L{ d'lg n'ls;Sof] t g]tf xf] <
g]kYoaf6 v]nfpg] tL dbf/Lsf rfnsf cl3lNt/
xfjf km':s]sf] a]n'g em}+ zL/ em'ls;Sof] t g]tf xf] <
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 61

!)!
h'6\of} ltdL lsg < k'm6\gsf nflu
ufFl;of} eg lsg < 5'6\gsf nflu
h'6 ls k'm6 jf 5'6 Tof] ltd|} dhL{
nfU5, ltd|f] gf}6ÍL n'6\gsf nflu .
!)@
hd]s} 5 ahf/, af]Ng]sf] lk7f] laS5
em"7 g} xf];\ af]nL u'lnof] dL7f] laS5
lrKnf lrNnf s'/f / rfKn';L ef] dGq
h;n] hfGb5, p;s} s'/f l56f] laS5 .
62 | jf;' zdf{

!)#
ukm k'Uof] g]tfhL ca r}+ sfd yfNg] xf] ls <
cFWof/f dgx¿df cfzf Hof]lt afNg] xf] ls <
;f]+rx¿ ld;fP/ w]/}sf], ;femf nIo agfP/
k|ultsf] lbzf tkm{ ca sbd rfNg] xf] ls <
!)$
dfG5] xf] ls ;nx xf] ;fu/ lx+8] e}+m u/L
Pp6} Wo]o Pp6} :j/, ;'gfdL g} pn]{ ;/L
va/bf/Ldf s'n{b} p7]sf nfvf}+ tL d'7Lx¿
Pp6} ;Gb]z a'‰b}5', ca l6Sg]5}g dgk/L .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 63

!)%
hbf} hbf} ubf{ ub}{ xftx¿ g} yfls;s]5g\
cfz u/]/ s'bf{ s'b}{ s]zx¿ g} kfls;s]5g\
cf8Da/L rnv]n / cf8Da/s} af]nafnfn]
u|x0fn] 9fs] h:t} ;Eotf g} 9fls;s]5g\ .
!)^
km]l/ Pp6f ;8s cfGbf]ng yfNg] s'/f x'Fb} /x]5
;8s cj?4 ub}{ 6fo/x¿ afNg] s'/f x'Fb} /x]5
;]nfP h:tf] ef] /] /fhgLlt tf]8kmf]8x¿ gx'Fbf
;8ssf af/ / ;flnsx¿ 9fNg] s'/f x'Fb} /x]5 .
64 | jf;' zdf{

!)&
cfof] cfof] nf} va/ cfof] e›tf tf]l8Psf]
;+jfbsf] k6fIf]k x'g] u/L ;+odtf tf]l8Psf]
cfk;L ;Ddfg / ;b\efj efF8d} hfj;\ a?
;EotfnfO{ g} nlHht kfb}{ ;Eotf tf]l8Psf] .
!)*
sf]xL eg] Psflt/ tn'jf rf6\b} /Ú5g\
sf]xL c? Tot}lt/ O{dfg ;f6\b} /Ú5g\
…lagfz sfn] ljkl/t j'l4Ú eg] h:tf]
bª\u kb}{ tL cfˆgf] h/f] sf6\b} /Ú5g\ .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 65

!)(
kbs} nflu ePsf] ljjfb kbsf nflu h:tf] b]lvof] /]
b]Vg]x¿ eGb}5g\ ;Qfsf] ntsf nflu h:tf] b]lvof] /]
sfds'/f] Psflt/ s'Dnf] af]sL l7dLlt/ eGg] pvfg em}+
w}o{ gefÚsf] lsrlsr] cfbtsf nflu h:tf] b]lvof] /] .
!!)
kbssf] km;n kfs]5, afnL af]Sg hfg] xf] ls <
uGxfPsfn] klg kfP /], tfnL 7f]Sg hfg] xf] ls <
nf]stGq xf], ;a}n] cj;/ kfpg' k5{, ls s;f] <
bfofF afofF sf]xL af]n], ufnL vf]Sg hfg] xf] ls <
66 | jf;' zdf{

!!!
sf]xL eG5g\ s'g} g]tf pvfg] t'Ss] eP
sf]xL eg] Ps gDa/sf] 9f]s] x'Ss] eP
a'‰g} ufx|f] ef] xf} ufF7] Û s] x'Fbf /fd|f] xf]
sf]xL r}+ c;nL vf6L n7}t d'Ss] eP .
!!@
slxn] cledfg t slxn] :jfledfgsf s'/f
st} 5n5fd] / 9F6'jf t st} O{dfgsf s'/f
xf] xf] km'Ng r}+ km'Ng] g} /x]5 sdn lxnf]df
ahf/df rNb} /x]5 ufO{+u'O{+ s'ndfgsf s'/f .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 67

!!#
va/ k9]/ jflnË gu/sf sd{7 …d]o/ÚnfO{,
;nfd ug{ dg nfUof]
ljsf;sf nflu afXo nufgLsf] …z]o/ÚnfO{,
;nfd ug{ dg nfUof]
ubf{ lsg x'Fb}g / <
;f]+r / tTk/tf rflxG5 eGg] pbfx/0f ag]5g\
ljlzi6 9fFrfn] yfn]sf] gu/sf] …s]o/ÚnfO{
;nfd ug{ dg nfUof] .
!!$
lqe'jg ljdfg:ynsf] wfjgdfu{ km]l/ plSsof] c/]
;8ssf] cfnf] sfnf]kq] klg /ftf/ft elTsof] c/]
e/v/} ;fntdfdL lyof] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]/} 5f8]5g\
wdfwd sfd ePsf]n] ah]6 klg ;a} ;lSsof] c/] .
68 | jf;' zdf{

!!%
sf7df08"d} kfgLhxfh rnfpFb}5f} c/], awfO{ 5
;8s ;8sdf g} wfg kmnfpFb}5f} c/], awfO{ 5
o:tf gofF sLlt{dfgx¿n] ljZj /]s8{ agfOsg
lugLh a'sdf kf] gfd r9fpFb}5f} c/], awfO{ 5 .
!!^
e"tk"j{ g]kfnL c/] xfdL jt{dfgsf] s'/f gu/] ef]
b]z b'v] klg d'6' leq :jfledfgsf] s'/f gu/] ef]
lagfz sfn] ljkl/t a'l4 rl/tfy{ ug]{x¿ 5g\ ha
km'6\gnfO{ tof/ Eofu't] cledfgsf] s'/f gu/] ef] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 69

!!&
ce"tk"j{x¿sf cl3 e"tk"j{x¿sf] s'g} sfd g} 5}g c/]
cfˆgf] hGde"lddf aa'/f k/b]zLx¿sf] gfd g} 5}g c/]
ha sfd / gfd b'a} 5}g eg] ;lSsuf] lg s] s'/f ug'{
b'i6sf] a'emfO{df b'Mv]sf] d'6'df s'g} lgn–8fd 5}g c/] .
!!*
lgsfnflgsfnsf] s'6gLlt kf] rNg yfNof] t
cf/f]k k|Tof/f]ksf] /0fgLlt kf] rNg yfNof] t
zLt o'4 xf] jf ql;t o'4 xf], a'‰g ufx|f] ef]
csf/0f lagfzsf] /fhgLlt kf] rNg yfNof] t .
70 | jf;' zdf{

!!(
a]v'zL knfpg yfn]5 dgx¿df, sf]xL cfpg] va/n]
cfzÍf plAhg yfn]5 hgx¿df, sf]xL cfpg] va/n]
s'6gLlts e|d0f g} xf]nf x'g t t/klg lsg kf] xf]nf
b'u{Gw km}ng yfn]5 cfFugx¿df, sf]xL cfpg] va/n].
!@)
;GsLsf] xftdf zlQmsf] afu8f]/, km'ª\sf/ ug]{ g} eof]
lx+;|s kz' em}+ d}dQ 5 p zlQmn], x'ª\sf/ ug]{ g} eof]
lbdfuL tGt'x¿ v's'nf] eO{ ;Gt'ng g} u'dfPsf] 5 ha
hf]hf] k?g\ ;fd"df g5f]8L s;}nfO{, lzsf/ ug]{ g} eof] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 71

!@!
af]n'F eg] cfkm}+nfO{ aft nfUg] 8/
gaf]n'F tf efF8e}nf] vft nfUg] 8/
w]/} vfFbf lrgL klg lttf] x'G5 c/]
clt eP cd[tsf] g} dft nfUg] 8/ .
!@@
a;fO{+ ;/]5 ls leQ]–n]vg km];a'ssf] leQflt/
y/L y/Lsf gf/f b]lvG5g\ au|]lNt x/]s lsQflt/
kmf]xf]/L /fhgLltsf] u'n]nLdf r9fP/ d6\ofª\u|f em}
hgtfsf ;kgf eg] x'¥ofO{+b}5 blGsPsf] lrtflt/ .
72 | jf;' zdf{

!@#
;dfrf/ vf]Hg] ldq ;dfrf/ aGg] w'gdf nfu]5g\
5Fbf vfFbfsf] 5lj k'g{ vfN6f] vGg] w'gdf nfu]5g\
rqmJo"xdf kmF;]sf] kQf] 5}g s'/f u5{g\ lgsf;sf]
emnn 3fd nfu]sf a]nf tf/f uGg] w'gdf nfu]5g\ .
!@$
1fgsf] ;fu/ xf]nf p eG7fg]sf] ;'s]sf] sF'jf kf] /x]5
lblUjho g} unf{ eg]sf] t cfkm}+ xf/]sf] h'jf kf] /x]5
/fhgLltsf] vfndf tf;sf] klQ ˆofFs] em}+ ˆofFlsPsf]
pm, t'¿ks} PSsf xf]nf eg]sf] s7}a/f Û b'jf kf] /x]5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 73

!@%
rn]s} xf] jfso'4 lxhf] rNof] / rNb}5 cfh klg
h] dg nfU5 ;f] af]Nb5 dfG5] 5}g ls nfh klg <
;To c;Tosf] x]Ssf x'g 5f8\b5 ha dfG5]nfO{
s;n] s] af]N5 sltv]/ ufx|f] 5 ug{ cGbfh klg .
!@^
km"n x'g'df s] dhf / < dhf t la‰g] sfF8f] x'g'df 5
hlt eg] klg k6Ss} gnfUg] cldNbf] 3fF8f] x'g'df 5
:jfy{sf] n"6 dRrfpg]x¿s} /x]5 of] b'lgofF, dhf t
h;/L x'G5 :jfy{sf] b'gf] ;f]‰ofpg rfF8f] x'g'df 5 .
74 | jf;' zdf{

!@&
rl/q 5 å}w t/ dL7f] u5{ s'/f
d'vdf /fd/fd, vNtLdf 5 5'/f
cfˆg} avfgsf] l9+9'/f lk6\b5 t/
ktg lglZrt eGg] la;{G5 aa'/f .
!@*
sb{ xf] ls rsds wf/n] 5'l§G5
ukm xf] ls 1fg xf], ;f/n] 5'l§G5
cfˆgf] avfg cfkm}+n] gu/]sf] a]z
c;n jf vÞ/fa Jojxf/n] 5'l§G5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 75

!@(
dfG5] clt s'l6n eP5, c?nfO{ pkof]u ug{ vf]H5
cfˆgf] clei6 l;l4 x]t'n] c?sf] k|of]u ug{ vf]H5
;+j]bgzLn ljifonfO{ 9fn agfP kl5 af]Ng] kf] sf] <
:jfy{sf] ul0ft /r]/ cfˆgf] nfesf] of]u ug{ vf]H5 .
!#)
1fgsf] j[If pxfF cfxf Û n6/Dd} kmNg' eP5
1fgsf] k|sfzn] xf]nf pxfF wkSs} aNg' eP5
1fgsf] e08f/} l/TofO{ clh0f{ eP/ xf]nf ls <
bª\bª\tL uGxfpg] u/L pkb]z cf]sNg' eP5 .
76 | jf;' zdf{

!#!
dfg]+, pxfFsf] 1fgsf] ljzfn kmfF6nfO{ dfg]+
5n{ª\u lbgnfO{ /ft xf] eGg] cfF6nfO{ dfg]+
zAb v]Ng hfGg' g xf] hflgkmsf/sf nflu
dxfzosf] uf]ojnjfbL 5fF6 sfF6nfO{ dfg]+ .
!#@
na:t/fsf] cf]vtL x'Fb}g eGg] Pp6f pvfg 5
hglxtsf] s] kf] dtna < cf–cfˆg} avfg 5
hd]s}5 b'gf] ;f]‰ofpg] v]n cvf8fdf dhfn]
tdfzfk"0f{ v]n x]g]{ cfFvfx¿df eg] ysfg 5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 77

!##
…vfnÚ hd]sf] 5 /fli6«o /ª\ud~rdf, le8]sf5g\ …vfn]Ú
…RofFv]x¿Ú em'lDdPsf jl/kl/, …df/f{Ú eGb} s/fpg yfn]
…k~rsÚsf dfq xf]Og tL lgn{Hh …afx|df;]Úx¿n] nf} g
b]zsf] cl:dtfnfO{ x/] Û lg;ª\sf]r bfpdf yfk] dhfn] .
!#$
rxnkxn a9]5 r'gfj cfP h:tf] 5
hgtfnfO{ 9fF6\g] axfgf kfP h:tf] 5
;f]emf hgtf eg] kmFl;xfN5g\ v'?Ss
:jfy{sf u|GyLx¿ v'a /;fP h:tf] 5 .
78 | jf;' zdf{

!#%
b'O{ bzs kl5sf] r'gfj xf] ;s;s a9]5 XjfQ}
xfl/Pnf eGg] lk/n] d'6'sf] wsws a9]5 XjfQ}
r'gfj lhTg' 5 t/ ;lhn} lhTg] 5fF6 gb]v]kl5
ef]6 a9fpg c:q z:qsf] rsrs a9]5 XjfQ} .
!#^
r'gfj cfÚsf] 5 ca r}+ 3df;fg knf{ h:tf] 5
;kgfsf kf]sf cfFug cfFugdf emnf{ h:tf] 5
:jfutåf/ 78\ofP ef] 6f]n6f]ndf g]tf cfpFb}5g\
cfZjf;gsf] v'/fsn] km]l/ ef]s 6nf{ h:tf] 5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 79

!#&
w/fkdf Hofg 5, r'gfj hf] cfÚsf] 5
s'6\g] dfg]{ Wofg 5, r'gfj hf] cfÚsf] 5
nf]stflGqs cEof; t kmnfSg] s'/f g xf]
cg]s bfpk]rsf] 1fg 5, r'gfj hf] cfÚsf] 5 .
!#*
r'gfjdf p7]Ú;L hf]8bf/ efif0f t 7f]Sg} kof]{
cfsfz / kftfn hf]8]/ nDa]tfg vf]Sg} kof]{
h;f] u/] cfˆgf] hLt ;'lglZrt x'G5 t];} ug{
/fhgLltsf bfpk]rx¿ s07 kf/L 3f]Sg} kof]{ .
80 | jf;' zdf{

!#(
lht] nf]slk|otf d]/f], xf/]+ eg] wfFwnL
c? ;a} 5nL / 9fF6 x'g\, g]tf d c;nL
;Qfsf] :jfb lha|f]df d]/f] hf] u8]sf] 5
x'?Ss x'G5' d, cfFvfdf s';L{ emNemnL .
!$)
lg:kIf eof] ls em]n eof]
h;f] eof] s'l6n v]n eof]
ˆofFlsP kf;fsf uf]6Lx¿, /
uf]6Lx¿s} kf] 7]nd7]n eof] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 81

!$!
ePsf] ;fv xf/]/ sf]xL 6f6 klN6P5g\
ptf lhTg]x¿ km'tL{ lb+b} 7fF6 klN6P5g\
RofFv] yfKb} lyP RofFv]x¿ klg vfndf
a/fÛ b'df] g} xf/]/ laNnLaf7 klN6P5g\ .
!$@
xfg]{x¿ eGbf cf;]kf;]x¿sf] 56k6L b]V5'
sf]xL zfnLg b]V5', sf]xL eg] sk6L b]V5'
hgtfsf] lg0f{osf cl3 s;sf] s] nfU5 <
ynf k/]/ s;}sf] efl;Psf] sgk6L b]V5' .
82 | jf;' zdf{

!$#
sf]xL eg] xf/]/ klg lht] em}+ /dfpFb}5g\
sf]xL eg] xfbf{ kL8fn] ltnldnfpFb}5g\
xf/ jf hLt :jfefljs xf] k|lt:kwf{df
;xh} :jLsfg]{x¿n] k|lti7f sdfpFb}5g\ .
!$$
ef]6 lbof}+ / lhTof} g]tfhL, ca ltd|f] of]ubfg rflxof]
5f]/Lsf] lax]sf nflu ca kflnsfaf6 cg'bfg rflxof]
slt n'6\5f} cfkm" dfq} Psf]xf]/f] /fli6«o 9's'6L ;w}+el/
kflnsf :t/df klg afF8r"8 ug{nfO{ k|fjwfg rflxof] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 83

!$%
r'gfj t xf/]5f}, ca wgf{ cf;gdf a:5f} xf]nf lg
rsf]{ efif0f ;'lg+b}5, ToxL efif0fdf a:5f} xf]nf lg
ltd|f] jl/kl/ 5g\ lj1 k6s k6s cg'ej sdfPsf
kf7 l;s]/ tL cg'ejL;+u cg;gdf a:5f} xf]nf lg .
!$^
u'lnof] ld7fO{ x}g af, dnfO{ ca …d]o/Ú rflxG5
;Qfsf] :jfb dL7f] dnfO{ klg t …z]o/Ú rflxG5
…sfu s/fpFb} u5{ lkgf ;'Sb} u5{Ú, lsg 8/fpg] <
kb k'Ub}g eg] dnfO{ cfe"if0fsf] …s]o/Ú rflxG5 .
84 | jf;' zdf{

!$&
dtkq g} Roft jf Pl;8 vGofpm, r'gfj lhTg' 5
p208 g} xf]pm jf dflns sGofpm, r'gfj lhTg' 5
h;f] h;f] ug{ ;S5f} u/, xf/ lsdfy{ :jLsfo{ 5}g
nf]stGqnfO{ g} a? pkxf; agfpm, r'gfj lhTg' 5 .
!$*
ptf 3/b]zdf r'gfj eP5 km]l/ kflnsfx¿df
otf k/b]zdf Pgf/]g]sf] r'gfj 5 tflnsfx¿df
r'gfj t r'gfj} xf] lg :jfbsf kf/vLx¿sf nflu
/ldtf x]g{ bz{sx¿ eg] pSnb}5g\ c§flnsfx¿df .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 85

!$(
Pgf/]g] alNemP5 k]ml/ pDd]åf/sf] nfd 7"nf]
r'gfjsf] nt crDdsf], cxf] Û tfdemfd 7"nf]
o:tf] nfU5, Pgf/]g] afx| /f]usf] Pp6} cf]vtL
bLJojf0fL ;'lg+b}5 5 dfgf}+ of] tLy{ wfd 7"nf] .
!%)
Pgf/]g]sf] df};d cfP5 pd]bjf/L lbpF ls Sofxf]
alNemxfN5 ls st} RofFv] yfKg xf}l;pF ls Sofxf]
efua08f ldnfpFbf kl/of] eg] klg t eOuof] lg
;Nnfxsf/} eP klg Pp6f kb r}+ lnpF ls Sofxf] .
86 | jf;' zdf{

!%!
kb eg]sf] kb g} xf], sfo{sf/L xf];\ ls ;Nnfxsf/
dg nfu]hlt kbx¿ agfpg ;Sg] 5Fb}5g\ lzNksf/
;fFRr} vfFrf] gk/] tfklg d'va'emf] nufpg] /0fgLlt
cIf]tf em}+ dG;fOlbP kb, hDaf] g} eP klg cfsf/ .
!%@
r'gfj cfO;s]5 ;fyL xf] ef]6 s;nfO{ lbg] xf] <
lrt s;nfO{ lbg] xf] clg kf]6 s;nfO{ lbg] xf] <
lhTg]x¿ t cjZo klg v'zLn] ubub x'g] g} 5g\
To:tf] v'zLsf] xfF;f] v]Ng] cf]+7 s;nfO{ lbg] xf] <
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 87

!%#
r'gfj nfu]5 /fd|} ;fyLx¿sf] nfd} nsf]{ kf] 5 t
lhTg] lhtfpg]sf] 3D;f3D;L lgs} rsf]{ kf] 5 t
Kofg]n Kofg]nsf k|rf/afhLdf clNemP5 r'gfj
;d'bfosf d'2f stfstf ax; r}+ csf]{ kf] 5 t .
!%$
otf Pgf/]gPdf / ptf kflnsfx¿df klg hfqf x'Fb} /x]5
stf lx+8]sf x'g tL ofqL < Ps clglZrt ofqf x'Fb} /x]5
efF8e}nf]sf] /fhgLlt s] :jb]z s] k/b]z, p:t} 5 b'a}lt/
otf u'6aGbL / lj1lKt, ptf tfnfaGbL / jftf{ x'Fb} /x]5 .
88 | jf;' zdf{

!%%
ptf ;lsof] ufO{hfqf otf e/v/ b]lv+b}5
xF;fpg] va/sf] tfFtL nfUg] t/v/ b]lv+b}5
cfbtn] dha"/ xfdL s] ug{' / hxfF /x] klg
wfFwnL lzif{sdf syf d~rg k|v/ b]lv+b}5 .
!%^
wfFwnLsf] t s'/f cfof] a'y sAhfsf] cfpg} afFls 5
dtkq Roft]/ tndfly kf/]sf] cf/f]k nfpg} afFls 5
/fhgLltsf] :jfb kfPsf] lha|f]n] p:t} :jfb vf]H5 g}
xfg}{ x'Gg s;}n] lsgeg] lht]/ wfs hdfpg} afFls 5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 89

!%&
r'gfj ;lsof] /] Pgf/]g]sf], ca n]vfhf]vf xf]nf
s:tf] k"mlt{ x'g xf] lhTg]sf], ca n]vfhf]vf xf]nf
r'gfjL rxnkxn kl5 awfO{sf] cf]O/f] 5 oqtq
k[ys zfg kbf/f]x0f ug]{sf], ca n]vfhf]vf xf]nf .
!%*
;fu/df k'u]/ klg Eofu'tf] 7fGb5 sF'jf lsg <
Oiof{n] 89]/ kTktL dfG5] 5f8\b5 w'Fjf lsg <
c?sf] ;kgf ljyf]Ng]x¿ a/f Û tL ljj]sz"Go
cfkm}+ dfq ;xL / ;TdfuL{ dfGb5 dg'jf lsg <
90 | jf;' zdf{

!%(
d} x'F hfGg], xf] d hfGg], c? ;a} tf d"v{ x'g\
;fFr} af]n'g\ t/ klg tL Ps gDa/sf w"t{ x'g\
7fGg] tL …dxfkl08tÚsf nflu 5}g s'g} cf]vtL
zf:qfy{af6 kl5 x6\g] tL :jo r}+ dxfd"v{ x'g\ .
!^)
pgL :jod\nfO{ cAan bhf{sf] ;dfh ;'wf/s 7fGb5g\
cfkm"nfO{ a]lylt, la;+ultx¿sf] Psn lgjf/s 7fGb5g\
lj8Dagf Û pg}n] xk]{sf] l3pm l/TofPsf] b]Vb}5g\ c?x¿
t}klg cfkm"nfO{ lgi7f cf} ;bfrf/sf] ljrf/s 7fGb5g\ .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 91

!^!
otf kmSof]{, ptf kmSof]{ ctL{ pkb]zsf] tfFtL x'G5
lgs} hfg]sf]5' egL b]vfpg] s;/t elnefFlt x'G5
lbPsf] pkb]z c?n] lnG5g\ ln+b}gg\ yfxf eg] 5}g
clt{ kl:sg] dg'jfsf] 3d08n] km'n]sf] 5ftL x'G5 .
!^@
sf]xL lsg Tolt ;fx|f] bDeL x'G5 xf]nf <
s:tf s:tf s'/fx¿ dgdf u'G5 xf]nf <
cfkm"nfO{ PSnf] dxf1fgL 7fG5 p lsg <
s;n] eGg] p;nfO{, s;sf] ;'G5 xf]nf <
92 | jf;' zdf{

!^#
km'n]/ a]sf/df cxª\sf/ gb]vfP x'GYof]
cfkm}+n] vr{ u/L k|;l:t gn]vfP x'GYof]
crDds} k|f0fL xf] dfG5], v} s] kf] egf}+ <
8fxsf] cfuf]df xTs]nf g;]sfP x'GYof] .
!^$
udSs kb}{ 7"nf] kN6L p km'Ng rfxG5
c?af6 jfx Û jfx Û v'a a6'Ng rfxG5
;fg} of]ubfg u/]sf] eP klg s'g} a]nf
lx;fa u/]/ k"/fsf k"/f c;'Ng rfxG5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 93

!^%
p 7fGb5 p;sf s'/f ;xL ;To s]jn
p;s} dfq x/ lx;fa axL ;To s]jn
c? ;a} ga'‰g] ujfF/ x'g\ p;sf nflu
p;n] hf] a'em]sf] 5 ToxL ;To s]jn .
!^^
s] efsf] xf] v} lxhf]cfh ;a} cfˆg} 8Dkm" ahfpF5g\
a];'/f /fu xfn]/ Psgfzn] cfˆg} ehg dfq} ufpF5g\
df};d km]l/Psf] xf] ls dfG5] a'‰g g} sl7g eO;Sof]
s'g} Ps ;fgf] of]ubfgnfO{ klg k6sk6s ehfpF5g\ .
94 | jf;' zdf{

!^&
uHhas} hft xf] dfG5]sf] ;w}+ cfˆg} 8Dkm" ahfpF5
cfˆgf] 8Dkm"sf] tfndf ldnfO{ c?sf] gfd ehfpF5
rf6'sf/Lsf] c:q klg p e'Nb}g :jfy{ l;l4sf vflt/
e|dsf] a'§fx¿ e/]/ p cfˆgf] e|dsf] ;kgf ;hfpF5 .
!^*
p;sf s'/f / wfl/nf] 5'/f p:t} kf] /x]5
bDesf] gzf / dfbs ;'/f p:t} kf] /x]5
cxª\sf/n] 89]/ x/fP5 p;sf] ljj]s s7} Û
bl/› dg p;sf] k"/fsf k"/f p:t} kf] /x]5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 95

!^(
vKk/ leq ;w}+ el/ s'ts{ pl;G5g\ pgL, lsg xf]nf <
uGxfpg] kmf]xf]/sf] y'k|f] dfq plwG5g\ pgL, lsg xf]nf <
;'jf;gf 5g]{ km"nx¿ klg 5g\ jl/kl/, dtna} ub}{gg\
b'u{Gwdf /dfpg]x¿ ;a}nfO{ pl5G5g\ pgL, lsg xf]nf <
!&)
s;}sf] wGb} s]jn c?sf s'/f sf6\g] x'Fbf] /x]5
a8f] nugsf ;fy kmt'/sf] 8f]/L af6\g] x'Fbf] /x]5
3d08n] lemlN;Psf] hLpaf6 kTktL w'jfF lgsfNb}
;f]+r / ;demnfO{ g} dkfO{Tj;+u ;f6\g] x'Fbf] /x]5 .
96 | jf;' zdf{

!&!
ljrf/ 5 s'lxPsf] t/ cfkm"nfO{ ljåfg 7fGg'x'G5 pxfF
c?sf] pl5tf] sf8\g'nfO{ ;xL of]ubfg 7fGg'x'G5 pxfF
gsf/fTdstfn] el/Psf] vKk/ 5 pka'h|'s dxf]bosf]
;'Nemfpg' x}g, s'/f] pNemfpg' ;dfwfg 7fGg'x'G5 pxfF .
!&@
awfO{ awfO{ ;'lg+b}5, rfsl8sf] kof{o
;fVv} ePsf] b]vfpg] /fd|f] /x]5 pkfo
gh/df kg{ rfxG5g\, u?g\ c? s] a/f Û
/lrP5 csf]{ Ps efiffsf] gofF cWofo .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 97

!&#
efiffljbx¿sf] ca Pp6f 6f]nL agfpg] xf] ls <
s6'tfnfO{ lhTg] ;+hLjgL uf]nL agfpg] xf] ls <
ts{ s'ts{x¿sf] /}+bfnf] clt g} eof] ca nf} g
;sf/fTds ;f]+rn] leh]sf] af]nL agfpg] xf] ls <
!&$
ot} cf;kf;df sf]xL l5r/f klg /x]5g\
a]sf/df ckh; vfg] lar/f klg /x]5g\
z/d x/fPsf dfG5] klg e]l6P x} oqtq
lgn{Hh ;nanfpg] gsRr/f klg /x]5g\ .
98 | jf;' zdf{

!&%
of] b'lgofF –
ot} ghLs jl/kl/ 6/f{ dflg;x¿ klg /x]5g\
g/d t x'g} ghfGg] h/f{ dflg;x¿ klg /x]5g\
tL eGbf k[ys lgZ5n dgn] v'zL x'g] ;f]emf
cfˆg} 7]6 kf/fsf em/f{ dflg;x¿ klg /x]5g\ .
!&^
sGofpFb} eL/af6 v;fpg] klg 5g\ jl/kl/
lrKnf s'/fx¿df kmF;fpg] klg 5g\ jl/kl/
5]kf/f]n] em}+ /ª\u abNg]x¿sf] le8Þ hd]sf]5
/ª\ux¿ abNb} v'a xF;fpg] klg 5g\ jl/kl/ .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 99

!&&
gsf/fTdstfn] g} u'hf/f rnfpg] klg e]l6G5g\
lagf ws af}l4s bl/›tf bzf{pg] klg e]l6G5g\
lgs} hfGg] ;'Gg] x'F eGg] r'l/km'l/ ug]{ aa'/fx¿ Û
lg/fwf/ ts{ cf]sn]/ hu xF;fpg] klg e]l6G5g\ .
!&*
/fd|} u/] klg pl5Qf] sf8\g]x¿ x'Fbf /Ú5g\ htftt}
a]t's] ts{ kl:sP/ efF8\g]x¿ x'Fbf /Ú5g\ htftt}
rf}af6f]df nu]/ cIf/x¿nfO{ v'Nnf lnnfdL ub}{
bDesf] lznf :tDe uf8\g]x¿ x'Fbf /Ú5g\ htftt} .
100 | jf;' zdf{

!&(
/fd|f]nfO{ klg /fd|f] dfGg g;Sg', bf]if xf] ls /f]u xf] <
:ki6 ;TonfO{ klg hfGg g;Sg', bf]if xf] ls /f]u xf] <
vf]6f] ;f]+rsf] t/fh'df tf}lnG5 oyfy{nfO{ lsg dfG5] <
;xLnfO{ klg ;xL 7fGg g;Sg', bf]if xf] ls /f]u xf] <
!*)
kfun g} x'F d kfun, s]jn ltdL ;2] 5f}
;'larfl/t ¿kdf g} ;dfh x'F8Ng] dWo] 5f}
s;sf] g"gn] ltd|f] lbdfu rN5 ltdL hfg
ToxL g"gsf] ;f]emf] lrtfpg ltdL jfWo 5f} .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 101

!*!
slt qm"/ eP5 hdfgf b'v]s} d'6' lryf]b{5
g/fvL /lQ bofefj ;'s]s} wdgL lgrf]b{5
xfF:b5 clg dHhfn], c§xf; p;sf] cxf] Û
kL8fsf] e'd/Ldf tfg]/ efUo/]vf pm sf]b{5 .
!*@
hlt rf]6 nfu] klg dgdf dnfO{ km/s kb}{g
;Ggf6f gfr] klg cfFugdf dnfO{ km/s kb}{g
xfF;f] clg cfFz'sf] n'sfdf/Lsf] v]n xf] hLjg
xfF;f]n] xf/] klg hLjgdf dnfO{ km/s kb}{g .
102 | jf;' zdf{

!*#
slt 5g\ hudf Psflt/ d'6' x/fPsf dfG5]
slt 5g\ hudf csf{lt/ d'6' 8/fPsf dfG5]
1fg lj1fg pGgt 5 hudf t/ dlt zd{gfs
slt 5g\ hudf rf/}lt/ z/d krfPsf dfG5] .
!*$
xfFsf xfFls To;/L g9fF6 g, yfxf x'G5 Sof
asDk'm;] ukm klg g5fF6 g, yfxf x'G5 Sof
5]kf/f]n] h:tf] l5g l5gdf slt /ª\u k]m5f}{ <
cfˆgf] s'/f cfk}+mn] gsf6 g, yfxf x'G5 Sof .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 103

!*%
Ps ldqn] n]v] –
cFWof/f]df lbof afNg]x¿ lt/:s[t eP c/]
pHofnf]df cfuf] emf]+:g]x¿ k'/:s[t eP c/]
c?n] h;f] u?g\ lbof] afNg g5f]8 x} ldq
lj;+ult;+u h'em]/ g} dfG5] kl/is[t eP c/] .
!*^
g]kfnL …lkmNd zf]Ú sf] sGtlahf]u eof] Ú/]
xnef8f klg cfof]hss} vNtLaf6 uof] Ú/]
g]kfnL snf ;F:s[ltsf] ;Da4{g ug]{ ;kgf
n08gsf] hf8f]df s7fª\lu|P/ cw'/f] /Xof] Ú/] .
104 | jf;' zdf{

!*&
>lds x'F d >ddf /dfpF5'
>d u/]/} hLljsf sdfpF5'
rfx 5}g d]/f], 7"nf] egfpg]
uj{ ;fy d >lds egfpF5' .
!**
kf]Vb5' dgsf] efj sljtf lbj;df
5}g ljifosf] cefj sljtf lbj;df
l;h{gf dL7f] ;flxTo, nflnTon] k"0f{
sfJosf] 5}g hafj sljtf lbj;df .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 105

!*(
nf]s eG5g\ g]tfsf] xf]Og kl/jf/sf] sljtf n]v
lbndf zLtn 5g]{ dfofn' pbuf/sf] sljtf n]v
/fhgLltsf] sk6L v]ndf 6fpsf] b'vfpg'sf] ;§f
56\k6fO/x]sf dgx¿sf] pksf/sf] sljtf n]v .
!()
d]/f nflu af6f]df b'a} tkm{ km"nx¿sf] nx/ b]Vb}5'
ToxL af6f]af6 hfFbf k'lug] dfof a:g] zx/ b]Vb}5'
cfFvfsf] bf]if jf dgsf] e|d xf]Og xf]nf lg of] d]/f]
k|]dn] d':s'/fpFb} uugdf …zzLÚ pbfpg] k|x/ b]Vb}5' .
106 | jf;' zdf{

!(!
km"nsf] ;f}Gbo{df /dfpg /f]Sg gvf]h dnfO{
cfxfl/;sf] ah| nf7Ln] 7f]Sg gvf]h dnfO{
km"nn] km'Ng kfpg' k5{, d To;}df /dfpF5'
s'07fsf] vf]6f] t/fh'n] hf]Vg gvf]h dnfO{ .
!(@
gfgfyl/sf s'/f 5f8L dfoflt/ kmls{PF d
htflt/ dfofsf] af; 5 Tot}lt/ nls{PF d
cfxf Û duduL jf;gf 5 dfofsf] au}+rfdf
kfl/nf] 3fd tfKb} ToxL au}+rfdf vls{PF d .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 107

!(#
sf]xL cfpFb}5 dfofsf] l;+u} ;+;f/ af]s]/
dnfO{ v'zL agfpg cd"No pkxf/ af]s]/
cfFvfsf] gfgL em}+ Kof/f] p, dfofsf] n•'
dgsf] dem]/Ldf gfRg dL7f] emÍf/ af]s]/ .
!($
gfltn] 5ftLdf nftLn] xfg]sf] lgsf] nfU5
slnnf tL xftn] h'Fuf tfg]sf] lgsf] nfU5
x/]s lqmofsnfkdf jfT;Non] ljef]/ x'G5'
p;n] dnfO{ v]Ng] ;fyL 7fg]sf] lgsf] nfU5 .
108 | jf;' zdf{

!(%
ltd|f] dfofn' d':sfgsf] ;w}+ sb/ u/]sf] 5' d}n]
ltd|f rfxgfx¿nfO{ klg ;w}+ ;b/ u/]sf] 5' d}n]
dfof hfnsf] ;fª\nfn] afFlwP/ jl;e"t g} eP5'
cfˆg} /x/x¿nfO{ r}+ a? ;w}+ ab/ u/]sf] 5' d}n] .
!(^
rflx+b}g w]/} dnfO{ Ps lkTsf] dfof lbP k'U5
ltd|f] w8\sgdf aHg] ;ËLtsf] dfof lbP k'U5
u'gf;fx¿ s]xL 5g\ ltd|f eg] ;xif{ :jfut u5{'
xs} ef] ltd|f], u'gf;f] ;lxtsf] dfof lbP k'U5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 109

!(&
pgn] h:t} d}n] klg a]:;/L dfof u/]sf] 5'
dfofsf] km/flsnf] hª\3f/ pgL;+u} t/]sf] 5'
dfofsf] afnL xfd|f] /fd|/L k'mnfpg kmnfpg
dfofsf jLpx¿ d}n] klg pgL;+u} 5/]sf] 5' .
!(*
x/]s kN6 ltdL l/;fpFbf ToxL Ps uLt ;DemG5' d
l/;fO;s]kl5 lg:sif{df x'g] ltd|f] hLt ;DemG5' d
clt Kof/f] nfU5 ltd|f] l/;sf] Tof] cr"s c:q klg
s] l/; s] d':sfg ;a} g} d]/} lglDt k|Lt ;DemG5' d .
110 | jf;' zdf{

!((
ltdLn] ky cf]5ØfOlbof} To;sf] klys ePF d
xif{n] pT;j dgfof} / t To;df ;l/s ePF d
lgDtf]kq k7fpg' kb}{gYof] dnfO{, cfOxfNy]+ lg
lgofn]/ x]/ cfˆg} d'6'nfO{, slt ghLs ePF d .
@))
dHhfn] xfF; ltdL, ltdL xfF;]sf] v'N5
xfF;]/ k|k'mNn dgn] dfof ufF;]sf] v'N5
xfF;f] lagfsf] cw/ h"g lagfsf] /ft e}+m
d'xf/sf] sf]nfhdf xfF;f] 6fF;]sf] v'N5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 111

@)!
ltd|f] dfofsf] 5xf/Ldf al;/x'F h:tf]
ltd|} cfFvfsf] de]m/Ldf v]ln/x'F h:tf]
Ps} lgd]if x6\b}g gh/ rxf5{ dgleq
ltd|f] To} dgsf] t/]nLdf 3'ld/x'F h:tf] .
@)@
ltdLn] eGof} d}n] ;'g]+
ltd|f s'/f dgdg} u'g]+
;f]x|} cfgf ;To eGof}
clg t ltdLnfO{ r'g]+ .
112 | jf;' zdf{

@)#
d':sfg dfUof}, lbg rfx]+ / cf]+7df v]nfPF
v'zL afF8]/ cfk"mn] ;w}+ ;':s]/fx¿ sdfPF
gdfu w8\lsg] d'6', Tof] plxNo} n'l6;Sof}
n'6]/fsf] ;+ut t/ dL7f], d n'l6P/} /dfPF .
@)$
w]/} kl5 kf] af]Nof} t, d t 5Ss} k/]+ lg
s0f{k|Lo df]lxgL af]nLdf d t n} k/]+ lg
n]pm g} hld;s]sf] lyof] dgsf] leQfdf
tfhf eP :d[lt k]ml/, d t dVv} k/]+ lg .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 113

@)%
w'gx¿ klg n'l6P, kfOg lhGbuLsf] uLt ufpg
d'6'leq nfu]sf] 3fpmdf ld7f;sf] dNxd nfpg
;':s]/fx¿sf] d"No gx'Fbf] /x]5 n'6]/fsf] b'lgofFdf
cfz /lQ 5}g ca kL8f af]s]/ To} b'lgofF wfpg .
@)^
dfof u5'{ eGg]n] g} lk7 b]vfO{ lx+8] kl5
nfv} lalGt u/] klg l96 b]vfO{ lx+8] kl5
3fon ag]sf] a}+;fn' dg t8\lkg] g} eof]
…8'g6 kmnf] dLÚsf] …lr6Ú b]vfO{ lx+8] kl5 .
114 | jf;' zdf{

@)&
c?sf] xfF;f] vf];]/ xfF:g ldNg] eP d xfFl;lbGy]+
b'lgofFel/sf] xfF;f]x¿ vf];]/ dfnfx¿ d ufFl;lbGy]+
/x/x¿ d]/f klg 5g\ dgel/ pHofnf] 5/]/ /dfpg]
x[bosf] leQfdf xfF;f]sf tL dfnfx¿ d 6fFl;lbGy]+ .
@)*
dnfO{ kTy/x¿;+u af]Ng ;xh nfU5
ltg};+u dgsf s'/f vf]Ng ;xh nfU5
kTy/sf] eGbf s8f /x]5 dfG5]sf] dg
a? kTy/s} dg l5rf]Ng ;xh nfU5 .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 115

@)(
bz}+ ltxf/ cfpg} nfUbf 3/ cfFug ;lDemPF
/dfO{ v]n]sf] lnª] lkª cfxf Û emg\ ;lDemPF
u'lGhG5g\ sfgdf dfGoj/sf cflzj{rgx¿
b"/af6} cfzLjf{b yfKg cfkmGthg ;lDemPF .
@!)
ofb cfpF5 kv]6] vf]nfdf uË6f df/L vfPsf]
kms{bf v]l/ vnËf agdf s6'; emf/L vfPsf]
lhGbuLsf] Tof] :jl0f{d ;do ;fyLefO{x¿;+u
6\jfSs lk/f] h'gf/ ;fFb]/ cf/Lsf cf/L vfPsf] .
116 | jf;' zdf{

@!!
cfdfn] b]sf] rf/fgf af]sL xf6df hfFbfsf] zfg Tof]
pl;g]sf] e6df;sf] Ps efu k"/} lsGbfsf] zfg Tof]
bf/]uf}+8f] rf}tf/f]sf] rKn]6L 9'+ufdf kn]6L s;]/ a;L
;fyLefO{ ldnL pl;g]sf] e6df; vfFbfsf] zfg Tof] .
@!@
pmv' k]n]/ ;Vv/ ksfsf] lbg e~Hofªdf af; x'GYof]
kfSg nfu]sf] ;Vv/sf] lkmFhsf] t/ vfg] cfz x'GYof]
lxpF vf]nfdf em/L kf}8L v]ln;sL pmv'sf] nfFqmf] 6]s]/
psfnf] r9\b} aft dfb}{ vfsf] pmv'sf] /; vf; x'GYof] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 117

@!#
c:tfP5 Pp6f rxlsnf] tf/f, >4f~hln ck{0f
zf]sfs'n 5 snf hut ;f/f, >4f~hln ck{0f
ljwfg xf] c/] ljlwsf], ljlwn] nUof] dg'hafa'nfO{
t/ ;'lDkP/ uP afFsL cleef/f, >4f~hln ck{0f .
@!$
z/L/ ljsnfË lyof] t s] < ljrf/ ;jnfË hf] lyof]
ct'No 1fgsf e08f/ lyP, lj1fgsf] 5nfª hf] lyof]
clk{G5' d >4f;'dg xlsªnfO{, c:tfP tf/f tL cfh
pkxf/ ltgsf] ;do rqmsf] l;4fGt ;jf{Ë hf] lyof] .
118 | jf;' zdf{

@!%
x] b}j Û lsg lxsf{of} nf7L l;h{gf lgdf]7\b}
/dfpFb} xfF:b} 3/ kms]{sf tL ;kgf lgdf]7\b}
s] la/fd lyof] kmqmg tof/ sf]lknfx¿sf] <
ljkb\sf] j[li6 u/fof} lsg ljkgf lgdf]7\b} <
@!^
b}jsf] nf7L ah|G5 lsg af/Daf/ yfKnfdf
ljkb\sf] rqm kb{5 lsg nuftf/ yfKnfdf
e"sDk clg af9L / klx/f], cfFwLsf] lagfz
s;/L vKg' b'Mvsf] rf]6 tf/Gtf/ yfKnfdf .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 119

@!&
af9L / klx/f] b}jsf] nf7L qmGbg ;'lg+b}5
3/sf] rfjL c?sf] xftdf /f]bg ;'lg+b}5
ha 6'6\nf w}o{sf] afFw, gbLsf] afFw klg
pn]{nf :jfledfg cbDo, :kGbg ;'lg+b}5 .
@!*
ha otf lxhf] cfsfz lgs} yls{of]
ptfsf] af9L ;De]m/ d]/f] ;f;} ;ls{of]
s] u/L ;xFb} xf]nfg\ :jhgx¿n] kL8f
6f9f k/b]zdf d]/f] d'6' r/Ss rls{of] .
120 | jf;' zdf{

@!(
8'Nb}5g\ ;"Idsl0fsf b]z b]zfGt/, r'gf}lt dfG5]nfO{
d[To'sf] ljif 5b}{ oq tq ;dfgfGt/, r'gf}lt dfG5]nfO{
g sf]xL 7"nf] g ;fgf], g wd{ g hft, h'6\g] a]nf xf] of]
lhTnf dfG5]n] Tofu]df dt dtfGt/, r'gf}lt dfG5]nfO{ .
@@)
lbgdf xf];\ jf /ftdf Pp6} t/ª\u 5fpF5, ;'/Iffsf]
efOa/ xf];\ jf d];]Gh/ Pp6} ;Gb]z cfpF5, ;'/Iffsf]
cfkm" hf]lug / c?nfO{ hf]ufpg sf]/f]gfsf] sx/af6
3/d} a;f}+ s]xL ;do 3/ dfq Ps 7fpF 5, ;'/Iffsf] .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 121

@@!
;+Vof uGb}5g\ ;+Vof eGb}5g\ lbg/ft ;dfrf/x¿
sf]/f]gfn] lk|ohg u'dfP/ lg:s]sf ljXjn pb\uf/x¿
;nfd cu|k+lQmsf of]4f tL :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{
/, tL lj1x¿ hf] vf]Hb}5g\ /f]syfd / pkrf/x¿ .
@@@
cb[Zo Jofwfaf6 aRg 3/df g} n's]/ a;]sf] 5'
lbge/ l6eLsf] kbf{df ;dfrf/ 9's]/ a;]sf] 5'
cGodg:s lrQn] cfef vf]Hb} k/ lIflthlt/
;dosf] of] cgf}7f] cfb]z;Fu em's]/ a;]sf] 5' .
122 | jf;' zdf{

@@#
cfcf];\ o;/L ls v'zLn] gfrf];\ hu ;f/f
wf]cf];\ dgsf] d}nf], vGofO{ lko"if hnwf/f
6?g\ ljkb\ cf} Joflw, u'l~hof];\ zflGtw'g
sfdgf 5 gofF jif{ of] agf];\ b'Mvdf ;xf/f .
@@$
gofF cfpg] jif{n] zflGt lnP/ cfcf];\ x}
b'v]sf] dgn] ca dNxd nfpg kfcf];\ x}
gxf];\ kL8fsf] v]tL b'MvL dgx¿df km]l/
hfg] jif{n] b'Mv ;a} ;fy} lnO{ hfcf];\ x} .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 123

@@%
;do xf] lalt/xG5, lbg, dlxgf / jif{
x/]s knn] lhGbuLnfO{ u5{ dL7f] :kz{
Ps a9L tLg aL; j;Gt kf/ ubf{ cfh
8'ln/x]5g\ clj/fd pNnf;, pdË / xif{ .
@@^
n§fO{af6 r'Fl8Psf] rËfsf] wfuf] /x]5 ;do
kx/f]df 7f]lSsP/ alu/xg] 5fFuf] /x]5 ;do
s] gk'u]/ xf] < c;Gt'li6sf] 89]nf] dgdf ;w}+
dgsf] 89]nf]df blGs/x]sf] cfuf] /x]5 ;do .
124 | jf;' zdf{

@@&
wgfTds ef] ls C0ffTds, s] ef] lhGbuL <
;xh ;/n ls jfWofTds, s] ef] lhGbuL <
/dfP/ xfF;]s} 5 x/bd kL8fn] lryf]/] klg
syfgs ef] ls sfJofTds, s] ef] lhGbuL <
@@*
a]:;/L dlRrP/ xlNnPsf] lkª /x]5 lhGbuL
uf]? h'wfO{df k'mlSnPsf] l;ª /x]5 lhGbuL
y'k|} x08/x¿sf] z"n–zøofdf ;'t]sf] 5 t}klg
Pp6f :jKgLn ;fd|fHosf] lsª /x]5 lhGbuL .
:jfledfg b'Vb}5 cem} | 125

126 | jf;' zdf{