Dr Jürgen Schaeffer SRK Consulting Melbourne Australia
Dr Jürgen Schaeffer SRK Consulting Melbourne Australia
Dr Jürgen Schaeffer SRK Consulting Melbourne Australia
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<strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong><br />
<strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> <strong>Melbourne</strong> <strong>Australia</strong><br />
Daniel Clarke- <strong>SRK</strong> Newcastle Adele Ventura - <strong>SRK</strong> Brisbane
Overview<br />
� Groundwater’s Contribution to Global Water Resources<br />
� What is Groundwater?<br />
� The Hydrological Cycle<br />
�� Terminologies<br />
� Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude,<br />
� Hydraulic properties<br />
� Different Aquifer Types<br />
� History of Development<br />
� Distribution of Groundwater<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Overview continued<br />
� Development of Groundwater – its uses<br />
� Protection of Groundwater<br />
� Management Practices.<br />
� Groundwater and the Future<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Global Water Resources<br />
� 97.5% of Worlds Water in<br />
the Oceans<br />
� Of the Remaining 2.5%<br />
�� 2/3 in glaciers, snow & ice<br />
� 1/3 in groundwater<br />
� 0.3% freshwater rivers & lakes<br />
� If all the earths water were<br />
stored in a 5-litre container,<br />
available freshwater ~ 1<br />
teaspoon.<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
What is Groundwater?<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
The Hydrological Cycle<br />
The connection between surface and groundwater<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Terminology<br />
� Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude<br />
� Groundwater collects in permeable geological formations called aquifers. The water remains in situ due<br />
to either lesser permeable units called aquitards or impermeable units called aquicludes binding the<br />
aquifer.<br />
Aquifer<br />
Aquitard<br />
Aquiclude<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Terminology - Porosity<br />
Porosity: A fraction between 0 and 1 of void<br />
space in a material.<br />
There are two types:<br />
1. Primary porosity: The original<br />
porosity associated with a deposit<br />
2. Secondary porosity: A subsequent<br />
porosity that results either from<br />
chemical leaching or the generation<br />
of a fracture system.<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
1. Alluvium: river deposits<br />
Aquifer Types<br />
2. Palaeochannels: ancient river deposits<br />
3. Sedimentary Basins: large areas of porous,<br />
consolidated sedimentary rock<br />
4. Fractured Rocks: rocks which can store water in<br />
fissures<br />
5. Karst: rocks with porosity arising from dissolution<br />
6. Coastal: unconsolidated deposits with primary<br />
porosity only<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
History of Development<br />
38,000 BC<br />
400 BC<br />
1500<br />
1800<br />
1950’s<br />
�<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Qanats<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Wells<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
History of Development<br />
38,000 BC<br />
400 BC<br />
1500<br />
1800<br />
1950’s<br />
�<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
History of Development<br />
� Irrigation<br />
� Managed Aquifer Recharge<br />
� Coal Seam Gas and Mining<br />
� Everyone wants a hydrogeologist<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Groundwater Distribution
Groundwater Distribution<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur<br />
<strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Groundwater Withdrawal<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Global Groundwater Storage<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Storage by Aquifer Type<br />
Fractured rocks and Karsts<br />
(Complex heterogeneous)<br />
Alluvium and Paleochannels<br />
(Local shallow)<br />
Sedimentary Basins<br />
(Homogeneous)<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
<strong>Australia</strong>n Aquifer Types<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
� Domestic<br />
Uses of Groundwater<br />
� <strong>Dr</strong>inking washing, cleaning, heating, cooling<br />
� Farming<br />
� irrigation, stock watering<br />
� Industry<br />
� Process water, washing, cooling, heating, water supply<br />
� Power Supply<br />
� Mining<br />
� Environment<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Groundwater Withdrawal - Irrigation<br />
<strong>Australia</strong> (~8 km 3 per year)<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Protection of Groundwater<br />
� Why do we need to protect?<br />
� Out of sight out of mind<br />
� Conservation and costs<br />
� Storage � Quality<br />
� Declining Water Levels<br />
� Reduction on resource<br />
� More expensive to extract<br />
� Subsidence<br />
� Water quality changes<br />
� Increasing Salinity<br />
� Temperature<br />
� GDE (groundwater dependent ecosystems)<br />
� The water cycle<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Groundwater Withdrawal Impacts<br />
60.0<br />
50.0<br />
40.0<br />
30.0<br />
20.0<br />
10.0<br />
M elbourne<br />
Groundwater Levels TFAS<br />
Sale<br />
M orw ell<br />
Lakes Entrance<br />
0.0<br />
Sep-78 Sep-81 Sep-84 Sep-87 Sep-90 Sep-93 Sep-96 Sep-99<br />
Coolungoolun 93 Tong Bong 176 Holy Plains 177 Denison 58 Sale 13<br />
A pproximate Extent of G ippsland Basin
<strong>Dr</strong>awdown/subsidence<br />
A hard lesson: Hurricane Katrina<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Threats to Groundwater<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Pollution<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Pollution<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
When rivers become rubbish<br />
dumps<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
River sand mining<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Untreated effluents<br />
from livestock farms
Management of Groundwater<br />
� Monitoring<br />
� Water level<br />
� Quality<br />
�� Recharge<br />
� Sustainable Yields<br />
� Saline water intrusion<br />
� Surface groundwater interaction<br />
� Conceptualisation<br />
� Mapping of regional trans boundary aquifers, recharge<br />
zones<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Management of Groundwater<br />
� Groundwater Management Plans<br />
� Local and Regional Models<br />
� Protection of recharge zones<br />
�� Quality<br />
� Volume<br />
� Risk Assessment Strategies<br />
� Pollution<br />
� Water Supply<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Management of Groundwater<br />
� Licensing<br />
� Extraction Licenses (Volumes)<br />
� Bore construction licenses and guidelines<br />
�� Aquifer interference licence<br />
� Groundwater / surface water management areas<br />
� Strategic Land Use Policies<br />
� Forward Planning<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Groundwater and the Future<br />
� As surface water becomes more contaminated increasing<br />
reliance on groundwater<br />
� Stronger Management<br />
� Governments<br />
� Community<br />
� Industry<br />
� Social License<br />
� Surface and Groundwater managed as one<br />
� Increasing Conflict<br />
� Domestic<br />
� International<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Groundwater and the Future<br />
More surveillance<br />
May 2011 New York Times<br />
IRVINE, Calif. — Scientists have been using small variations in the Earth’s<br />
gravity to identify trouble spots around the globe where people are making<br />
unsustainable demands on groundwater, one of the planet’s main sources of<br />
fresh water.<br />
They found problems in places as disparate as North Africa, northern India,<br />
northeastern China and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley in California,<br />
heartland of that state’s $30 billion agricultural industry.<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Groundwater and the Future<br />
Transboundary Aquifers in the Middle East:<br />
� Syria, Jordan and the Yarmuk basin<br />
� Jordan, Saudi Arabia and the large Disi basin<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Groundwater and the Future<br />
Iraq has oil,<br />
we have water.<br />
� “Let them drink their Oil”<br />
Popular Turkish saying<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>
Thank you for your<br />
attention<br />
Useful Websites<br />
http://www.iah.org/<br />
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/<br />
http://www.epa.gov/<br />
http://www.whymap.org<br />
IGM Outreach Program May 8-9 2012 Kuala Lumpur <strong>Dr</strong> <strong>Jürgen</strong> <strong>Schaeffer</strong> <strong>SRK</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>