API RP 581 - 3rd Ed.2016 - Add.2-2020 - Risk-Based Inspection Methodology

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2.B-94 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 5812.B.11.7FiguresStartNoArecorrosion couponor similar resultavailable?YesUse measuredrateCarbon or low-alloysteel?NoEstimated CorrosionRate is 0.5 mpyYesRecirculationorOnce-through?Once-throughRe- circulationEstimated Corrosion Rate isless than 3 mpy and pitting is lessthan 15 mpy.TreatedTreatedoruntreatedFresh waterFresh waterorSeawater• Total solids• Temperature• Calcium hardness• M.O. Alkalinity• pHa (measured)• Flow velocityUntreatedDetermine RSIUsing Equation 2.B.7.SeawaterDetermine theestimatedcorrosion rate fromTable 2.B.11.7.Chloride concentration (ppm)Determine basecorrosion rate fromTable 2.B.11.4.EstimatedCorrosion Rate• Temperature F T from Table 2.B.11.5• Flow Velocity F V from Table 2.B.11.6Calculate estimatedcorrosion rateUsing Equation 2.B.5.EstimatedCorrosion RateFigure 2.B.11.1—Cooling Water—Determination of Corrosion Rate
RISK-BASED INSPECTION METHODOLOGY, PART 2, ANNEX 2.B—DETERMINATION OF CORROSION RATES 2.B-952.B.12 Soil-Side Corrosion2.B.12.12.B.12.1.1Description of DamageOverviewThe objective for this supplement is to give a conservative approach for assessing the potential for soilcorrosion and determining appropriate mitigation measures, while taking the most significant factors for soilcorrosion into account.This supplement pertains to any carbon steel equipment or structure having surface metal exposed to soil,with the exception of the soil side of aboveground storage tanks, which are covered in Section 2.B.14. Themost typical equipment exposed to soil corrosion is buried or partly buried carbon steel vessels/drums andpiping, with some type of coating.The method described in this paragraph may be used to establish an estimate of the corrosion rate thatwould be expected in a given environment. If actual corrosion rates are known for particular pieces ofequipment or other similar equipment in similar service, that data may be used in lieu of this method.2.B.12.1.2Soil CorrosivityThe damage to the exterior of metals exposed to soils is usually referred to as soil corrosion and is oftenattributed to soil characteristics. Soils having high moisture content, high dissolved salt concentrations, andhigh acidity are expected to be the most corrosive. However, soil composition alone has been found to havelittle correlation with soil corrosivity.There is no single easily measured soil parameter that can be used to determine soil corrosivity. Instead, anumber of characteristics must be combined to estimate the corrosion that may be expected on a steelstructure from a particular soil. According to ASTM STP 741, soil corrosivity classes can be characterized bytotal acidity, resistivity, conductivity, drainage (soil texture), and aeration (water–air permeability). The mostsignificant causes for soil corrosion are described in Section 2.B.12.2.Soils frequently have characteristics of which some indicate that the soil is corrosive, and others indicate justthe opposite. By virtue of water and related water-soluble salts being present, soil becomes an effectiveelectrolyte for completing the corrosion circuit between anode and cathode. This can be true even if the soilis fairly dry and nonconductive (high resistivity). The water content in the soils relates to drainage, which isdefined as the ability to allow water percolation. In the long term, the residence time for water or moisture onthe metal surface will control the degree of corrosion in soil. Measuring this residence time is difficult orimpossible in practice. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use more easily measured soil characteristics,which have a less certain correlation with soil corrosivity. The parameters usually considered include soilresistivity, pH, chloride content, redox potential, and type of soil.Soil resistivity is frequently used to estimate soil corrosivity, mainly because it is easy to measure (commonlymeasured by the 4-pin Werner technique as described in ASME G57, or electromagnetic non-contactingmethods, Geonics). In practice, the conditions around the equipment surface are likely to be different than inthe surrounding native soil, due to different compaction and possibly also different soil type and texture(especially where sand is used for backfill). Furthermore, the conditions probably vary along the equipmentsurface as well. These variations will cause local effects that are not easily predicted by bulk resistivitymeasurements, and these local effects again make a direct correlation solely between soil resistivity and soilcorrosivity of questionable value.
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Risk-Based Inspection MethodologyAP
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ForewordNothing contained in any AP
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CONTENTS1 SCOPE ...................
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PART 2PROBABILITY OF FAILURE METHOD
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5.8 Figures .......................
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12.7 Nomenclature .................
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19.6 Determination of the Damage Fa
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Risk-Based Inspection MethodologyPa
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RISK-BASED INSPECTION METHODOLOGY,
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CONTENTSTABLE 2.A.1—LEADERSHIP AN
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PART 2, ANNEX 2.BDETERMINATION OF C
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2.B.8 AMINE CORROSION .............
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PART 3CONSEQUENCE OF FAILURE METHOD
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4.6.5 Releases to the Environment .
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5.9.7 Determination of Final Toxic
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CONTENTS3.A.1 GENERAL .............
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CONTENTS1 GENERAL………………
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PART 5SPECIAL EQUIPMENT5-1
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Consequence of Failure Methodology
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API RP 581 - 3rd Ed.2016 - Add.2-2020 - Risk-Based Inspection Methodology

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