The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary

It 61; dve d!n!ni !misa˚ dhamm˚, etad agga' imesa' yad ida' dhamma˚ "this is the best of them, I mean dh
-- d." It 98=100; supa&ipanno s!vaka -- sangho, y. i. catt!ri purisa -- yug!ni etc. M i.37. Instead of yadida'
-- 545 --
we also find y!vañ c' ida'. See also examples given under y!vat!. 5. Cases used adverbially: Either locally
or modally; with regards to the local adverbs it is to be remarked that their connotation is fluctuating,
inasmuch as direction and place (where) are not always distinguished (cp. E. where both meanings=where
& where -- to), but must be guessed from the context. (a) instr. yena: (local) where (i. e. at which place) D
i.71 (yena yena wherever), 220 (yattha yena yahi'=whence, where, whither; not with trsln Dial. I. 281:
where, why, whence!), 238 (id.); yenatena where (he was) -- there (he went) D i.88, 106, 112 & passim; cp.
D ii.85 (yena âvasath' âg!ra' ten' upasankami); A ii.33 (yena v! tena v! here & there or "hither & thither").
-- (modal) Dh 326 (yen' icchaka' ii. 2 b.); Pv i.112 (ki' akattha p!pa' yena piv!tha lohita': so that). -- loc.
yahi' where (or whither) Vv 8429 (yahi' yahi' gacchati tahi' tahi' modati); & yasmi': yasmi' v! tasmi'
v! on every occasion S i.160. -- abl. yasm! (only modal) because A i.260; It 37 (corresp. to tasm!). On
yasm! -- t -- iha see Geiger, P.Gr. 735.
Yakana
Yakana (nt.) [fr. gen. yakna1 or sec. stem yakan -- of Vedic yak%t; cp. Av. y!kars; Gr. h(=par, Lat. jecur. In
formation cp. P. chakana fr. Ved. $ak%t.] the liver Kh iii.; M i.57, 421; D ii.293; A v.109; Miln 26; Vism
257, 356; VbhA 60, 240. The old n -- stem is to be seen in cpd. yaka -- pe)a (q. v.).
Yakape)a
Yaka -- pe)a [see pe)a] the lump of the liver Sn 195 (=ya- kana -- pi*.a SnA 247)=J i.146. Dines Andersen
suggests: "Could y. -- p. possibly be an old error for sakape)a, cp. Sk. $aka -- pi*.a & $ak%t -- pi*.a?" Cp.
pa&ala (ref. Vism 257).
Yak!ra
Ya -- k!ra [ya+k!ra] 1. the letter (or sound) y: J i.430 (padasandhikara); iii.433 (vyañjana -- sandhi --
vasena gahita). -- 2. the letter (or syllable) ya: J v.427 (nip!ta -- matta). It is referred to at Vin iv.7 as an
ending implying ridiculing or insult, together with the ending ˚bha. The Cy. means words like d!siya,
gumbiya, b!lya etc. where -- ya either denotes descendency or property, or stands for -- ka as diminutive (i.
e. (disparaging) ending. The same applies to ˚bha. Here at Vin iv.7 this way of calling a person by means of
adding -- ya -- or -- bha to his name (cp. E. -- y in kid> kiddy etc.) is grouped with a series of other terms of
insult (h"n! akkos!).
Yakkha
Yakkha [Vedic yak+a, quick ray of light, but also "ghost"; fr. yaks to move quickly; perhaps: swift
creatures, changing their abode quickly and at will. -- The customary (popular) etym. of Pali Commentators
is y. as quâsi grd. of yaj, to sacrifice, thus: a being to whom a sacrifice (of expiation or propitiation) is
given. See e. g. VvA 224: yajanti tattha bali' upaharant" ti yakkh!; or VvA 333: p(jan"ya -- bhavato
yakkho ti vuccati. -- The term yak+a as attendants of Kubera occurs already in the Upanishads.] 1. name of
certain non -- human beings, as spirits, ogres, dryads, ghosts, spooks. Their usual epithet and category of
being is amanussa, i. e. not a human being (but not a sublime god either); a being half deified and of great
power as regards influencing people (partly helping, partly hurting). They range in appearance immediately
above the Petas; many "successful" or happy Petas are in fact Yakkhas (see also below). They correspond
to our "genii" or fairies of the fairy -- tales and show all their qualities. In many respects they correspond to
the Vedic Pi$!cas, though different in many others, and of diff. origin. Historically they are remnants of an
ancient demonology and of considerable folkloristic interest, as in them old animistic beliefs are