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;To+ hut\ ldYof . aflx/ km}lnPsf] of] ;+;f/
:jKgh:tf] 5, dfofåf/f lgld{t 5, o;sf]
oyfy{tf 5}g . hf] lgTo r}tGo cfTdf 5 Tof]
cb[Zo 5 .
ca k|Zg p7\5, of] cljgfzL / ZffZjt
cfTdf lsg b]lvFb}g < of] dfofn] ag]sf] ;+;f/
lsg olt jf:tljs nfU5 < oyfy{df eGg] xf]
eg] o; ;+;f/df cfTdfjfbL lj/n} e]l6G5g\ .
cfk"mnfO{ hlt cfTdfjfbL eg] klg clwsf+zsf]
kx' Fr kbfy{df dfq} ;Lldt x'G5 .
cfTdf sxf“ n's]sf] 5 / lsg cg'e"ltdf
cfp“b}g < of] k|Zg cfh dfq} xf]Og, xhf/f} +
jif{b]lv dg'iosf] dgdf p7\b} cfPsf] xf] /
o:t} lh1f;f ;dfwfgsf] k|of;df pklgifb\sf]
hGd eof] . pklgifb\x¿n] dg'iosf] cfTdf kf“r
z/L/leq n's]sf] ;To vf]h] . o;}nfO{ k~rsf]if
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á k|f0fdosf]if -efO6n a8L jf OghL{ a8L_
á dgf]dosf]if -d]G6n a8L_
á lj1fgdosf]if -sG;; a8L_
á cfgGbdosf]if -lAn; a8L_
cGgodo sf]if klxnf] z/L/ xf] . of] cfdfa'afsf]
/h / jLo{af6 lgld{t x'G5 . cfw'lgs sf]iflj1fg
of lhlgof]nf]hLsf cg';f/ oxL k|f/lDes sf]ifdf
/x]sf] lhgx¿df z/L/ agfj6sf] k"/} k|f]U/fd
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klg ef]hgs} k|efjn] lgld{t x'G5g\ . To;}n]
o;nfO{ cGgdosf]if elgPsf] xf] . of] z/L/
;tt dl//x]sf] x'G5 / cGgåf/f ;tt gof“
sf]lifsfx¿ lgld{t eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . j}1flgsx¿
eG5g\, of] z/L/sf ;a} sf]ifx¿ ;ft jif{df
k'glg{ld{t x'G5g\ . z/L/ lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] r/0f
cfdfa'afsf] lhgx¿n] x'G5 t/ af“sL kfng /
kf]if0frflxF xfdLn] vfPsf] cGgn] x'G5 .
k~rssf]if
:jfdL cfgGb c?0f
cGgdo sf]ifleq k|f0fdosf]if n's]sf] x'G5 . sfofsf] cg'ej x'g yfN5 . To;sf/0f of] k"/}
of] k|f0fdosf]if pmhf{n] ag]sf] x'G5 . k|f0fdo ;fwgf k4ltsf] p2]Zo oL k~rsf]ifx¿nfO{
z/L/sf] klxrfg o;df x'g] j[l4 xf] . 9' +ufd'9f kf/bzL{, z'4 / xn'sf agfpFb} n}hfg' xf] .
a9\b}gg\ t/ ¿vlj?jf pld|G5g\ / a9\5g\ . df+;fxf/L / tfdl;s ef]hgn] cGgdosf]ifnfO{
¿vlj?jfdf klg ;+j]u x'G5 eGg] s'/f j}1flgs ef/L ug]{ / z/L/ z'l4sf] k|lqmofdf afwf
tYo xf] . of] ;+j]usf] ;|f]t pgLx¿df /x]sf] k'¥ofp“5 . To;sf/0f cGgdosf]ifnfO{ z'4 ug{
k|f0fdosf]if g} xf] . au} +rfdf dfnL k:gf;fy g} k"j{df cfxf/sf] uxg lj1fg g} ljsl;t
¿vlj?jfx¿ /dfp“5g\ . ¿vsf] cufl8 aGr/f] eof] . o;} qmddf zfsfxf/L / ;flTjs ef]hg
lnP/ sf]xL cfPdf ¿vsf] k|f0f klg sfD5 / ;fwgfsf nflu clgjfo{ 7flgof] / pkjf;sf]
of] sDkg cTofw'lgs oGqx¿åf/f klg hf“lrPsf] klg pkof]lutf b]lvof] . To:t} z/L/df nrstf
5 . ¿vx¿df klg s]xL ¿v cToGt ;+j]bgzLn / xn'sfkg /fVg of]uf;gx¿ ljsl;t eP /
x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿sf glhs h'g efjgf lnP/ k|f0f z/L/nfO{ ;an / zlQmzfnL agfpgnfO{
k|0ffofdsf] ljsf; eof] .
cGgdosf]if z'4 / xn'sf] ePdf k|f0fdosf]ifsf]
cg'ej x'g yfN5 . k|f0fdosf]ifsf] ‰ofn o;
z/L/df cf“vfx¿ x'g\ . cf“vf Tof] :yfg xf] hxf“af6
xfdL dflg;sf] k|f0fdosf]ifsf] emns lng ;S5f} + .
To;sf/0f cf“vfeGbf hLjGt o; z/L/df cGo
s'g} c+u b]lvFb}g . z/L/ / jrgn] n'sfpg vf]h]sf
s'/f klg cf“vfn] elglbG5 . cf“vf k|f0f z/L/sf]
efiff xf] . To;}sf/0f ;Gtx¿sf] z/L/ h:tf] eP
klg cf“vfrflxF t]lhnf] x'G5 . Tof] pgLx¿sf] k|f0f
z/L/sf] hLjGttfsf] k|tLs xf] . cGgdosf]ifeGbf
k|f0fdosf]if ;"Id ePsfn] o;sf] ef]hg klg
;"Id 5 . k|f0fjfo' / ;T;+u k|f0fdosf]ifsf] ef]hg
xf] . ulx/f] / nfdf] Zjf; lngfn] k|f0fdosf]if
;an x'G5 . ;T;+u, ;fw' k'?if / tLy{x¿sf]
bz{gsf] To;}sf/0f dxŒj 5 lsgeg] Toxf“ xfd|f]
k|f0fdosf]ifnfO{ ;"Id ¿kdf ef]hg ldN5 . h;sf]
k|f0fdosf]if cToGt hLjGt / ;an 5, p;sf]
;flGgWodf xfd|f] k|f0fdosf]ifnfO{ klg kf]if0f /
uOG5 To;nfO{ Tof] ¿vn] Tolt g} ulx/f] zlQm k|fKt x'G5 .
k|lt;+j]bg ub{5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f tL ;Ddf]lxt kfg] { JolQmTj ePsf dflg;x¿df
¿vx¿sf] k|f0f z/L/ cToGt ;an x'g'n] g} c¿ s]xL xf]Og ToxL k|f0fdosf]ifs} k|antf x'G5 .
xf] . To;}sf/0f lxGb'x¿n] kLkn, j/, cf“k, ha k|f0f z/L/ ;an x'G5 lj:tf/} To;sf] emns
cdnf, a]n h:tf ¿vx¿nfO{ k"hgLo dfG5g\ ef}lts z/L/df klg cfpg yfN5 . To;}nfO{ xfdL
/ tL ¿vd'lg ul/Psf ;fwgf cf/fwgf k"0f{ …cfefÚ jf …u| ];Ú eG5f} + . z/L/ ;dfg'kflts /
x'G5 eGg] dfGotf 5 .
;'8f}n 5 eg] ef}lts ¿kdf sf]xL ;'Gb/ x'g ;S5
cGgdosf]if kf/bzL{ ePdf To;leq n's]sf] t/ cfef / u| ]; Tof]eGbf ulx/f] s'/f xf] . dxfTdf
k|f0fdosf]ifsf] cg'ej x'g yfN5 . To:t} ufGwL z/L/n] Tolt ;'Gb/ lyPgg\ t/ pgsf] k|f0f
k|f0fdosf]if kf/bzL{ eof] eg] To;leq n's]sf] z/L/ olt ;an lyof] ls hh{ kfFrf} + klg pgsf]
dgf]dosf]ifnfO{ cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . oxL cf“vfdf cf“vf ldnfP/ s'/f ug{ 8/fp“y] .
qmdn] h'g sf]if kf/bzL{ x'G5 To;leq n's]sf]
osho@tapoban.com
;do á j}zfv &, @)^@ 9

hgcfGbf]ng efu–@
cfGbf]ngsf]
t:jL/x¿ M ef:J/ cf]emf / t]haxfb'/ a:g]t

cfj]u

hgcfGbf]ng efu–@

hgcfGbf]ng efu–@
d}n] hf]ufPF, d}n] arfPF, d}n] lk6fO vfPF
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l8P;kLsf] d'vdf w]/} rf]6 nfu]kl5 5]Sb} tL ljBfyL{, l8P;kLnfO{
arfpg] ltg} ljBfyL{nfO{ lk6\b} ;'/IffsdL{x¿
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t:jL/x¿ M Zofd e§÷dx]Gb|gu/, /d]z kf}8]n÷lrtjg, bLks
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hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if
lrlsT;f If]q
klg tf/f]
ä dgLif uf}td÷sf7df8f} + -t:jL/ klg_
;'/IffsdL{n] lgd{dtfk"j{s ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'6\b} leQfdf
ahf/]kl5 nfu]sf] /utn] n]lvPsf] nf]stGq kIfLo gf/f
;'/IffsdL{n] lzIf0f
c:ktfnsf] 5fqfjf; k|j]z
u/]/ ljBfyL{, lrlsT;s /
jf8] {gnfO{ d/0ff;Gg x'g]
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lzIf0f c:ktfn kl/jf/
of] 36gfsf] lj/f]w /
k|hftGq k|flKtsf nflu
;zQm ¿kdf cfGbf]ngdf
plqPsf 5g\ .
/ftsf] ;Ggf6fdf cfPsf ;'/IffsdL{sf] lg3f{t
s'6fOaf6 cfkm" cWoog/t c:ktfnd} egf{
eOPnf eGg] oL 3fOt] ljBfyL{n] ;fob} ;f]r]sf
lyP, t/ r}t @* ut] ;f]djf/ /flt lzIf0f
c:ktfnsf] 5fqfjf; kl/;/df PSsfl;
dlrPsf] sf]nfxnn] Toxf“sf] ;Ggf6f lr¥of] .
l5ge/d} bh{gf} + ljBfyL{ /QmfDo eP . slt
ljBfyL{nfO{ dflyNnf] tnfaf6 l3;fb} { k|x/L
Eofgdf sf]lrof] eg] sltko ljBfyL{sf] 6fpsf]
k|x/Ln] lkn/ / leQfdf lgd{dtfk"j{s ahf/] .
k|x/L aa{/tfsf] ;fIfL :jo+ 3fOt] ljBfyL{ t
5g\ g}, /utfDo leQf / e'OF klg ;/sf/L
bdgsf k|df0f ag]sf 5g\ . ;'/IffsdL{n]
ljBfyL{sf ;fy} Ps lrlsT;s / 5fqfjf;sf
jf8] {gnfO{ ;d]t lgd{dtfk"j{s k|xf/ u/]sf
lyP . 8\o'6Ldf /x]sf lrlsT;s 36gf ePsf]
7fp“df cfO{ ;'/IffsdL{;“u ljBfyL{ glk6\g
cg'/f]w ubf{ pgLdfly a'6 / nf7L ahfl/Psf]
lyof], h;sf sf/0f pgn] nufPsf] Pk|f]g
/utdf 8'a]sf] lyof] . ;'/IffsdL{x¿ slt;Dd
lgd{d ag]sf lyP eg] ljBfyL{nfO{ lk6\bf
pgLx¿sf nf7L;d]t ef“lrPsf lyP .
/flt kf}g] b; ah] lzIf0f c:ktfn kl/;/sf]
5fqfjf;df ljgf;"rgf l5/]sf emG8} c9fO{
bh{g k|x/Ln] aGb Rofgnu]6 ha/h:tL vf]Ng
nufPsf lyP . …P ;fnf, 9f]sf vf]n\ eg]Ú,
36gfsf a]nf 5fqfjf;sf] ;'/Iffy{ vl6Psf
uf8{ k'?iff]Qd ;fksf]6f eG5g\, …d}n] u]6 vf]n] F,
To;kl5 leq k;]/ pgLx¿n] dnfO{ klg
aGb'ssf] s'Gbfn] lxsf{P .Ú ;'/Iff uf8{kl5
k|x/Lsf] cfqmd0fdf jf8] {g lji0f'k|;fb yklnof
k/] . To;kl5 tL k|x/Ln] sf]7fsf] 9f]sf
ha/h:tL kmf]b}{ ;'lt/x]sf ljBfyL{dfly
lgd{dtfk"j{s k|xf/ u/]sf lyP .
k|x/Lsf] s'6fOaf6 @ bh{g ljBfyL{ /
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 19

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if lrlsT;f If]q
k|x/L
cTofrf/
@)^@ r}t @$ laxfg, sflGt afn
c:ktfndf cfÎgf] l8p6L hfg] qmddf
afnfh' rf]sdf k'luof] . ;fyLefO;Fu
enfs';f/L ub} { lrof lkpg] qmd ;'?dfq
ePsf] lyof], k|x/L lg/LIfs cjw]z lji6sf]
g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] k|x/Lsf] Pp6f Eofg cfP/
/f]lsof] / ToxfF leqaf6 xfdLnfO{ To; If]qaf6
x6\g] cfb]z cfof] . lgif]lwt If]q geP klg 3fOt] ePsf 8f=s]bf/g/l;+x s];L c:ktfndf
xfdL ToxfFaf6 lx8\of} + .
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kf]v/]n . clejfbgkl5 enfs';f/L ;'?dfq nfu]g, pgLx¿ dnfO{ n5f/k5f/ ug{ yfn] /
s] ePsf] lyof] km]l/ ToxL Eofg cfOk'Uof] / dnfO{ n8fOlbP, d]/f] bflxg] 3' F8fdf uDeL/
k|x/L cf]ln{P clg xfdL b'j}hgfsf] s7fnf] rf]6 nfUof] d cw{d"lR5{t eP5' . pgLx¿
;dft]/ Eofgdf sf]Rg vf]h] . d}n] k|ltjfb 8f= kf]v/]nnfO{ af]s]/ lxF8]5g\, dnfO{ cw{d"lR5{t
u/] F . …d 8fS6/ x' F, l8p6Ldf hfg nfu]sf]Ú, cj:yfdf ;8sdf cnkq 5f8]/ . kl5 d]/f
;Gtf]ifs'df/ 9' +ufgf, PdlalaP; clGtd jif{
k|x/L PSsfl; leq l5/]sf] lyof] . aflx/
lg:sg ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg . sf]7fsf] r's'n
klg nufpg gkfp“b} k|x/L sf]7fleq l5/] .
…w]/} af]ln;\ eg] uf]nL xflglbG5'Ú eg] . d
/ d]/f] ;fyL ?g yfNof} + . dnfO{ 6fpsf]df
xfg]sf lyP / Toxf“af6 /ut aUg yfNof] .
…d d/] F d/] FÚ eGb} s/fP“ t/ pgLx¿n] …t“
d/] s]xL km/s kb} {gÚ eg] . To;kl5 lk6\b}
dnfO{ aflx/ NofP / Eofgdf sf]r] .
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xfGg 5f]8]gg\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] jL/]Gb|
k|x/L c:ktfnsf] cfsl:ds sIfdf k'¥ofP .
k|fylds pkrf/ gu/L xfdL k7fpFb}gf} + eg]
pgLx¿n] . To;kl5 8« ]l;ª ul/lbP . Toxf“
pgLx¿n] …k|bz{gsf qmddf lu/ºtf/
ul/Psf]Ú eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sfuhdf x:tfIf/
ug{ nufP . kl5 xfd|f] c:ktfnsf] Eofgdf
dnfO{ oxf“ NofOof] . k/LIf0f ubf{ dnfO{
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;]lG6ld6/ ulx/f] 3fp 5 eg] kfFrj6f
6f“sf nufOPsf] 5 . ä
20
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xfdL aQL lgefP/ sf]7fleq} a:of} + . TolQs}df
k'ln; 9f]sf kmf]8]/ leq l5/] . dnfO{ nf7Ln] 6fpsf]df
xfg] . rf]6 nfu]/ 3fOt] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] dnfO{
pgLx¿n] l3;fb{ } dlyNnf] tnfaf6 tn NofP .
…dnfO{ aflx/ gn}hfg';\ oxLF xfd|f] c:ktfndf
k'¥ofOlbg';\Ú, d}n] eg] F . k|To'Q/df pgLx¿n] …t]/f]
dfq} c:ktfn 5 xfd|f] klg 5 . dl/;\ eg] klg
af6f]d} dnf{;\, t Pp6f dl/;\ eg] s]xL klg km/s
kb} {gÚ } eg]/ a'6n] xfGb} Eofgdf sf]r] .
pgLx¿n] dnfO{ s'6\b} jL/]Gb| k|x/L c:ktfndf
k'¥ofP . Toxf“sf] :jf:YosdL{n] …o;nfO{ ;fdfGo
rf]6k6s /x]5Ú eg] . dnfO{ …aflx/ k|bz{gsf]
qmddf klqmPsf]Ú eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sfuhdf
ha/h:tL x:tfIf/ ug{ nufP . kl5 xfd|f]
c:ktfnsf] PDa'n]G; k'u]/ xfdLnfO{ Nofof] .
oxf“ cfP/ l;l6:Sofg / PS;–/] ul/of] . d]/f]
6fpsf]sf] …:snÚ efFlrPsf] 5 eg] sDd/ /
3' “8fdf ulx/f] rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 . ä
;do á j}zfv &, @)^#
t]haxfb'/ a:g]t
;fyL dfwjhLn] dnfO{ lqlj lzIf0f
c:ktfn k'¥ofP / d]/f] pkrf/ ;'? eof] .
d]/f] bflxg] 3' F8fsf] kf+u|f -k6]nf_ km'6]/ rf/
6'qmf ePsf] /x]5 . ck/];g eof], d
:jf:Yonfesf] qmddf 5' . o; qmddf
d]/f] pkrf/ ug] { / ;xof]u ug] { ;a}nfO{
d}n] xflb{s ;fw'jfb 6qmØfpg} k5{ .
oL t d]/f JolQmut s'/f eP, t/ of]
36gfsf] qmddf b]v]sf] k|x/L Jojxf/b]lv d
crlDet 5' . klxnf] aLr ;8sdf g}
n5f/k5f/ nufpg] / bf];|f] To; qmddf
cw{d"lR5{t ePsf] dflg;nfO{ To;} 5f]8\g] .
s:tf] cdfgjLotf † slt lgi7'/Lkg †
pgLx¿df of] Jojxf/sf af/]df cg';Gwfg
x'g' h?/L 5 / ;'wf/ x'g} k5{ . csf] {lt/ ;f/f
d'n's cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf a]nf /fhf
lhNnfe|d0fdf d:t 5g\ . ;f/f ;+;f/n]
pgsf] lj/f]w ul//x]sf] 5 . t}klg, pgL
hgfwf/ gePsf s]xL rf6'sf/x¿sf] ;Nnfxdf
of] d'n's xfFSg vf]Hb} 5g\ . tL rf6'sf/sf
;Nnfxdf d'n's xfFSg] ;kgf ;f]d zdf{sf]
syf aGg] lglZrt 5 . ä
8f= bLk]Gb| s];L, lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfn
d cfsl:ds ljefudf 8\o'6Ldf lyPF .
PSsfl; xNnfvNnf ;'g] F . 9f]sf kmf]8]sf]
cfjfh cfO/x]sf] lyof] . aflx/ lg:sFbf
xf]:6]nlt/ h'lgo/ efO /f]Psf] ;'g] F clg d
Totflt/ bf}8] F . Toxf“ k|x/Ln] efOx¿nfO{
s'l6/x]sf /x]5g\ .
d}n] k|x/LnfO{ xft hf]8]/ …lKnh 5f]l8lbg';\
bfOÚ eg] F . d}n] …Pk|f]gÚ nufPsf] lyPF /
pgLx¿nfO{ …d 8fS6/ x' “Ú eg]sf] lyPF, t/
pgLx¿n] ;'g] ]g\ . dnfO{ klg a'6 / nf7Ln]
lxsf{P eg] Pshgfn] aGb's t]:of{of] . d}n]
klg …dfg{ ;S5;\ eg] df/Ú eg] . To;kl5
Pshgf k|x/Ln] …of] 8fS6/ xf] glk6Ú eGof] .
TolQs}df Pshgf …h'lgo/Ú efO /QmfDo
cj:yfdf …dnfO{ arfpg';\ bfOÚ eGb} cfof] .
p;nfO{ d}n] k"/} ;Dxfn] F t/ k|x/Ln] p;nfO{
lk6\b} ha/h:tL tfg]/ 5'6fP . d}n] …lKnh
5f]l8lbg';\Ú eg] F t/ pgLx¿n] …t“ r'k nfu\Ú
eGb} p;nfO{ l3;fb} { Eofglt/ nu] . k|x/Lsf]
lk6fOn] d]/f v'§fdf 3fp nfu]sf] 5 . clxn]
o;df b'O{j6f l:6r nufPsf] 5 . ä

lgxTyf ljBfyL{dfly ePsf]
bdgsf] lj/f]wdf lqlj
lzIf0f c:ktfnsf ;Dk"0f{
lgsfo tyf ljefun]
P]Soa4tf hgfPsf 5g\ .
o;sf nflu lrlsT;s,
:jf:YosdL{, sd{rf/L tyf
k|fWofkssf] ;+o'Qm
hgcfGbf]ng ;+3if{ ;ldlt
u7g ul/Psf] 5 . bdgsf]
lj/f]w / zflGtk"0f{
cfGbf]ngdf P]Soa4tf hgfpg
cfsl:ds pkrf/afx]s
;Dk"0f{ ;]jf aGb ug] {
r]tfjgL;d]t lqlj lzIf0f
c:ktfnn] lbPsf] 5 .
c:ktfndf …8\o'6LÚdf /x]sf lrlsT;s;d]t
3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . …d}n] Pk|f]g nufPsf] lyP“
/ pgLx¿nfO{ 8fS6/ x' “ eg]sf] lyPFÚ, 3fOt]
lrlsT;s bLk]Gb| s];L eG5g\, …t/, k|x/Ln]
dnfO{ a'6 / nf7Ln] hyfefjL lxsf{P Pshgfn]
t aGb's t]:of{pFb} l;WofOlbg] wDsL;d]t
lbof] .Ú sltko ljBfyL{ k|x/Lsf] sAhfaf6 efUg
‰ofnaf6 xfd kmfNbf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
To;}u/L b'O{ ljBfyL{ c:ktfn k|zf;g tyf
kl/jf/sf] ;Dks{df cfpg g;s]sf] lqlj
lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg :jljo'n]
atfPsf] 5 . 36gfsf] lgGbf ub} { c:ktfnsf
sfo{sf/L lgb] {zs 8f= dx]zk|;fb vs'/]n eG5g\,
…k|x/Lsf] HofbtLaf6 ljBfyL{ cfqmf]lzt 5g\ .Ú
k|x/Lsf] s'6fOaf6 3fOt] ePsfdWo] ;fthgf
ljBfyL{sf] cj:yf uDeL/ 5 . …oLdWo] tLghgfsf]
6fpsf] g/fd|/L km'6]sf] 5 eg] PshgfnfO{ a]xf];
cj:yfdf NofOPsf] lyof]Ú, pkrf/df ;+nUg
8f= ;~ho d'vhL{ eG5g\, …6fpsf]df !)
;]lG6ld6/;Ddsf] ulx/f] rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 .Ú
rf]6 nfu]sf sf/0f s]xL ljBfyL{sf] 6fpsf]df
/ut hd]sf] 5 . pkrf/df ;+nUg csf{
lrlsT;s ljsn l3ld/] eG5g\, …klqmP/
6fpsf]df lxsf{pg'n] k|x/Lsf] lgot Hofg
lng];Ddsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .Ú
cfwf bh{g 3fOt] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|x/Ln] ToxL“sf]
;'ljwf;DkGg c:ktfndf pkrf/ ug{ glbO{
lk6\b} Eofgdf sf]r]/ glhs}sf] jL/]Gb| k|x/L
c:ktfn nu]sf] lyof] . pkrf/ ;'ljwfsf]
lx;fjn] lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfn ;'ljwf;DkGg
dflgG5 . jL/]Gb| k|x/L c:ktfndf ;Dej gx'g]
hl6n pkrf/ klg oxLF …l/km/Ú ul/G5 . t/,
k|x/Lsf] To; lbgsf] Jojxf/n] pgLx¿
ljBfyL{nfO{ r/d oftgf lbg] lgotn] cfPsf]
:jf:YosdL{
nf]stflGqs
cfGbf]ngdf
d'n'se/af6 lrlsT;s tyf
:jf:YosdL{n] lg/+s'ztflj?4 / k|hftGq
k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu ;zQm cfjfh
p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf 8f= dy'/f
>]i7, 8f= ;'Gb/dl0f bLlIft, 8f= e/t
k|wfg, 8f= dw' l3ld/], 8f= z/b jGt,
8f= dx]z df:s]nufotsf
lrlsT;snfO{ ;/sf/n] lu/ºtf/ u/]sf]
5 . To;}u/L …8\o'6LÚdf cfO/x]sf sflGt
c:ktfnsf lrlsT;s s]bf/g/l;+x
s];LnfO{ ;'/IffsdL{n] cfqmd0f ubf{
3fOt] ePkl5 pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn
egf{ ug' {k¥of] .
bdg a9\b} uPsf] cj:yfdf
d'n'se/sf :jf:YosdL{ Psh'6 eO{
pkrf/ ;]jf cj?4;d]t ug] { r]tfjgL
lrlsT;ssf] 5ftf ;+u7g g]kfn
lrlsT;s ;+3n] lbPsf] 5 .
…lg/+s'ztGqsf] cGTo tyf k|hftGq
axfnLsf nflu xfdL :jf:YosdL{ ca
r'k nfu]/ a:b}gf}+Ú, g]kfn d]l8sn
P;f]lP;gsf sf]iffWoIf 8f= ch'{g
nfld5fg] eG5g\, …bdg a9\b} uP
clxn];Dd ;f+s]lts tyf zflGtk"0f{
tj/n] ePsf] sfo{qmdsf] ¿k km]l/g]5 .Ú
;+3n] dfgjclwsf/ tyf
k|hftGqnfO{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGt dfgL
o;sf] /Iffsf nflu h:tf];'s} s7f]/
sbd klg rfNg] atfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
cfGbf]ngdf 3fOt] ePsfnfO{
cf}ifwf]krf/ h'g;'s} xfntdf klg
pknAw u/fpg] k|lta4tf ;+3n]
hgfPsf] 5 .
ptf sf7df8f} + df]8n c:ktfndf
3fOt] cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] pkrf/sf nflu
…hgcfGbf]ng :jf:Yo sf]ifÚ :yfkgf
ul/Psf] 5 .
k|l:6G5 . …dl/;\ eg] klg af6f]d} dnf{;\, t“
Pp6f dl/;\ eg] s]xL klg km/s kb} {g } eGb}
k|x/Ln] dnfO{ Eofgdf lk6\b} jL/]Gb| k|x/L
c:ktfn k'¥ofPÚ, uDeL/ 3fOt] ljBfyL{
v]dgf/fo0f kf]v/]n eG5g\ . pgsf] 6fpsf]df
!) ;]lG6ld6/ ulx/f] rf]6 5 /ut klg
hd]sf] 5 .
3fOt] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|x/Ln] k|bz{gsf qmddf
;8sdf cf]ln{Psf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sfuh
agfO{ To;df ha/h:tL x:tfIf/ ug{
nufPsf 5g\ . …36gfaf6 lrlsT;f h:tf]
;]jfd'vL k];fsf] d"No–dfGotfdf ;/sf/n]
cf3ft k'¥ofPsf] 5Ú, 8f= vu]Gb| bfxfn eG5g\,
…To;}n] o;sf] Goflos 5fglag tyf
bf]ifLdfly sf/afxL x'g' k5{ .Ú
;/sf/n] oL ljBfyL{nfO{ tf/f] agfpg'sf]
d'Vo sf/0f r}t @$ ut]b]lv ;'? ePsf]
zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 . zflGtk"0f{
cfGbf]ngsf] t];|f] lbg zlgjf/ lqlj lzIf0f
c:ktfn kl/;/af6 gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf,
lrlsT;s tyf :jf:YosdL{nfO{ ;/sf/n]
lu/ºtf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
o;s} lj/f]wdf lrlsT;f zf:q cWoog
;+:yfgn] r}t @^ ut] zflGtk"0f{ lj/f]w h'n';
lgsfn]sf] lyof] . To; qmddf ;/sf/n]
:jljo' ;efklt 8f= ljb'/ 9sfn;lxt !(
hgfnfO{ lu/ºtf/ u/]sf] lyof] . lu/ºtf/Llj?4
tyf zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngdf P]Soa4tf
hgfpg lrlsT;f zf:qsf oL ljBfyL{n] r}t
@* ut] ;f“em lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfnaflx/
cfO{ ;8sdf zflGtk"0f{ h'n'; lgsfn]sf lyP .
t/, sflGt c:ktfn gk'Ub} h'n';dfly k|x/Ln]
c>'Uof“; k|xf/ u/]sf] lyof] . OG;]ssf
dWodf~rn If]qLo ;+of]hs s[i0f uf}td
lrlsT;f If]qdf ePsf] k|x/L HofbtLsf] eT;{gf
ub}{ eG5g\, …;/sf/sf] of] sbd :jf:Yo
If]qk|ltsf] lgof]lht k|xf/ xf] .Ú o; 36gfsf]
lHfDdjf/L glnP tyf bf]ifLdfly sf/afxL
gu/] cfGbf]ng cem rsf{P/ n}hfg] r]tfjgL
ljBfyL{n] lbPsf 5g\ . :jljo' pk;efklt
sflt{s]z 7fs'/ eG5g\, …36gfk|lt dfkmL dfUg
/ o:tf 3[l0ft sfo{ gbf]xf]¥ofpg xfdL
;/sf/;Fu hf]8bf/ dfu u5f}{+ .Ú
lgxTyf ljBfyL{dfly ePsf] bdgsf]
lj/f]wdf lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfnsf ;Dk"0f{
lgsfo tyf ljefun] P]Soa4tf hgfPsf
5g\ . o;sf nflu lrlsT;s, :jf:YosdL{,
sd{rf/L tyf k|fWofkssf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng
;+3if{ ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . bdgsf]
lj/f]w / zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf P]Soa4tf
hgfpg cfsl:ds pkrf/afx]s ;Dk"0f{ ;]jf
aGb ug]{ r]tfjgL;d]t lqlj lzIf0f
c:ktfnn] lbPsf] 5 . oxf“ sfo{/t lrlsT;s
tyf :jf:YosdL{n] cfGbf]ngsf qmddf 3fOt]
ePsfx¿sf] ;'ne pkrf/sf nflu cfsl:ds
;]jf ;zQm agfPsf] ;+3if{ ;ldltn] hgfPsf]
5 . …36gfsf] 5fglag x'g' k¥of], bf]ifLdfly
sf/afxL x'g' k¥of] / y'g]sf ;fyLx¿sf] l/xfO
x'g' k¥of] eGg] xfd|f] dfu 5Ú, ;+3if{ ;ldltsf
cWoIf 8f= zlz zdf{ atfp“5g\ . 36gfsf]
lj/f]wdf d+unjf/ c:ktfnsf ljBfyL{,
:jf:YosdL{ / lrlsT;sn] lj/f]w h'n'; u/]sf
lyP . h'n';df ;xefuL 8f= czf]s b]jsf]6f
eG5g\, …;'/IffsdL{sf] HofbtLaf6 ;+3if{k"0f{
cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf lrlsT;s / ljBfyL{
kl5 x6\g]5}gg\ .Ú ä
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 21

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if c:ktfn
{
+
“
+
{
FF
{
]
]
] +
3fOt]sf] pkrf/ ub} lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfndf lrlsT;sx¿
lgz:q hgcfGbf]ngsf/L tyf ;z:q cfkm} cfGbf]ngdf eP klg plqPsf lzIf0f
;'/IffsdL{sf] d'7e]8n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf c:ktfnsf lrlsT;s tyf :jf:YosdL{ 3fOt]
o'4e"lddf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . le8Gtdf k/L lj/fdLsf] pkrf/df vl6Psf lyP . lqlj lzIf0f
3fOt]sf] ;+Vof klg lbgx' r'lnFb} uPsf] 5 . c:ktfn ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;+3if{ ;ldltsf
r}t @$ ut]kl5 /fhwfgLsf ljleGg c:ktfndf cWoIf 8f= zlz zdf{ eGb} lyP, …hgcfGbf]ngdf
dfq} emG8} ! xhf/ % ;o hgcfGbf]ngsf/L 3fOt] ePsfx¿sf] xfdL h:tf];'s} cj:yfdf
3fOt] egf{ ePsf 5g\ . oL c:ktfndf y]Ug klg pkrf/ ug] {5f} .Ú
g;Sg] u/L 3fOt]sf] rfk a9]sfn] lrlsT;s k|x/Lsf] cGwfw'Gb c>'Uof“;, nf7Lrfh{,
tyf :jf:YosdL{x¿n] tgfjk"0f{ cj:yfdf sfd uf]nLk|xf/af6 3fOt] ePsfx¿sf] k|fylds
ug' kl//x]sf] 5 .
pkrf/sf nflu 36gf:yndf g]kfn /]8qm;
r}t @( ut] d+unjf/ dWofGx /fhwfgLdf ;f];fO6Ln] k|fylds pkrf/ ;]jf pknAw
ljeT; b[Zo b]lvP, ljz]ifu/L uf]+ua'sf] u/fPsf] 5 . k|fylds pkrf/kl5 /]8qm;sf]
d'7e]8df . uf] +ua'df ;'/IffsdL{sf] bdgsf qmddf PDa'n]G;n] 3fOt]nfO{ ljleGg c:ktfndf
@ ;oeGbf a9L cfGbf]ngsf/L 3fOt] eP . o; k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 .
lbg dfq} jL/, lzIf0f, uf+ ]ua'l:yt ;fd'bflos 3fOt]sf] k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu /fhwfgLsf
c:ktfndf uf]+ua' d'7e]8 / cGo 3fOt] ljleGg :yfgdf /]8qm;sf emG8} #) hgf :jo+;]jL
ePsf;d]t u/]/ # ;o %) hgfeGbf a9Lsf] :jf:YosdL{ pkTosfsf ljleGg 7fp“df vl6Psf
pkrf/ ul/of] .
5g\ . …o;sf] p2]Zo 3fOt]nfO{ t'?Gt k|fylds
Tof] lbg lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfnsf] cfsl:ds pkrf/ pknAw u/fO{ oyfzL3| :jf:Yo s]Gb|;Dd
sIfsf ;a} zøof 3fOtn] el/Pkl5 ;“u}sf] k'¥ofpg' xf],Ú g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L sf7df8f} +sf
v'nf 7fpF Fdf lj/fdLnfO{ ;'tfP/ pkrf/ ul/of] . dGqL z+v/Tg zfSo atfp“5g\ . @)$^ ;fnsf]
rfksf sf/0f PS;–/] ug{ klg 3fOt]n] nfdf] hgcfGbf]ngdf klg ;f];fO6Ln] o; vfn] pkrf/
;do s'g' k¥of] . /QmfDo eP/ cfPsf 3fOt]sf] ;]jf k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . cd]l/sL lrlsT;s a|fog
lrTsf/n] jftfj/0f :tAw agfPsf] lyof] . sa 3fOt]sf] pkrf/sf nflu lgs} vl6P . pgL
o:tf] cj:yfdf 3fOt] lj/fdL /flvPsf] klg k|x/L lg;fgfsf] l;sf/ ag]sf 5g\ .
kl/;/nfO{ c:ktfnn] …l8hf:6/ Pl/ofÚ 3f]lift le8Gt ePsf 7fp“df :6« «r/df 3fOt]nfO{
u/]sf] 5 . oxf“ :jf:YosdL{afx]s c¿nfO{ cfjt af]sL k|fylds pkrf/ u/]sf] b[Zon] /fhwfgL
hfjt ug{ lbOPsf] lyPg .
o'4e"ldem} b]lvGYof] . 36gf:ynd} l;lnG8/
22
3fOt]n] el/P
;do á j}zfv &, @)^#
3fOt]x¿sf] pkrf/df
:jf:YosdL{n] s'g} s;/
af“sL /fv]gg\
af]s]/ 3fOt]nfO{ clS;hg;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] .
9' +ufd'9f, c>'Uof“;, uf]nLsf aLr ;]tf] …Pk|f]gÚ
nufO{ pkrf/df ;+nUg :jf:YosdL{ tyf
:jo+;]jLsf] k|of; r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvGYof] .
o'4df 3fOt]x¿sf] pkrf/ cfd pkrf/eGbf
km/s x'G5 . le8Gt ePs} 7fp“df :jf:YosdL{
vl6P/ 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ ug' { k5{ . o'4df nfu]sf
rf]6k6s rfF8} hLjf0f'af6 ;+qmldt x'g] klg
u5{g\ . uf]nL af?bsf] 5/f{h:tf r'Rrf] / a9L
ult ePsf j:t'n] z/L/sf g/d tGt', x•L /
z/L/sf cGo ;+/rgfdf Jofks Iflt k'¥ofp“5g\ .
/]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt
-cfOl;cf/;L_åf/f o'4df 3fOt] ePsfx¿sf
nflu ul/g] zNo lrlsT;f;DaGwL …o'4kLl8tsf
nflu zNo lrlsT;fÚ gfds k':tsdf pNn]v
5, …;kmn zNo lrlsT;s x'g l;Sg] OR5f /
kl/l:yltcg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ 9fNg ;Sg] x'g' k5{ .Ú
o:tf] pkrf/sf nflu klxnf] / bf];|f]
ljZjo'4sf] cg'ejaf6 3fOt] 5gf]6sf] dxŒj
b;f{OPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ …l6«ofhÚ ljlw elgG5 .
of] ljlw lj/fdLsf] a9L eL8 x'g] c:ktfndf
nfu" ul/G5 . o'4sf a]nf 3fOt]x¿sf] ;+Vof
a9]sf a]nf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdL x'g] ePsfn]
k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L pkrf/ ug' { k5{ .
hgcfGbf]ng efu–@ df 3fOt] ePsfx¿sf]
pkrf/df klg lqlj lzIf0f nufotsf cGo
c:ktfnn] …l6«ofh ljlwÚ ckgfPsf] 5 .
ä dgLif uf}td÷sf7df8f}+ -t:jL/ klg_

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if k];fsdL{
;a} cf]ln{P
;8sdf
ä ls/0f e08f/L÷sf7df8f} +
nf]stGq :yfkgfsf nflu k];fsdL{, u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf, dfgjclwsf/jfbL, n]vs, slj,
snfsf/sf] cfGbf]ng v]Kb} cfPsf] ;/sf/ r}t
clGtd ;ftfb]lv lghfdtL / ;+3;+:yfsf
sd{rf/Lsf] k|xf/df k/]sf] 5 .
;/sf/L ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/L;d]t nf]stGq
:yfkgfsf] cfGbf]ngdf plqPkl5 ;/sf/;“u
ca zfxL ;]gf / k|x/L dfq af“sL 5g\ . ;/sf/,
dGqL, d'Vo;lrj, ;lrj, If]qLo–c+rn
k|zf;ssf] wDsLsf] k|jfx gu/L nf]stflGqs
t:jL/x¿ M t]haxfb'/ a:g]t
g]kfnsf] :yfkgfsf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿ Pstfa4
aa{/tfdf cf]ln{Psf] ;/sf/n] jlsnx¿nfO{ klg 5f]8]g
eP/ cfGbf]lnt ePsf 5g\ .
hflu/ vf]l;g] ;/sf/L wDsLnfO{ r'gf}tL lbFb} snfsf/, rnlrqsdL{nufotn] cfdx8tfnsf] Joj:yfkgsf tkm{af6 ef]Ug'kg] { ;/sf/L k|tf8gsf]
nf]stGqdf dfq k];fut xslxt ;+/If0f x'g] qmddf cfºgf] ;xdlt hgfPkl5 cfGbf]ngsf] k|jfx gu/L /]l8of] g]kfn, 6]lnlehg, uf]/vfkqsf
lgisif{;lxt sd{rf/Lsf ;+u7g cfGbf]ngdf dgf]an emg} pRr ePsf] 5 .
kqsf/ @& ut]b]lv cfGbf]ngdf ;dflxt ePsf
ylkg] qmd hf/L 5 . :yfoL ;/sf/ elgg] /fi6« a} +ssf sd{rf/Ln] /fli6«o 9's'6L aGb, 5g\ . kqsf/nfO{ ;fy lbFb} tL lgsfosf c¿
lghfdtL sd{rf/L;d]t cnUu} sfo{qmd lnP/ ;/sf/L jfl0fHo a} +sdf ljQLo ;]jf 7Kk ug] { sd{rf/L klg cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf 5g\ .
cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf 5g\ .
sfo{qmdn] cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf dfxf]n alg/x]sf] kqsf/x¿n] nf]stGq :yfkgfsf] dfu dfq
hLjgofkgsf] ;|f]t hflu/nfO{ cfx'lt lbg 5 . ;/sf/L–cw{;/sf/L lgsfosf sd{rf/LnfO{ u/]sf 5}gg\, ;/sf/n] ;+rf/dfWoddfkm{t hf/L
tTk/ eP/ dGqfno, ljefu, ;/sf/L sfof{nosf cfGbf]ngaf6 lg?T;flxt ug{ cfjZos ;]jf /fv]sf] em"6sf] v]tLdf c;xof]u ug] { gLlt;d]t
sd{rf/L cfGbf]ngdf ;dy{g hgfPkl5 ;+rfng P]g, @)!$ nfO{ xltof/ agfP/ !% clVtof/ u/]sf 5g\ .
cfGbf]ngnfO{ yk /Qm;+rf/ ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL j6f ;]jfdf x8tfn ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] ;"rgf df3 !( kl5 ;/sf/L ;+rf/dfWoddf ePsf]
sd{rf/Ln] ;d]tn] hgcfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ cfly{s k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;+rf/, hn, :yfn, xjfO{ tLj| d08n]s/0fn] k];fut c;'/Iff /
;xfotf lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
oftfoft, 5fkfvfgf, ljB't\, vfg]kfgL, a} +lsª, Joj;flostfsf] nId0f /]vfsf] wHhL p8fPsf] ]
cfGbf]ngsf 3fOt]nfO{ pkrf/ vr{ lbg] ljdfh:tf ;]jfnfO{ cTofjZos ;]jfsf] ¿kdf eGb} pgLx¿ cfGbf]ngdf ;l/s ePsf 5g\ .
cleofgsf] >Lu0f]z g} u[x, ;+rf/ h:tf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .
kqsf/ dxf;+3 /]l8of]sf ;efklt rGb| aflgof“,
dGqfnosf sd{rf/Ln] u/]/ u[xdGqL sdn yfkf ;/sf/sf] b]vfPsf] sf/afxLsf] 8G8fn] To:tf /f;;sf Ps/fh kf7s / uf]/vfkqsf cfgGb/fd
/ ;+rf/ /fHodGqL >L;zd;]/ /f0ffnfO{ bx|f] ;]jf k|jfx ul//x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cfrfo{n] hf/L u/]sf] lj1lKtdf lg/+s'z ;Qfsf]
r8\sg lbPsf 5g\ . sd{rf/Ln] ljleGg tKsfaf6 cfGbf]ngsf] /fknfO{ s'g} k|efj kf/]sf] 5}g . cGTo / nf]stGq :yfkgfdf dfq kqsf/ /
cf]Ol/Psf] wDsLsf] kjf{x gu/L cfdx8tfnsf] ljB't\ k|flws/0f, g]kfn 6]lnsd, hgsk'/ r'/f]6 kqsfl/tfsf] eljio ;'/lIft /x]sf] pNn]v 5 .
cjlwe/ clwsf+z dGqfno–ljefu–sfof{nodf sf/vfgf, vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg / zfxL g]kfn pgLx¿n] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ lg:t]h kfg] { gfddf
sfd 7Kk u/]sf 5g\ .
jfo';]jf lgudsf sd{rf/Ln] cfGbf]ngdf rfn]sf] oL ;+rf/dfWodaf6 x'g] em"6sf] v]tLsf] ;xfos
lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf dxf;lrj kfOnf emg} cl3 al9/x]sfn] x8tfn /f]Sg gaGg] k|0f klg u/]sf 5g\ .
ef]nfgfy kf]v/]nsf cg';f/ cfdx8tfnsf] lbOPsf] wDsLn] pmhf{sf] sfd u/]sf] 5 . b]ze/sf 5fkf / >Job[Zo dfWodsf ;a}
cjlwdf s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf:t/;Dd sfd 7Kk cfdx8tfnsf] cjlwe/ cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf kqsf/sf] ;femf ;+u7g g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3n]
ePsf] 5 . k];fut dfusf ;fy} ;+u7gx¿n] ;a} ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Ln] snd aGb, sfnf]k§L lg/+s'z ;Qfsf] rfs8Lsf nflu k];fut dof{bf
/fhgLlts dfu klg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . afFw]/ ;zQm k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ .
s'Nr]/ lgn{Hh pq]sf kqsf/sf] clen]v /fVg]
k|hftflGqs Joj:yf ;xeflutfd"ns, kf/bzL{ ;ft bn ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngdf /x]sfn] h'g;'s} sfdnfO{ tLj|tf lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;a}eGbf
/ hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ x'g] x“ 'bf To:tf] /fhgLlts cf:yf af]s]sf sd{rf/L ;+o'Qm¿kdf plqPsf a9L sfa'df /fVg vf]h]sf] ;/sf/L ;+rf/dfWodsf
k|0ffnLdf dfq sd{rf/Lsf] lxt x'g] 7x/;lxt 5g\ . cfGbf]ng bafpg ;/sf/n] cTofjZos kqsf/ / sd{rf/L cfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{gdf pq]sf]
;+3;+u7gx¿ cfGbf]ngdf cfPsf 5g\ . ;]jf P]gsf k|fjwfgnfO{ ;dft]/ sd{rf/Llj?4 ;dfrf/ ;+rf/dfWodx¿df cfPkl5
;/sf/sf] c+u lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;+u7gn] em"6f d'2f nufpg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] hfgsf/x¿n] Joj:yfkgn] zfvf ;efkltx¿;“u To;af/]
b]zdf nf]stGq axfnLsf nflu eO/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf] 5 .
hgcfGbf]ngdfly ul/Psf] aa{/tfk"0f{ bdg / nfdf] ;dosf] df}gtf tf]8\b} ;/sf/L df3 !( kl5sf] …d08n]s/0fÚ l;sf/ ag]/
HofbtLsf] eT;{gf u/]sf] 5 .
;+rf/dfWodsf kqsf/ / sd{rf/Lx¿ nf]stGq ;/sf/L ;+rf/dfWodsf bh{gf} + kqsf/ cf:yfs}
lghfdtL sd{rf/LeGbf cl3 g} ljQLo, :yfkgfsf] cfGbf]ngdf ;l/s ePsf 5g\ . sf/0f hflu/af6 lgsflnPsf 5g\ . /]l8of],
pTkfbg / ;]jf If]qsf ;+:Yffgsf sd{rf/L ;/sf/n] ;a}eGbf a9L lgu/fgL / lgoGq0fdf uf]/vfkq, /f;;sf lhNnf k|ltlglw ;a}eGbf
nf]stGq :yfkgfsf] cfGbf]ngdf ;l/s eO/x]sf /fVg vf]Hg] ;+rf/dfWodsf sd{rf/L cfGbf]ngdf tf/f] agfOPsf 5g\ . lg/+s'ztf ;dy{g jf
5g\ . s[lif ljsf; a} +s, rnlrq lgdf{0f ;+3, pq]kl5 5'§} sDkg pTkGg ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o kqsf/ dfxf;+3df gnfu]s} sf/0f lhNnf
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 23

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if k];fsdL{
24
;|i6fx¿dfly
qm"/ bdg
;|i6fx¿sf] zflGtk"0f{ e]nfdf rsf] { bdg
u/]kl5 zfxL ;Qfsf] lg/+s'z rl/q yk
pbf+uf] ePsf] 5 . ;ft bnsf] nf]stflGqs
cfGbf]ngdf P]Soa¢tf hgfpg e]nf ePsf
;|i6fdfly ;'/IffsdL{n] nf7Ldfq ahf/]g,
pgLx¿nfO{ nlIft u/]/ uf]nL;d]t k|xf/
u¥of] . zflGtk"0f{ e]nfaf6 !@ ;|i6fnfO{
lg3f{t s'6lk6 ub} { lu/ºtf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
u'?s'n ;d gf6\o3/ r}t #) ut] vrfvr
el/Psf] lyof] . ;w} + gf6s x]g{ bz{ssf] cf]O/f]
nfUg] To; :yfgdf ;|i6fx¿ nf]stflGqs
cfGbf]ngdf pef/ Nofpg e]nf ePsf lyP .
cfGbf]ngdf P]Soa¢tf hgfpg jof]j[¢ ;|i6f
;Todf]xg hf]zL, k|fWofks l8kL
e08f/Lnufot slj, n]vs, snfsf/ h'6]sf
lyP . aGb'ssf] cf8df zf;g ul//x]sf]
zfxL;QfnfO{ sl/a % ;o ;|i6fsf] pkl:yltn]
r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;'lgn
kf]v/]n, lji0f'lje' l3ld/], ls/0f dfgGw/,
8f= c?0f ;fodL, lglvn pk| ]tL, xl/uf]ljGb
n'OF6]n, b]zeQm vgfnnufot ;|i6fn]
lg/+s'ztGqsf] lj/f]w ub} { nf]stGqsf] kIfdf
cfºgf] ljrf/ /fv]sf lyP .
k|ltlglwaf6 hflu/ vf]l;g]sf] ;+Vof 7"nf] 5 .
/]l8of] g]kfnn] ;dfrf/ zfvfsf] l;kmfl/;df
:yfgLo k|ltlglw lgo'lQm ug] { :yflkt k|lqmof
eTsfp“b} To:tf] lhDdf k|zf;gnfO{ lbOPsf]
5 . wgs'6fsf ljho;Gtf]ifL /fO{, :ofªhfsf
cf]d zdf{, ;nf{xLsf /d]z bfxfn /fhgLlts
cf:yfsf sf/0f ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsfdWo]sf rlr{t
gfd x'g\ . sd{rf/L km]g] {df /f;; / 6]lnlehgeGbf
uf]/vfkq / /]l8of] g]kfn cu|0fL 5g\ .
;/sf/L ;+rf/dfWoddf kqsf/df lgo'Qm
;8sdf plqPsf ;|i6fx¿ klg ;'/IffsdL{sf] l;sf/ ag]
snfsf/ dbgs[i0f >]i7 / xl/j+z cfrfo{n]
k|:t't u/]sf] …k~rfotsf] >f¢Ú gfds k|x;gn]
nf]stGq k|flKtsf] lglDt nfuL k/]sf ToxfF
pkl:yt ;|i6fdf pmhf{ ;+rf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
dxsf] k|x;gn] clxn]sf] zfxL;Qf / o;sf
vngfos 8f= t'n;L lu/Lk|lt s6fIf k|xf/ u/]sf]
lyof] . dxhf]8L eGb} lyP, …@)$^ ;fndf klg
b]vfOPsf] of] k|x;g carflxF km]l/ b]vfpg
gk/f];\ .Ú To;kl5 e]nf ePsf ;a} ;|i6f
dof{lbt¿kdf nf]stGqsf] gf/f nufpFb} ;d
gf6\o3/af6 lg:s]/ ;8sdf nf]stGq, :jtGqtf
/ :jfledfgn] cf]tk|f]t sljtf jfrg ug{ nfu] .
t/, k|x/Ln] bdgsf/L cg'xf/ b]vfP/ hyfefjL
nf7Lrfh{ / uf]nL k|xf/ u¥of], ;|i6fx¿sf]
eL8dfly .
df}lns clwsf/ k|flKtsf] nflu zflGtk"0f{¿kdf
lg:s]sf] h'n';df k|x/Ln] an k|of]u u/L Psbh{g
x'g /fli6«o kqsf/ dxf;+3, c+rn–If]qLo
k|zf;s, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/;
rflxg] kl/l:yltn] klg kqsf/nfO{ yk cfGbf]lnt
agfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/LdWo] lrlsT;s–
g;{ nufotsf :jf:YosdL{sf] cfGbf]ng ;a}eGbf
;zQm ag]sf] 5 . lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhuGhn]
cfGbf]ngdf cu|tf lnPsf] 5 . /fhwfgLsf 7"nf
/ b]ze/sf c:ktfndf nf]stGqsf] kIfdf lbgx“ '
k|bz{g eO/x]sf] 5 .
c;f]h !* b]lv g} k];fsdL{dWo] cfGbf]ngsf]
;do á j}zfv &, @)^#
;|i6fnfO{ 3f]qmØfpFb} lgd{dtf;fy Eofgdf
sf]r]/ uf}zfnf k|x/L sfof{nodf k'¥ofPsf]
lyof] . u'?s'naf6 ;'? eP/ afg]Zj/rf]sdf
k'uL sljtfjfrg ;'? ug{ nfUbf k|x/Ln]
Ps;fy ;|i6fdfly nf7L rfh{ /
kmfol/ª;d]t u/]/ zfxL ;/sf/sf] bdgsf]
gd'gf b]vfPsf lyP . s]xL ;do;Dd
;8sd} a;]/ wgf{ lbO/x]sf ;|i6fx¿n]
nf]stGqsf] gf/f nufO/x], t/ k|x/Ln]
;|i6fnfO{ nlIft u/L kmfol/ª u/]kl5
efubf}8 dlrPsf] lyof] .
eL8 ltt/lat/ eO;s]kl5 k|x/Lsf] hTyf
u'?s'n kl/;/df k;L kmfol/ª u/]/ l;h{gfsf]
;'Gb/ dlGb/nfO{ IftljIft kfg] { k|of; u/]sf
lyP . gjlgld{t gf6\o3/df a;]sf bh{gf} +
;|i6fnfO{ nfQLn] es'/]sf lyP k|x/Ln] .
u'?s'n kl/;/df k;]/ k|x/Ln] cGwfw'Gw
uf]nL xfg]sf] k|x/L ToxfFaf6 pDs]sf Ps
;|i6fn] atfPsf 5g\, t/ ToxfF /x]sf s;}nfO{
klg uf]nL nfu]g . k|x/Ln] kmfol/ª u/]kl5
ToxfF /x]sf ;|i6fn] sf]7fdf n's]/, kvf{naf6
xfd kmfn]/ arfp u/]sf lyP .
zflGtk"0f{ h'n';dflysf] ePsf] x:tIf]kk|lt
nf]stflGqs ;|i6fx¿sf] ;+o'Qm d~r /
k];fsdL{n] eT;{gf u/]sf 5g\ /, d'n'sdf
lg/+s'ztGqn] 3' F8f g6]s];Dd cfGbf]ng hf/L
/xg] atfPsf 5g\ .
ä 5q sfsL{÷sf7df8f} +
cu|k+lQmdf /x]sf jlsnx¿n] r}t #! ut] csf] {
;zQm k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ . cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ /f]Sg]
gfddf ;'/IffsdL{n] uf]nL rnfof] . o;af6 rf/
jlsn 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . af/ cWoIf zDe' yfkf
klg k|x/L lgd{dtfsf] l;sf/ ag] .
cfGbf]ng lgoGq0f ug{ nf7Lrfh{, c>'UofF;,
kfgLsf] kmf]xf]/fsf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf]df o;kfnf
lzIfs, jlsn, slj, ;flxTosf/sf] zflGtk"0f{
k|bz{gdf ;d]t /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] k|f/Ded} uf]nL
a;f{P/ p;sf] ¿k pbf+uf] kfl//x]sf] 5 . ä

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if cy{tGq
/fli6«o
9's'6L g} 7Kk
ä dw';"bg kf}8]n÷sf7df8f} +
/fhfsf] lg/+s'ztflj?4 g]kfn /fi6« a} +ssf
sd{rf/Ln] ;/sf/sf] 9's'6L klg aGb ul/lbPsf
5g\ . lg/+s'z ;Qfn] Ps jif{df /fli6«o
9's'6Ldfly drfPsf] ckf/bzL{ vr{lj?4 clxn]
/fi6« a} +ssf sd{rf/Ln] d"n 9's'6L g} aGb ul/lbP/
lg/+s'z ;QfnfO{ b}lgs vr{ ;~rfngdf ;d]t ;a} sfd 7Kk kf/]/ cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf /fi6« a} +ssf sd{rf/Lx¿
afwf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] @)$^ ;fn ;/sf/n] ueg{/nfO{ /fi6« a} +ssf sfd ;'rf?
r}t @$ ut] 9's'6L aGb u/]sf lyP . /fi6« a} +s agfpg 7"nf] bafa lbPsf] 5 . o;} sf/0f u'Dof] ;xof]uLsf] ;fy
sd{rf/L ;+3n] lj1lKtdf eg]sf] 5, …k|hftGq / ueg{/ ljhogfy e§/fO{n] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfddf
dfgjclwsf/sf nflu s]Gb|Lo a} +ssf] 9's'6L aGb kmls{g r]tfjgL lbFb} sf/afxL ug] {;Dd wDsL d'n'ssf pBdLJoj;foL klg nf]stGqsf]
ug{ /fi6« a} +ssf sd{rf/L ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .Ú lbPsf 5g\ . g]kfnuGhdf sd{rf/Lx¿ lj/f]wdf kIfdf v'n]/ nfu]sf 5g\ . k|ToIf zf;gsf
dlxgfsf] clGtd ;ftfdf /fi6« a} +sl:yt plqPkl5 pgn] kmf]gaf6} wDsL lbPsf] a'lemPsf] Ps jif{df lg/fzfafx]s s]xL klg xft
9's'6Ldf cTolws rfk /xG5 . @$ ut]kl5 5, sd{rf/Lx¿ eg] cfGbf]ngdf k|lta4 5g\ . gnfu]kl5 pgLx¿ nf]stGqsf kIfdf g}lts
;/sf/sf lghfdtL sd{rf/L, k|x/L, ;]gfsf] /fi6« a} +ssf sf/f]jf/ 7Kk ePkl5 ;/sf/L
;dy{g;lxt plqPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf
tna e'QmfgL ;'? x'G5 . To;sf nflu ;/sf/n] /fh:j ;+o'Qm nufgLsf b'O{j6f jfl0fHo a} +sdf
pBdLx¿sf] d'Vo 5ftf ;+u7g g]kfn
/fi6« a} +saf6 cTolws /sd lgsfNg'k5{ . t/, hDdf u/fpg] Joj:yf /fi6« a} +sn] ldnfPsf]
pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] k|hftflGqs
d"NodfGotfsf cfwf/df ;+od /
/fi6« a} +ssf sd{rf/Ln] r}t @$ ut]b]lv g} 5 . r}t #) df b}lgs klqsfx¿df ;"rgf ;'ema'em;lxt b]znfO{ aaf{bLaf6 arfpg
9's'6L aGb ul/lbPsfn] ;/sf/n] of] dlxgfsf] hf/L u/]/ p;n] Pe/]:6 a} +s / g]kfn a+unfb]z /fHo;Qf, /fhgLlts bnnufot ;a}
tna sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ e'QmfgL ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . a} +ssf :yfgLo zfvfdf klg /fh:j hDdf kIf;Fu cfu|x u/]sf] 5 .
;+3sf Ps kbflwsf/L eG5g\, …a? xfdL klg ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df hfgsf/L k|hftflGqs d"NodfGotfsf cfwf/df
vfb} +gf} tna t/, 9's'6L vf]n]/ /sd e'QmfgL u/fPsf] 5 .
dfq b]zsf] cy{ Joj:yf km:6fpg ;Sg]
ug] { sfddf ;+nUg x'b}gf} + .Ú
9's'6L aGb ePsf sf/0f ;]gf / k|x/LnfO{ pNn]v ub} { dxf;+3n] eg]sf] 5, lx+;f,
;/sf/sf] b}lgs cfDbfgL / vr{ ;a} /fi6« tTsfn cfjZos /sd klg lemSg gkfPkl5 cft+s, bdg aGb Pj+ k"jf{u|x /fvL clxn]sf]
a} +ssf] yfkfynLl:yt a} +lsª sfof{noaf6 x' “b} cfPsf] kl5Nnf lbgdf 8]k'6L ue{g/ jL/ljqmd /fodfemL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g . /, pBf]u,
5 . ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos kg] { /sdsf nflu afn'jf6f/sf] cfÎgf] sfof{no 5f8]/ Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] hu eTsfO{ /fi6«nfO{
lbglbg} 9's'6L vf]Ng' k5{ . a} +ssf clwsf/Lx¿sf yfkfynLl:yt a} +lsª sfof{no hfg yfn]sf 5g\ . g} ;+s6u|:t agfpg] sfd s;}af6 x'g
cg';f/ lbgdf Toxf“af6 sl/a @) s/f]8 ?k}of“sf] pgn] cfkm";Fu} afn'jf6f/af6 b'O{ bh{g ;Sb}g .Ú dxf;+3n] c;f]h !* / df3 !(
sf/f]jf/ x'G5 . ;/sf/n] p7fpg] eG;f/ cGtMz'Ns dflyNnf]:t/sf sd{rf/L klg Toxf“ nu]/ sf] zfxL sbdnfO{ :jfut u/]sf] lyof] .
/ cGo /fh:jnufot ;a} cfDbfgL ;/sf/L vftfdf ;'/Ifflgsfosf] e'QmfgL ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . d'n'ssf /fhf lgs6 dflgPsf kß Hof]tLn] g]t[Tj
hDdf ug] { / cfjZostfg';f/ sfl6Psf r]ssf] b'O{ d'Vo a} +sx¿ /fli6«o jfl0fHo a} +s / g]kfn ul//x]sf] /fli6«o Joj;flos kxn
e'QmfgL Toxf“af6 x'G5 . t/, sd{rf/Lx¿ cfGbf]ngdf a} +s lnld6]8sf sd{rf/Ln] klg a} +ssf ;a} -PglacfO{_n] klg b]znfO{ c¿ aaf{bLaf6
plqPkl5 oL ;a} sfd /f]lsPsf 5g\ . sfdsfh 7Kk kf/]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf clwsf+z hf]ufpg åGå cGTo u/L uDeL/tfsf ;fy
sd{rf/L cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f /Iff / k//fi6« a} +lsª If]q cf]u6]sf b'O{ a} +ssf sd{rf/Lsf] tTsfn jftf{sf] yfngL ug{ ;a} kIf;Fu
dGqfnosf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ e'QmfgL;d]t /f]lsPsf] cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f /fhwfgL aflx/sf] ;/sf/L
cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . p;n] c;kmn ;dfhdf
5 . ;|f]tsf cg';f/ /Iff dGqfnon] ljb]zaf6 vr{ ;~rfngdf cj/f]w Nofpg pNn]Vo e"ldsf
;kmn Joj;fo x'g ;Sb}g eGb} /fhfsf]
vl/b u/L NofPsf xftxltof/, o'4;fdu|L lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 .
!$ dlxg] sfo{sfndf d'n's c;kmn df]8df
k'u]sf] lgisif{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
nufotsf s]xL …k]d]G6Ú k7fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . g]kfn a} +s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L o'lgogsf pBdL–Joj;foLsf] csf] { ;+u7g g]kfn
k//fi6«dGqfnocGtu{t ljleGg d'n'sdf /x]sf pkfWoIf :joDe'dfg zfSo eG5g\, …nf]stGqsf] pBf]u kl/;+3 -l;PgcfO{_n] klg
/fhb"tfjf; jf s"6gLlts lgsfodf k7fpg cfGbf]ngdf P]Soa4tf hgfpg xfdLn] b]zel/sf nf]stGqsf] kIfdf k'gM k|lta4tf hgfPsf]
kg] { /sd;d]t /f]lsPsf] 5 .
;a} zfvfsf] sfd aGb ul/lbPsf 5f} + .Ú clxn] 5 . p;n] o;cl3 klg k|hftGqljgf
ljb]zdf a;fO“;/fO ug] { jf cWoogsf nflu s[lif ljsf; a} +ssf sd{rf/Ln] klg cfGbf]ngsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; x'g g;Sg] atfpFb} cfPsf]
hfg] ljBfyL{n] klg cfjZos 8n/ ;6xL :jLs[lt kIfdf cfÎgf sfd aGb ul/lbPsf 5g\ . lyof] . l;PgcfO{sf pkfWoIf /fh]Gb| v]tfg
gkfp“bf ;d:of Joxf]l//x]sf 5g\ . d'Vo sfof{no bnx¿sf] cfGbf]ngdf s'g} klg lx;fadf eG5g\, …jftf{åf/f ljBdfg ;d:ofsf]
afn'jf6f/sf sd{rf/L klg cj1f cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOP hflu/ g} vfOlbg];Ddsf ;dfwfg vf]Hg' g} pQd ljsNk xf] .Ú
;dy{g hgfp“b} ;xefuL ag]kl5 oxf“af6 x'g] wDsL ljefuLo dGqLx¿af6 cfO/x]sf] 5 . k|hftGqsf dfWodaf6 clxn]sf]
b}lgs sfd x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . r}t @$ kl5sf /fli6«o jfl0fHo a} +s, sd{rf/L ;+3sf dxf;lrj ljZjJofkLs/0fdf v'nf cy{tGq ;Dej
sltko lbgdf /fi6« a} +sdf ueg{/, 8]k'6L ueg{/ gf/fo0f ;'j]bL eG5g\, …hflu/ t ef]ln klg /x]sf] / o;s} dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] ljsf;
/ pgLx¿sf 8«fOe/dfq} pkl:yt lyP . vfg ;lsPnf, t/ To;sf gfddf clwsf/ ;Dej x'g] ljZn]if0f pgsf] 5 . ä
;'/Ifflgsfon] /sd e'QmfgL kfpg g;s]kl5 u'dfpg xfdL tof/ 5}gf} + .Ú ä
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 25

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if cfj/0f
ljhosf] b}nf]df
ä o'j/fh l3ld/]÷sf7df8f}
+, -t:jL/x¿M ef:j/ cf]emf / t]h a:g]t_

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r}t #) ut] a'waf/ ck/fx\g Pskl5 csf] u/L ckx/0f z}nLdf ;]gfn] pgsf] u[xgu/ sfe| ]sf]
rf/ x]lnsf]K6/ gf/fo0flx6Llt/ ;f]leFmbf 3f6df k'¥ofP/ cfGbf]ngsf] pQ]hgf a9fpg
/fhwfgLjf;Ldf gofF sf}t'xn pTkGg ePsf] ;xfos ag]sf] lyof] ;]gf .
lyof] . s] ;]gf / gf/fo0flx6L hgcfGbf]ngsf] rf/ lbgsf] cfdx8tfnsf] g]t[Tj ug{ s'g}
xjfO{ lgu/fgL ub} 5g\ < t/, tLdWo] Ps 7"nf] g]tf cfpg] l:yltnfO{ ;/sf/ :jo+n] w/fkdf
x]lnsf]K6/ /fhf 1fg]Gb| / /fgL sf]dnnfO{ lnP/ kf/]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf u[xdGqL sdn yfkf /
kf]v/faf6 cfPsf] lyof], afFsL pgsf ;'/IffsdL{ ;~rf/dGqL >L;zdz]/ /f0ff eL8nfO{
/ e|d0f6f]nLsf ;b:o cf];fb} lyof] . g]t[TjljxLg b]vfpg rfxGy]– Tof] ;ft bnsf]
/fhwfgLdf ljb|f]x / cfGbf]ngsf w'jfF cem} geP/ dfcf]jfbLsf] lgoGq0fdf ePsf] k|df0fsf
pl8/x]sf lyP eg] ;8sdf cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] ¿kdf . …cfGbf]ng clgolGqt eL8 ag]sf] 5,Ú
/ut cfn} lyof] .
dfcf]jfbLsf] 3';k}7 k|z:t ePsf] cf/f]k;lxt
kf]v/fdf g} cfGbf]ngsf] Hjf/ pln{/x]sf] lyof], u[xdGqL yfkfn] kqsf/x¿nfO{ eg] . jf:tjdf
t/ /fhflj/f]wL pGdfb /fhfsf] …gh/Údf gkfg{ bf];|f] lbgsf] sºo'{sf] klg cj1f ePkl5
pgL jl/kl/sf] kvf{n cem} klg ;lqmo 5 . ;'/IffsdL{x¿ cGwfw'Gw cfqmd0fdf plqP .
/fhflj/f]wL gf/f k|v/ ¿kdf /x]sf r}t @( ut]dfq uf] +ua'df @ ;o /fpG8eGbf
cfdx8tfndf r}t @$ ut]kl5 ;'/IffsdL{x¿sf] a9L uf]nL rNof] h;df @ ;oeGbf a9L 3fOt]
uf]nLaf6 lrtjg, kf]v/f, ag]kf / gjnk/f;Ldf eP .
u/L $ k|bz{gsf/L 7x/} ePsf 5g\ . cfdx8tfn eL8af6 uf]nL rnfOPsf] / dfcf]jfbL
;'? x'g'eGbf Ps lbgcl3 r}t @# df klg 3';k}7sf] k|df0f ePsf] bfaL ug] u[xdGqL yfkfsf
;'/IffsdL{sf] uf]nLaf6 ;Kt/Ldf k|bz{gsf/L bz{g nflu d+unjf/sf] uf] +ua' 36gf k|zf;lgs /
ofbj dfl/Psf lyP . /fhwfgLdf ;d]t u/L g}lts ;+s6sf ¿kdf pkl:yt eof] . cltl/Qm
sl/a @ xhf/ % ;o 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . dxflg/LIfs ¿k;fu/ df]Qmfgsf 3/af6
tLdWo] # ;oeGbf a9Lsf] l:ylt uDeL/ ePsf] k|bz{gsf/Ldfly uf]nL rnfOPsf] lyof] .
atfOPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+sf] lqlj lzIf0f cfGbf]ngsf] k|f/lDes ;kmntfsf] Wo]o
c:ktfndf g'jfsf]6sf ;'ef; yfkf Pp6f cfFvf dfcf]jfbLn] vf]:g] sf]l;; u/]/ u[xdGqL yfkfnfO{
u'dfPsf] cj:yfdf pkrf/fy{ 5g\ eg] cfºgL hgcfGbf]ng bn–dfcf]jfbL ;xsfo{ ePsf] k|df0f
7"nL lbbL t'n;L If]qL u'dfPsf lrtjgsf emG8} pknAw u/fOlbPsf lyP k|r08, afa'/fd
k|ldnf s];L / k|tLIff clwsf/L klg ToxL / s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fn] . Tof] ;Fu;Fu} /fhgLlts
pkrf/fy{ etL{ 5g\ .
x8tfnnfO{ cfºgf] -dfcf]jfbLsf]_ sfo{qmdsf
/fhf 1fg]Gb|;Fu} o'j/fh kf/;lj?4 nfu]sf ¿kdf klg nfu" ug] 3f]if0ff u/] pgLx¿n], t/
gf/f / pgLx¿lj?4sf] cfqmf]z d'n'ssf] rf/ dfcf]jfbL bfaLn] cGt/f{li6«o hut\ tyf
xbdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . …cfºgf nflu, cfºgf d' 'n'sleq} k'Ug ;Sg] Ifltsf] clu|d cfFsng
pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf nflu / g]kfnsf nflu /fhfn] ub} g]kfnL sf+u| ];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb
cfºgf] sbd lkmtf{ lng' k5{ . pgL unt af6f]df sf]O/fnfn] g}lts c8fg lnP To;df .
5g\ / /fhtGqnfO{ ;dflKtsf] r/0fdf n}hfFb} …dfcf]jfbLn] s] eG5g\ d hflGbgF, t/ of] ;ft
5g\ pgn]Ú, /fhfsf lxt}ifL dflgg] ef/tLo bnsf] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng xf]Ú, pgn] eg] .
hgtf kf6L{sf g]tf tyf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL xf] klg nf]sfrf/ / l;4fGts} sf/0f !@ a' Fb]
c6nljxf/L jfhk]oLsf ;'/Iff / j}b]lzs ;dembf/L kq bf];|f] efu cnu cnu
dfldnfsf ;Nnfxsf/ a|h]z ld>fn] Pp6f x:tfIf/;d]t hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . …dfcf]jfbLn]
6]lnlehg cGtjf{tf{dfkm{t r]tfjgL lbPsf 5g\ . lx+;f gTofu];Dd pgLx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ x'g g;Sg]
r}q @$ ut] ;ft bnsf] cfx\jfg / g]t[Tjdf xfd|f] c8fgs} sf/0f To;f] ul/Psf] xf],Ú sf]O/fnf
;'? ePsf] cfdx8tfnnfO{ pS;fpg ;DejtM eG5g\ . …lgZro klg cfGbf]ngdf dfcf]jfbLsf]
;aeGbf a9L ;/sf/sf dGqLx¿n] g} ;xof]u ;xeflutf gePsf] bfaL ;To gxf]nf, t/
k'¥ofP . ;ft bn u7aGwgnfO{ cft+sjfbsf pgLx¿ cfGbf]ngsf] …zflGtk"0f{ k|s[ltÚnfO{
dltof/ eGb} pgLx¿nfO{ ljkmn t'Nofpg :jLsf/ u/]/ cfpg ;S5g\Ú, sf+u| ]; s]Gb|Lo
sºo'{sf] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ ;ldltsf g]tf ch' {gg/l;+x s];L eG5g\ .
:jtM:km"t{ / cj1fsf] d'b|fdf cf]ln{P ;8sdf . ;dembf/L cGttf]uTjf dfcf]jfbLnfO{
kf]v/fdf ;}lgs Aof/]sdf ;+uLt >j0fdf k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo Joj:yfdf ;fd]n u/fpg]
Jo:t /fhfsf] lj/f]wdf dx]Gb|k'ndf pq]sf] p2]Zon] ePsf]n] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngaf6
h'n';df ;]gfn] uf]nL rnfpFbf kf]v/fdf Joj;fo pgLx¿nfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug{ gx'g] rrf{ sf+u| ];leq
ub} cfPsf sfe| ]sf eLd;]g bfxfn 7x/} eP . klg a/fa/ eO/x]sf] 5, t/ ;dembf/Lsf] klxnf]
…;]gfn] afWofTds kl/l:yltdf uf]nL rnfPsf]Ú a' Fbf cyf{t\ …lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGtÚn] eg]
bfaL sf7df8f}+df ;}lgs k|jQmf la|u]l8o/ ck]IffeGbf a9L hgcg'df]bg xfl;n u/]sf] ;ft
g]kfne"if0f rGbn] u/] klg bfxfnsf] d[To'n] bn u7aGwgsf] dfGotf 5 . o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
/fhwfgL / lrtjg nufotsf 7fpFdf cj1fsf] ;dy{g klg xfl;n eO;s]sf] 5 .
cfuf]df l3p yk]sf] lyof] . bfxfnsf] nf;nfO{ …lgbf] {if u}/;}lgssf] g/;+xf/ hf/L x' Fbf d
xfQL cfof]
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km]l/ Pp6f kf;f ºofFs] bnx¿;dIf,
ax'bnLo Joj:yf lqmofzLn t'Nofpg]
cleef/f lng / of]ubfg lbg . t/, cfkm"n]
;Qf TofUg] s'g} ;+s]t glbP/ / /fhgLlts
bnsf g]tfx¿sf] lu/ºtf/ / /fHoåf/f
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cfºgf] cfu|xdf cfz+sf ug] { y'k| } 7fpF
lbPsf 5g\ .
…xfdL cfGbf]ngnfO{ lg0ff{os prfOdf
k'¥ofpF5f} + / /fhfåf/f l;lh{t e|ddf kb} {gf} +Ú,
Pdfn] sfo{jfxs dxf;lrj cd[ts'df/
af]x/fn] ;donfO{ eg] .
;Gb]zdf lgjf{rgåf/f ax'bnLo
k|hftGq -;+;b\ nufot_nfO{ hLjGt
t'Nofpg l9nf] gxf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fv]
klg /fhfn] ;do;Ldf eg] afFw]gg\
lgjf{rgsf nflu . …zflGt / k|hftGqdf
ljZjf; ug]{ ;a} bnx¿sf] e"ldsf
tyf ;xeflutfaf6 cfdlgjf{rg h:tf]
pTs[i6 k|hftflGqs k|lqmofåf/f
ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] ;fy{s cEof; ;'?
xf];\ eGg] xfd|f] rfxgf 5Ú eg] klg
/fhfn] /fli6«o bnx¿nfO{ vf;} ;Daf]wg
gu/]sf] / cfkm"åf/f lgoGq0f ul/Psf]
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hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if cfj/0f
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o'/f]k]nL ;+3 k|ltlglw d08nsf cWoIf gLgf
lun elG5g\, …cGt/f{li6«o hut\nfO{ d"v{ agfpg
p7fOPsf s]xL ;txL sbdn] ax'bnLo k|hftGq
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zf;gåf/f p7fOPsf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf
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rf}tkmL{¿kdf c;kmn ePsf 5g\Ú, blIf0f Pl;of
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blIf0f Pl;ofsf nflu o'/f]k]nL
;+;b\ 8]lnu];gsL cWoIf gLgf lun
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/fi6«;+3nfO{ sf/afxL ug{ bafa lbg]5f} + .
sf/afxL eg]sf] /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt
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c6nljxf/L jfhk]oLsf ;'/Iff tyf
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/fhfsf] af6f] uNtL 5 / To;nfO{ ;Rofpg
ef/tn] bafa lbg'
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ug] {5}g .
xfdLn] /fhfnfO{ eGg} k5{ of] af6f] tkfO{ +
cufl8 a9]df /fh;+:yfsf] cGt x'g]5 .
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b]zsf nflu klg .
afpr/ eG5g\ .
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elgPsf] lzi6d08nsf] e|d0f;d]t clglZrt
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lji6sf] g]t[Tjsf] k|hftflGqs g]kfn kf6L{n]
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d'n'sleqsf …;+j}wflgs zlQmx¿ÚaLr uDeL/
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;+:yfgsf sd{rf/L;d]t v'n]/ cfGbf]ngsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 /fhf /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;a} ju{ cfFsng u/]/ x' Fb}g,Ú pgL eG5g\ . sºo' {sf]
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/fhfsf Jojxf/df ljZjf; ug{ g;Sg] eG5g\, …;'/Ifflgsfosf] ;dy{gdf dfq /fhgLlt ;ef u/]sf] pNn]v ub} zdf{ /fhgLlts bnsf
cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLsf] dfdnfdf rNb}g, of] s'/f /fhfn] a'em]sf 5}gg\ .Ú sf+u| ]; dfq xf]Og, ljleGg k];fsdL{ / hg;fwf/0fsf]
/fhf;“u glhs dflgPsf] cd]l/sfn] klg s]Gb|Lo ;b:o eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª clxn]sf] k':tfn] ;xeflutf ePsf] cfGbf]ngdf dfcf]jfbL
/fhfnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ 5f8]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfn] u/]sf] dfu pk]Iff u/]/ /fhgLlts bn cl3 3';k}7 ePsf] 7fGg' ;/sf/sf] 3fts ljZn]if0f
k|hftflGqs k|lqmof k'gM:yfkgf u/]/ dfq a9\g g;Sg] atfp“5g\ .
ePsf] atfp“5g\ .
/fhgLlts ;+jfb ;'? ug{ ;'emfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u| ];sf ;xdxfdGqL 8f= /fdz/0f ä ljZjdl0f kf]v/]n÷sf7df8f}
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 29

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cg'ejn] …/fhfnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsPsf]Ú
lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ o'/f]k]nL ;+3 / cd]l/sf
;fy ef/tn] klg To:t} cg'ej / bnx¿sf]
klg .Ú s'/f ld7f u5{g\, sfd pN6f] k"j{ k|wfgdGqL
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf eG5g\ . To:t} cg'ej
5 sf]O/fnfsf] . …/fhfnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsGgF .
d dfUg pgL;dIf hfGgFÚ, sf]O/fnf eG5g\ .
ptf ut jif{ df3cl3 /fhfnfO{ ;Qf lng
pS;fpg] /fhkl/ifb\n] sf7df8f} +df cfºgf] k|:tfljt
e]nf /2 u/]sf] 5 . …r'gfj u/fO{ cft+sjfb /
ltgsf dltof/nfO{ h'g;'s} ;t{df klg k/flht
ug{ /fhfnfO{ laGtL r9fpg]Ú tof/Ldf /x]sf]
kl/ifb\sf] a}7snfO{ cfGbf]ngsf] cfFwLn] a9f/]sf]
xf] . of] ;+s]t klg xf] /fhf cem} cfGbf]ngsf] j]u
/ tLj|tf hfFRb} 5g\ eGg] . To;}n] pgn]
/fhkl/ifb\nfO{ j}slNks ;'emfj of bnx¿;Fu
jftf{ / /fhfåf/f ;Qf Tofusf] ;'emfj lbg'sf]
;f6f] a}7s /2 ug{ cx|fPsf] a'lemPsf] 5 .
a'wjf/ u'?s'nåf/f ;~rflnt ;d gf6\osnf
s]Gb|df *$ kf/ u/]sf Oltxf; tyf ;+:s[ltljb\
;Todf]xg hf]zLsf] cWoIftfdf ePsf]
;|i6fx¿sf] a}7sn] ;f+s]lts lj/f]wkZrft\
;8sdf wgf{df a:g]lalQs} k|x/Ln] uf]nL rnfP/
;/sf/n] bdg sd gug] ;+s]t lbPsf] 5 .
/ ;fy{s jftf{ x'g' kg] hgfP/ ljb|f]xsf] ;+s]t 5}gg\ . /fhfn] tTsfn ;Qf Tofusf] Odfgbf/ ef]lnkN6 g]kfn af/ P;f]l;P;gsf] ¥ofnLdf
lbPsf 5g\ . oBlk, cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfaf6 dg;fo;Fu} jftf{sf nflu cfx\jfg ul/P dfq uf]nL rnfP/ ToxL cfk/flws rl/q k'g/fj[lQ
pT;flxt bnx¿ ;Qf xftdf lnPsf /fhfnfO{ bnn] ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lng] b]lvG5 . :jtM:km"t{ u/]sf] 5 ;/sf/n] . /fhf c;kmn dfq x}g
ca ;+j}wflgs zlQm eGg gldNg] c8fg lng eL8n] /fhflj/f]wL cg'xf/ b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf cfk/flws ;+oGqdfly k"0f{tof lge{/ b]lvG5g\ .
yfn]sf 5g\ .
lg;t{ /fhf;Fu jftf{ ;Dej b]lvFb}g . …;fy{s o;sf] kl/0ffdaf6 pDsg ;DejtM ca ;xh
o;}aLr g]kfn cfpg] ePsf] cd]l/sL ;+jfb / cfk;df ljZjf; hfu[lt ug' {sf ;fy} b]lvFb}g ;/sf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3
k|ltlglw;efsf ;efd'v cfºgf] g]kfn e|d0f ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;Unf] t'NofO{ lqmofzLn u/fpg] dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qm n'O; cfj{/n] ;/sf/åf/f
/2 u/L leotgfd k'u]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf sfo{/ k|lqmof ;'? x'g]Ú ljZjf; k"j{ k|wfgdGqL ePsf] cTolws an k|of]usf] lgGbf ub}{
t cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+u7g ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf /fV5g\ . gofF jif{sf] /fhfsf] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gdf ;fd]n ;z:q / hgkb
-P;cfOPg_n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] zflGtk"0f{ ¥ofnLdf ;Gb]zdf To:tf] ;+s]t cfpg] w]/}n] cfzf k|x/L klg /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt ;]gfsf] lgu/fgLdf
x:tIf]k u/L b'O{ ;onfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] 5 . ;f] /fv]sf eP klg /fhfsf] ;Gb]z Tof] ¿kdf /xg] / cfºgf ;Dk"0f{ k|ltj]bg p;nfO{ k7fpg]
;+3sf cWoIf lzj]zrGb| /]UdL eG5g\, …xfd|f] gcfpFbf …;+;b\jfbLÚ d]nldnfk 6fl9Psf] 5 . r]tfjgL lbPsL 5g\ . pRrfof]uåf/f k7fOPsf ;'emfj
s'g} klg /fhgLlts Ph]G8f 5}g . b]zdf rfn" p;f] t /fhfsf] ljut b'O{ dlxgfsf] aflx/ / lgb] {zgnfO{ nuftf/ ;/sf/n] pNn+3g u/]sf] klg
åGåsf sf/0f ljsf;sf sfddf ;fx| gsf/ a;fOF, pgsf k|fof]lht lhNnf e|d0f / e]ife"iffn] pgn] hgfPsL 5g\ . n'O; cfj{/sf] jQmJon]
fTds c;/ k/]sfn] xfd|f] rf;f] b]vfPsf xf} .Ú klg gsf/fTds b[li6sf]0f hGdfPsf] 5 /fhfk|lt . dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf nflu pQ/bfloTj lgwf{l/t
o;}u/L bn–dfcf]jfbL ;dembf/LnfO{ …9's'6Laf6 dgk/L;Fu ul/Psf] vr{, pgsf k|foM x'g;Sg] / To;df /fhfn] pGd'lQm gkfpg] ;+s]t
j}wflgstf lbg klg pQm bnn] …bnx¿n] km]l/g] dxFuf r:df / /jfkmn] dfsf] {; / O/fgsf klg TolQs} k|an 5 . oL ;a} k|j[lQ / /fhfk|ltsf]
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ /fli6«o /fhgLltsf] d"nwf/df zfxsf] k'g/fj[lQ b]lvG5 pgdfÚ, Pshgf sf+u| ];L k|lts"n cfGtl/s / cGt/f{li6«o ;f]rn] s] :ki6 kf5{
Nofpg' kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . /fhfaf6 g]tf eG5g\ . cfGbf]ngdf /fh;+:yflj?4 eg] ljut !$ dlxgfdf /fhfn] …jfu] {lgª kfj/ /
d]nldnfksf] lrQa'‰bf] k|lqmof yfngL geP rls{Psf gf/fdf /fhfsf] of] emnsn] sfd u/]g x}l;ot t b'j} u'dfPsf 5g\ g}, ca pgsf] r'lnPsf]
dGqL lji6n] /fhLgfdf ug]{ hfgsf/L;d]t eGg ;lsFb}g .
cnf]slk|otfaf6 bnx¿n] / k|hftGqn] kmfObf
u/fPsf 5g\ .
/fhfn] o;}aLr cfºgf k'/fgf ldq p7fpg]5g\ .
s] g]kfnleq} /fhflj/f]wL nx/ p7]sfn] /fhf k|efs/zdz]/ /f0ffnfO{ lbNnL k7fPsf] ;dfrf/ csf] {lt/ g]kfndf /fhflj/f]wL cfGbf]ng pTsif{
…len]gÚ aGg k'u]sf x'g\ t < eGg ufx|f] 5, t/ aflx/ cfP klg ef/t oyfzL3| k|hftGq :yfkgf of lgisif{lt/ ga9] klg To;n] h/f uf8]sf]
/fhf d'n'sleq} ca /IffTds aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . gePdf /fhfsf] cGTo ;lGgs6 /x]s} lgisif{df 5 . lzIf0f c:ktfn, uf] +ua', ;fdfv';L, lrtjg,
…d ;w} g} jftf{sf] kIfdf 5' . bnx¿;Fu ldn]/ b]lvG5 . To:t} ef/tsf] dfS;{jfbL sDo'lg:6 kf]v/f / ag]kfdf ;'/Ifflgsfosf] aa{/ cfqmd0fsf
;xdlt vf]Hg tTk/ 5',Ú kf]v/fdf /fhfnfO{ kf6L{ kf]ln6Ao'/f] ;b:o ;Ltf/fd o]r'/Ln] sf/0f em/]df /utn] To;nfO{ dnhn u/]sf]
e]6\g sf7df8f} +af6 af]nfOPsf Ps kqsf/n] k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg l;+x;Fu g]kfnaf/] k/fdz{ 5 . ;fy} casf] ;xdlt vf]l;g g;Sg]
/fhfsf] egfO p4[t ub} ;donfO{ eg] . t/, ubf{ klg 8f= l;+xdf To:t} lg/fzf / …tTsfn k|hftGqsf] ;t{df x'g'kg] afWofTds klg l;h{gf
ca kl/l:ylt / Ph]G8fsf dflns /fhf dfq s]xL ug' kg] {Ú efjgf /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . u/]sf] 5, To;n] ;ft bnsf g]tfx¿;dIf . ä
30
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ufp“–ufp“af6 p7] hgtf
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lbg}lkR5] ljzfn hgk|bz{g / d;fn h'n';
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7fp“af6 ;xof]u k'¥ofp“mÚ, ;ft bnsf] k"j{3f]lift rls{/x]sf] 5 .
cfdx8tfnsf] k"j{;GWofdf /+usdL{ /fh]Gb| k|x/Ln] cfGbf]ngsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{
l/dfnsf] df]jfOndf o:tf] P;PdP; cfof] . uPsf kqsf/x¿dfly ;d]t nf7L k|xf/ u¥of] .
o;sf] cGTodf n]lvPsf] lyof], …of] sDtLdf g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, kf“ry/sf ;efklt
b;hgf ;fyLnfO{ k7fpg'xf]nf .Ú
njb]j 9' +ufgfsf] 6fpsf] k'm6]sf] 5 . kqsf/dfly
dg5'g] efiffdf n]lvPsf] of] ;Gb]z l/dfnnfO{ ePsf] HofbtLlj?4 r}t #) ut]sf] c+sdf
h'g ;fyLn] k7fPsf lyP, pgnfO{ To;cl3 k"j{sf ;a} b}lgs klqsfn] ;dfrf/ P]Soa4tf
slxNo} ;ft bnsf] k|bz{gsf] rf;f] lyPg . hgfP . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, df]/ªn]
l/dfnn] xQkQ c¿nfO{ klg Tof] k7fpg yfn] . HofbtLsf] g]t[Tj ug] k|x/Lsf lg/LIfs ;Gtf]if
kl5 …;]G8 cfO6dÚ x]bf{dfq} yfxf kfP, @# tfdfª / ljgf]b e08f/LnfO{ sfnf];"rLdf
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nx/af6 o;cl3 /fhgLltdf vf;} rfv glng] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljkL k|lti7fg, w/fgsf lrlsT;s,
o'jf cfslif{t eP .
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k|bz{g x'g g;s]kl5 o'jfnfO{ cfGbf]lnt kfg] x}l;ot xfl;n u/]sf] ;Gb]z lbP .
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eof] . k|hftGqs} pknlAw dflgg] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] gnfOof];\Ú, efg'rf]sdf sf]0f;ef ;'? ub} 8f=
pkof]u ub} Ps–csf{nfO{ cfGbf]lnt kfg] nx/n] e"k]Gb| g]kfnLn] eg], …xfdL s]jn nf]stGqjfbL
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7"nf] lyof] .
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lyPgÚ, slj ab|L kflnv] eG5g\, …@)$^ ;fnsf] sfo{qmddf slxNo} ;xeflutf jf P]Soa4tf
hgcfGbf]ng pkTosfs]lGb|t lyof], o;kfln rflx“ ghgfPsf lrlsT;s crfgs /fhfsf]
;a}lt/ p:t} pef/ b]lvof] .Ú x'g klg lg/+s'ztfsf] lj/f]w ub} ;8sdf plqFbf ;a}n]
cfdx8tfnsf] klxnf] lbgb]lv k"j{sf ljleGg :jfutdf tfnL ahfPsf lyP .
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cfPsf 5g\ . r}t @^ ut]b]lv g} k"j{sf vgf/, hghflt, k"j{ la|l6; uf]vf{ ;}lgs, k|fWofks,
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a]naf/L / bj] {zfh:tf ufp“df klg k|bz{g x'g dhb'/ / ljBfyL{ t klxNo}b]lv g} cu|k+lQmdf
yfn]sf 5g\ .
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cGTosf] nflu 3G6}lkR5] /fhgLlts bnsf
sfo{stf{, ;j{;fwf/0f, Jofkf/L, lrlsT;s,
sd{rf/L, ;~rf/sdL{, sfg'gJoj;foL,
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eGbf k[ys\ 5 . ;ft /fhgLlts bnx¿ /
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;ft bnsf] ;x/ s]lGb|t cfGbf]ng ;'?
x'g'eGbf cl3Nnf] lbg dfcf]jfbL / ;ft
bnn] alb{ofsf] d}gfkf]v/ / afFs]sf] vh'/fdf
;+o'Qm sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP .
dfcf]jfbL / ;ft /fhgLlts bnn]
g]kfnuGhb]lv !) lsnf]ld6/ klZrd
vh'/fdf a[xt\ ;+o'Qm nf]stflGqs sfo{qmd
cfof]hgf u/]/ /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] k'Tnf
hnfpg'sf ;fy} af‘s] If]q gDa/ # nfO{
nf]stGq If]q;d]t 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ .
clwsf/Lsf] ;kgf
pRr /Qmrfksf lj/fdL k|fWofks xl//fh
clwsf/L r}t @^ ut] lgoldt
cf}ifwf]krf/sf] nflu c:ktfn k'Ug' kg] {
lyof], t/ lg/+s'z /fhtGqlj?4 ePsf
ljleGg sfo{qmdDff efu lnFbflnFb}
g]kfnuGhsf] dx]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk; PsfO
k|fWofks ;+3sf cWoIf clwsf/L lgoldt
cf}ifwLsf] nflu c:ktfn k'Ug ;s]gg\ .
r}t @^ ut]sf] lj/f]w sfo{qmddf efu
lnPsf] 8]9 3G6f laTg gkfpFb} pRr
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d[To'sf] 8]9 3G6fcl3;Dd $* jifL{o
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cfjZostf /x]sf] wf/0ff /fv]sf lyP .
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r}t @( ut] ;'v] {tdf emG8} !) xhf/sf] Jofks
h'n'; lgl:sPsf] 5 . pQm h'n'; ;'v] {tsf] Oltxf;df
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6]sgf/fo0f clwsf/Ln] eg], …olt 7"nf] h'n'; t
$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngtfsf klg ePsf] lyPg .Ú
h'n;df /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{ / ;dly{t
ljBfyL{x¿dfq xf]Og :yfgLo Jofkf/L, lzIfs,
dhb'/, sd{rf/Lnufot ljleGg k];fsdL{x¿sf]
;xeflutf lyof] .
lg/+s'z /fhtGqlj/f]wL gf/fafhL ub} ;8sdf
pln{Psf] hge]n bafpg tyf layf]Ng k|x/Ln]
x:tIf]k ug] k|of; eg] k|x/Ln] u/]g . nf]stGqsf
kIfdf gf/fafhL ub} ufp“ufp“ k'u]sf] h'n';df
ufp“df /x]sf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutf klg x\jfQ}
a9]sf] lyof] .lgoldt h;f] d+unu9Lrf]saf6 ;'?
eO{ ahf/ kl/qmdf u/L g]tfrf]s k'uL ;dfkg
x'g] h'n';n] pQm lbg af}4rf]s, d"nkfgL, 9f]8]vfnL,
sfnfufp“ a'4ky x' “b} kLknrf}tf/L k'uL sf]0f;efdf
kl/0ft ePsf] lyof] .
r}t @& ut] /flt jL/]Gb|rf]sb]lv klZrd
vf]s]{nfOgsf hgtfn] :jtM:km"t{¿kdf
nf]stGqsf kIfdf Jofks gf/fjfhL u/] .
jL/]Gb|rf]sb]lv vf]s] {vf]nf;Dd kf“r 7fp“df 6fo/
afnL :yfgLo hgtfn] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf
P]Soa4tf k|bz{g u/] .
;'?df 3/sf 5t 5taf6 gf/f nufO/x]sf
;j{;fwf/0fn] kl5 ;8sd} cf]ln{P/ lg/+s'z
/fhtGqlj/f]wL rsf{ gf/fjfhL;d]t u/]sf lyP .
clwsf+z dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] pQm h'n';df s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf]
g]t[Tj / ;xeflutf eg] lyPg\ . 3/sf sf};Ldf
a;]sf j[4x¿n] eg] tfnL ahfp“b} k|bz{gsf/Lk|lt
;dy{g hgfPsf lyP . h'n';df el/of / dhb'/n]
;d]t rsf{ gf/f nufPsf lyP . b]zdf lg/+s'z
/fhtGqsf] cGTo / nf]stGq axfnL geP;Dd
cfk"mx¿ o;/L g} :jtM:km"t{¿kdf cfGbf]ng hf/L
/fVg] :yfgLo Jofkf/L kbd v8\sfn] atfP .
ä u0f]zs' 'df/ sfsL{÷;'v] {t -t:jL/ klg_
r}t @^ ut] bfªsf] ;b/d'sfd 3f]/fxLdf laxfg}b]lv
;'/Iff s8f u/fOPsf] lyof] . 3f]/fxL k|j]z ug]
d'Voåf/ 6«flkmsrf]sdf gfd n]vfpFb} leq k:b} ug]
l:ylt lyof], t/ ha 3f]/fxLk"j{sf b'O{ uflj;
/fdk'/ / nIdLk'/af6 emG8} b; xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf
hgtf gf/fh'n';sf ;fy k|j]z ug{ yfn] To;kl5
pgLx¿nfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;s] g t r]s hfFr g}
ul/of] g t gfd n]Vg] sfd g} eof] .
;f] lbgdfq} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd 3f]/fxLdf
emG8} @) xhf/, t'n;Lk'/df % xhf/, ndxLdf
% xhf/, k'/Gwf/f xfk'/]df @ xhf/, /fhk'/
a]nfdf @ xhf/ u/L sDtLdf #% xhf/ bªfnL
hgtf ;8sdf cf]ln{P .
r}t @$ ut]b]lv ;'? ePsf] cfdx8tfn;lxtsf]
cfGbf]ngdf cfhef]ln bfªdf xhf/f} hgtf b}lgs
;8sdf pqG5g\ . u0ftGqsf] kIf tyf
/fhtGqlj?4 gf/fjfhL ub} ;b/d'sfd 3f]/fxLdf
dfq} lbgx' sDtLdf tLgkN6 k|bz{g x'g] u/]sf
5g\ . laxfg Pp6f s'g} ;+:yfn] cfof]hgf u5{,
lbpF;f] Pp6f ;+:yfn] k|bz{g cfof]hgf u5{ eg]
a]n'sflt/ k|foM ljBfyL{n] h'n'; ug] u/]sf 5g\ .
ptf ufpF–ufpFdf k|To]s a]n'sf d;fn h'n'; k|bz{g
eO/x]sf 5g\ . clwsf+z ufpFdf ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng
kl/rfng sld6L klg u7g ul/Psf 5g\ .
ä g/]Gb| s];L÷bfª
k| ]/0ffk|b /ut
b'O{ jif{cl3 df3 !( ut] ha /fHo lg/+s'ztfsf] cf]yf/f]df
y'lgPsf] lyof], kf]v/f Psdfq e"ld lyof], hxfF ljBfyL{n] v'n]/
;8sdf lg/+s'ztflj?4 z+v ahfP . To; a]nfsf] k|bz{g /f]Sg
;'/IffsdL{n] rnfPsf] uf]nL nfu]/ uLtf s];L ePsL lyOg\ / pgsf]
/ut cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] nflu k| ]/0ff ag]sf] lyof] . clxn] km]l/ pxL
k|j[lQ bf]xf]l/Psf] 5, lg0ff{os elgPsf] cfGbf]ngsf] pef/ kf]v/fs}
e"lddf kf]lvPsf] /utn] ttfPsf] 5 .
o;aLr hgtfsf] s/ p7fP/ lsg]sf] uf]nL ;'/Iffkmf}hn] 8]9 bh{geGbf
a9L k6s kf]v/fsf hgtfnfO{ bflu;s]sf] 5 . cfGbf]ng lgoGq0f ug] {
Go"gtd k|lqmof / dfGotf klg tf]8]/ ;'/IffsdL{n] dgk/L hgtfdfly
l;sf/ v]Ng] cEof; ul//x]sf 5g\ . bnx¿n] lg0ff{os eg]sf] kl5Nnf]
cfGbf]ngsf] klxnf] l;sf/ eP eLd;]g bfxfn .
eLd;]gsf] ;xfbt g} cfGbf]ngsf] o:tf] 6lg{ª KjfOG6 eof],
hgtf :jefljs ¿kdf ;Qfwf/Ldfly cfqmf]z kf]Vg ;8sdf
plqP / ;/sf/;Fu eLd;]gsf] /utsf] d"No r'sfpg eg] .
dfgjclwsf/sdL{x¿ eG5g\, …bfxfnsf] lgwg ePsf] 36gfdf
uf]nL rnfpg} kg] { l:ylt kf]v/fsf s'g} klg lbgsf k|bz{gdf
cfPg, t/ k|xf/ gu/]sf lbg klg sd} /x] .Ú @& ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;af6 cfPsf] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x dx]Gb|k'n cfOk'u]kl5 k|x/L;Fu
;fdfGo em8k ePsf] lyof] . o; qmddf k|bz{gsf/Ln] xfg]sf]
b'O{j6f 9' +uf rf]sdf /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ejgsf] bf];|f] tnfsf
‰ofndf nfu]sf] lyof] . o;}nfO{ axfgf agfP/ rf}yf] tnfdfly
5tdf /x]sf] ;]G6«Laf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;}lgsn] kmfo/ u/]sf lyP .
tLg /fpG8 kmfo/ ePsf]df b'O{ /fpG8;Dd k|bz{gsf/L efufefu
u/]kl5 ;}lgsn] xltof/ tnlt/ ;f]‰ofP/ k|bz{gsf/L eflu/x]sf]
:yfgdf tfs]/ uf]nL xfg]sf lyP .
ä s]zj nfld5fg]÷kf]v/f

klZrdaf6 pbfp“b} ;"o{
Ps ;ftfb]lv :j:km"{t ¿kdf rn]sf]
P]ltxfl;s cfGbf]ngn] ;'b"/klZrd tft]sf] 5 .
laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;Dd ;8ssf uNnLdf s]jn
k|bz{gsf/Ldfq b]lvG5g\ . k;nx¿ aGb 5g\,
pkef]Qmfn] rfdn gkfPsf]df s'g} b'Mv 5}g .
k|bz{g ;'? ug{ kxn dfq s;}n] ul/lbg' k5{,
;j{;fwf/0f k|bz{gsf] k5fl8 :j:km" {t¿kdf
nfluxfN5g\ . lg/s' +z /fhtGqlj?4 gf/f nufpFb}
ahf/ kl/qmdf ug' { b}lgsL ag]sf] 5 . ahf/sf
rf]sb]lv lnP/ /fhdfu{df kg] { k|To]s ;fgf
ahf/df lbgx' F hln/x]sf 6fo/ / sf7sf Hjfnfn]
kl/jt{g rfx]sf 5g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft x' Fb} uPsf]
5 . klxnf] lbgsf] P]ltxfl;s k|bz{gdf k|x/Låf/f
clgolGqt eL8 ltt/lat/ ug{ bh{gf} + ;]n
c>'UofF; k|xf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . c>'UofF;af6
bh{gf} + JolQm kLl8t ePsf lyP eg] pkrf/
ug{ c:ktfn cfPsL o'jtL;d]t c>'UofF;af6
a]xf]; ePsL lyOg\ .
88]Nw'/fdf klg k|bz{gsf/LnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
k|x/Ln] !% /fpG8 uf]nL k|xf/ u¥of] . t}klg,
cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] uf]nLsf] k|jfx gu/L ;8sdf
cufl8 al9/x] . cfGbf]ngsf] kmf]6f] lvlr/x]sf
kqsf/ Pj+ g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf s]Gb|Lo
pk;efklt l8cf/ kGtnfO{ k|x/Ln] lgd{dtfk"j{s
s'6\b} pgsf] Sofd/f;d]t vf];] . l5d]sL ;x/
wgu9Ldf If]qs} ;aeGbf ljzfn k|bz{g eO/x]sf
5g\ . k|bz{gsf/L b]v]/ tl;{Psf] zfxL ;/sf/n]
lgoGq0fdf lng ;of} + /fpG8 uf]nL k|xf/ u/],
h;df tLghgfsf] cj:yf uDeL/ 5 . uf]nL
rn]sf] lbg wgu9Ldf &! hgf 3fOt] ePsf
lyP . nuftf/ k|bz{gn] Jofkstf kfPkl5
k|zf;gn] d+unjf/ ;fFemb]lv laxfg;Dd csf] {
cfb]z gx'Gh]n sºo' { 3f]if0ff u/]sf], 5 wgu9Ldf .
cfGbf]ngsf qmddf ;'b"/klZrddf tLg dlxnf
kqmfp ePsf 5g\ . b'O{hgf kqsf/ lu/ºtf/
ePsf 5g\ eg] emG8} Ps ;o g]tf / sfo{stf{
lu/ºtf/ ul/Psf 5g\ . lhNnf sf/fuf/df 7fpF
gePkl5 kqmfp ul/PsfnfO{ lhNnf k|x/L,
c~rn k|x/L / u0fdf /flvPsf] 5 .
a}t8L, c5fd, 8f]6Ldf klg k|bz{gsf qmddf
Jofks w/ks8 / bdg ePsf] 5 . cfGbf]ngdf
kxf8L lhNnf 88]Nw'/f, 8f]6L / c5fd cu|:yfgdf
5g\ . a'wjf/ ePsf] k|bz{gdf 8f]6Lsf] lbkfondf
k|x/Ln] nf7L hfr{ ubf{ tLg bh{g 3fOt] ePsf
5g\ . a'wjf/ dfq} dx]Gb|gu/ / wgu9Ldf ePsf
ljzfn k|bz{gdf #) xhf/eGbf a9L hgtfn]
;8sdf pq]/ nf]stGqsf] gf/fnfO{ 3GsfPsf
lyP . ljleGg k];fsdL{n] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;dy{g
hgfpFb} cf–cfºgf] 9+un] ;xeflutf hgfPkl5
cfGbf]ngn] yk pmhf{ kfPsf] 5 . k|fWofks ;+3,
af/ P;f]l;P;g, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, lrlsT;s,
clwsf/sdL{, k|fljlws, lzIfs, u};/sf/L ;+:yf,
oftfoft Joj;foL, xf]6n Joj;foLnufot ;a}
cfGbf]ngsf xf]ldPsf 5g\ .
ä Zofd e§÷dx]Gb|gu/
bf]xf]l/of] Oltxf;
lgxTyf ;j{;fwf/0fk|lt
;/sf/n] bdgsf]
k/fsfi7f k|:t't u¥of]
rf/lbg] cfdx8tfnsf] klxnf] lbgb]lv g}
lrtjgdf eJo hgk|bz{g ;'? ePsf] lyof] .
@% ut] k|bz{gsf/L / k|x/LaLr laxfg}b]lv
em8k ;'? eof] . To; lbg k|x/Ln] h'n';nfO{
e/tk'/ hfg glbO{ /f]s]sf] lyof] . /f]Sbf
k|bz{gsf/Ln] 9' +uf k|xf/ uy] { eg] k|x/Ln] bh{gf} +
;]n c>'Uof“;, nf7L / 9' +uf xfg]sf] lyof] . o;
qmddf Ps bh{g cfGbf]ngsf/L / b'O{ k|x/L
3fOt] eP . hgcfGbf]ng lbj;sf lbg !@
gaHb} gf/fo0fu9 vrfvr eof] . sfo{qmdcg';f/
To; lbg ¥ofnL / ;ef x'g' kg] { lyof], t/
;xefuLx¿ ;efdf efif0f ;'GgeGbf cl3Nnf]
lbg /f]s]sf] k|x/Lsf] 3]/f tf]8\g rfxGy] . e/tk'/
gu/kflnsf / rf}aL;sf]7Ldf /x]sf] :juL{o /fhf
dx]Gb|sf] ;flnsj/k/ ;'/IffsdL{ t}gfy lyP .
;'?df k|x/Ln] h'n';nfO{ cufl8 a9\g lbPg .
kmn:j¿k cl3Nnf] lbgsf] h:t} tgfjsf] l:ylt
cfof], h'n'; ltt/lat/ eof] .
lbp“;f] ;jf tLg ah]lt/ cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{no, e/tk'/df tf]8kmf]8 x' “bf dfnkf]t sfof{no
glhsaf6 l:ylt lgoGq0fdf lng eGb} k|x/Ln]
uf]nL rnfof] . dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 /fh:j sfof{no
;o ld6/ k/ pQ/ lbzfdf 5, t/ k|x/Ln] cGwfw'Gw
uf]nL rnfp“bf dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 k"j{ 3/ ePsf
dlxnfx¿nfO{ uf]nL nfUof] . Ps dlxnf t'n;L
If]qLsf] lgwg g} eof] .
ä /d]z kf}8]n÷lrtjg -t:jL/ klg_
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 33

t:jL/x¿ M ljgf]b 9'Ë]n
hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if k|r08;“usf] tfhf cGtjf{tf{
…xfdL /fhgLlts
ljho rfxG5f} +Ú
;ft bnsf] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng ljhosf] pTsif{df k'lu/x]s} a]nf ;z:q
ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n] hgcfGbf]ng cem} rls{ +b} uof] eg] cfºgf]
kf6L{ klg zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf ;8sdf plqg] atfPsf 5g\ . ;8sdf nfvf} + hgtf
lgl:sP/ klg pgLx¿n] g]t[Tj gkfP cfºgf] kf6L{ hgtfsf] aLrdf hfg] pgsf]
egfO 5 . dfcf]jfbLn] o'4dfkm{t xf]Og, /fhgLlts ¿kd} ljho kfpg rfx]sf]
atfp“b} cWoIf k|r08 ;fdGtL ;QfnfO{ lynlynf] kfg{ hgo'4sf] k|of]u ul/
Psf] atfp“5g\ .
;dosf nflu kqsf/ ljgf]b 9'Ë]nn] dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08;“u s]xL lbgcl3
lnPsf] k|ToIf cGtjf{tf{sf] k|d'v c+z M
tkfO{ +x¿sf] /fhgLltdf cfPsf] …o'Ú 6g{sf] /x:o
s] xf] <
s'g ;Gbe{df < s;/L To;f] eGg'ePsf] <
klxnf zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng / r'gfj, To;kl5
;z:q hgo'4 / r'gfj alxisf/ clg clxn]
km]l/ zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng / r'gfjsf s'/f . of]
…o'Ú 6g{ xf]Og <
xf]Og . of] t ljsf;sf] Pp6f qmd xf] .
@)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngkl5sf]
/fhgLlts jftfj/0fdf hg;d'bfonfO{ k|lzlIft
ug{ xfdLn] ;+;b\nfO{ pkof]u u/]sf lyof} + .
tLg jif{;Ddsf] xfd|f] Tof] e08fkmf]/kl5 gofF
/fhgLlts jftfj/0f aGof] / xfdLn] hgo'4sf]
kxn u¥of} + . b; jif{sf] hgo'4 / o;aLrdf
u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] ulx/f]
cWoogaf6 xfdLn] qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf
;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds cg'ejsf] ;+Zn]if0f
u/]/ x]/]sf 5f} + . km]l/ clxn] xfdLn] ax'bnLo
k|lt:kwf{ eGg'sf] tfTko{ ljz'4 ;+;bLo k|hftGq
eGg vf]h]sf xf]Ogf+ } . eGg vf]h]sf] t s] xf]
eg]– hgjfb / ;dfhjfbdf klg ax'bnLo
k|hftGq x'g' k5{ . bnx¿aLrsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
/fhgLltaf6 dfq} k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 .
o;/L xfd|f] a'emfO ljrf/sf] ljsf;sf] qmd xf],
…o'Ú 6g{ xf]Og .
tkfO{+x¿ …lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGToÚ
elg/xg'ePsf] 5 . of] eGg'sf] cy{ /fhtGq
lg/+s'z gePsf] cj:yfdf l:jsfg] { s'/f xf] <
;ft bn;Fusf] ;femf ;dembf/Lsf nflu of]
kbfjnLsf] k|of]u ePsf] xf] . nf]stGqsf]
:yfkgfeGbf xfdLrflxF k"0f{ nf]stflGqs u0ftGq
g} a'‰5f} + eg]/ Tolt a]n} bnx¿nfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf
5f} F . tTsfn ;femf b':dgsf ¿kdf lg/+s'z
/fhtGqlj?4 ;xdlt agfP/ n8\g tof/ ePsf
5f} + . xfd|f] Go"gtd nIo ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g} xf] . s'g} klg vfnsf]
/fhtGq xf]Og, u0ftGq g} xf] . k"0f{ nf]stGq
eg]sf] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g} xf] eg]/ xfdLn]
k6s–k6s k|:6 kfb} { cfPsf 5f} + .
eg]kl5, bnx¿ / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] d'Vo åGå t
b]lvg afFsL /x]5, x}g <
To;nfO{ …?n cfp6Ú ug{ ;lsFb}g . xfdL t
hgcfGbf]ngsf] andf hfpmF / ;ft bnn] klg
cfºgf dfu p7fpFb} nu]/ u0ftGqdf k'¥ofpmg\
eGg] rfxG5f} +, t/ Pp6f ljGb'df bnx¿ /fhf;Fu
;Demf}tf ug{ hfg] / xfdL ghfg] x'g ;S5 .
t/, tkfO{ +x¿n] g} /fhf;Fu ldn]/ zf;g u/f} +,
bnsf g]tf ;a}nfO{ h]n xfnf} + eg]/ /fhf;Fu
k|:tfj /fVg'ePsf] lyof] /] †
lglZrt ¿kdf kf]xf]/ df3 !( eGbfklxn]
z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] k|wfgdlGqTj sfndf xfdLn]
/fhf;Fu s'/f ug] { eg]s} xf] / /fhfsf] klg Ps
vfnsf] …Pk|f]rÚ lyof] . xfdL @)$^ ;fnsf]
cfGbf]ngsf pknlAwaf6 kl5 x6\g] lx;fan]
xf]Og, cl3 hfg] lx;fan] /fhf;Fu s'/f ug{
rfxGYof} F . t/, df3 !( df k"/} k|ltufdL sbd

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u/]sf xf} . /fhfn] xfdL;Fu ldn]/ bnx¿nfO{ 5'– tkfO{ +x¿n] hgd'lQm ;]gfnfO{ ;d:of b]Vg' xltof/dfly ;fdGtL k|e'x¿sf] Psflwsf/
bdg u/f} eg] klg xfdL slxNo} dfGg ;Sb}gYof} ePg . g]kfnsf] ;d:of eg]sf] b'O{–c9fO{ ;o gtf]8L ;'v} lyPg / tf]8\g] qmddf /utsf]
/ ;Sb}gf} . df3 !( kl5 t xfdLn] /fhfsf jif{b]lv ;fdGtL b/jf/ / lg/+s'ztGqk|lt akmfbf/ vf]nf] gaufO{sg ;Dej lyPg . dnfO{ s;}n]
dfG5];Fu k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf s'/f gug] agfOPsf] / k|lzlIft zfxL ;]gf xf] . o;sf] Pp6f b]z b]vfpg] cfF6 ug{ ;S5 of] k|lqmofaf6
eg]/ lg0f{o g} u/]sf 5f} .
klg g]t[Tj dfq} d'Vo ;d:of xf] . hg;]gf t gu'lh|Psf] < b'O{–c9fO{ ;o jif{b]lv ;fdGtL
b/jf/ xTofsf08sf] nuQ} tkfO{+x¿n] gofF lglZrt j}rfl/s k|ultzLn dfGotfg';f/ k|e'x¿n] hdfPsf] xltof/dflysf] Psflwsf/ /
sf]tkj{nfO{ dfGotf glbg] eGg'eof] . t/, @)^! nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf nflu eg]/ hgtfsf bdgrqmnfO{ k|lt/f]w ug{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] xftdf
df3 !( cl3 …gofF dflnsÚ eg]/ /fhf;Fu dfq} 5f]/f5f]/Ln] agfPsf] ;]gf xf] . hgd'lQm ;]gfnfO{ klg xltof/ cfPsf] 5 . of] OR5f xf]Og,
s'/f ug] eGg'eof] . clxn] km]l/ s'/f ug' {sf] cy} t ;a} nf]stflGqs bnx¿sf] ;femf ;]gfsf] afWotfsf] s'/f lyof] . xfdLn] gp7fPsf] eP
5}g eGb} x'g' x'G5 . of] 9'nd'nsf] /x:o s] xf] < ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . bf];|f] s'/f, zfxL c¿ s;}n] p7fpFYof] . clxn] klg g]skf -
xfdL clxn klg b/jf/ xTofsf08 g]kfn / ;]gfsf klg ;a} dfG5] unt 5}gg\ . tNnf] dfcf]jfbL_n] xltof/ 5f]8\of] eg] klg g]kfnL
g]kfnL hgtflj?4 /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o txsf zfxL ;]gfnfO{ klg /fli6«o ;]gfdf ;fd]n ;dfhsf] ljBdfg ;d:of / cGt/åGåsf] xn
if8\oGqsf] kl/0ffd lyof] eGg] 7fG5f} . xfdLn] ug{ ;lsG5 . bnsf dfG5]x¿nfO{ eGg] u/]sf gePdf c¿ s;}n] xltof/ p7fpF5 .
;Nnfx u/]/ g} sd/]8 afa'/fd e§/fO{n] n]vdf 5f} F– tkfO{ +x¿ hg;]gfdf cfP/ dhf;Fu sdfG8/, efj'stfsf] s'/f ubf{ t o;aLrdf d hlt
Tof] s'/f pNn]v ug' {ePsf] xf] . b/jf/ xTofsf08 sld;f/ aGg ;Sg' x'G5 . zfxL ;]gf, ;z:q efj's sf]xL klg ePsf] 5}g h:tf] nfU5 .
hgtflGqs cfGbf]nglj?4 if8\oGqsf ¿kd} k|x/L / k|x/L / To;sf] k"/} …¥ofÍ PG8 kmfOnÚ yf]/}eGbf yf]/} /ut au]/ ;d:ofsf] xn xf];\
cfPsf] xf] . To;df ;fdGtjfbL s§/kGyL tŒj klg xfd|f] ;d:of xf]Og, To;sf #@–#$ hgf eGg] dfq xfd|f] rfxgf xf] .
/ ;fd|fHojfbsf] Pp6f lx:;f ;+nUg 5 eGg] hg] {nx¿ Dffq} ;d:of x'g\ . zflGtk"0f{ / ;z:q xltof/dfly oqf] ljZjf; x' Fbfx' Fb} clxn] ;'/lIft
xfd|f] dfGotf clxn] klg oyfjt\ 5 . To;kl5 ljb|f]xåf/f of] s'/f k|:6 ug{ ;lsof] eg] cjt/0fsf nflu lsg 56k6fpg' ePsf] t <
of] /fhtGq gSsnL / s[lqd 5 eGg] dfGotfsf pgLx¿sf] hflu/sf] lg/Gt/tf /xG5 . ;ft ;'/lIft cjt/0f eGg] zAb dnfO{ c;fWo}
cfwf/df …u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; u/f} +Ú eg]/ bn / xfdLn] pgLx¿sf] hflu/ / hLjgsf] …Ol/6];gÚ x'g] zAb ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] ;'/lIft
xfdLn] gf/f klg lbof} . xfdLn] xfd|f] 7fpFdf Uof/]G6L u/]/ pgLx¿sf] eljionfO{ d"nwf/df cjt/0f vf]h]s} xf]Og . g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;jf] {Qd
u0ftGqsf] ljsf; u/]sf klg 5f} . u0ftGqsf] ;d]6\5f} eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; lbnfpg]lalQs} lxtsf nflu, sd /Qmkftd} cu|ufdL /fhgLlts
s'/f 5f]8]/ dflns elgPsf] xf]Og . ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'G5 .
lgsf;sf lglDt lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s ;f]r]sf] s'/fnfO{
/fhfn] @)^# ;fnnfO{ k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;]gf / z:q;Fu /dfpg] oxL k|j[lQn] x}g /, xfdL yfs]sf] / ;'/lIft cjt/0f vf]h]/ 56kl6Psf]
jif{ eg]sf] ;Gb{edf tkfO+ {x¿sf] gLlt s] x'G5 < ;dfhnfO{ lynlynf] kf/]sf] <
eg]/ k|rf/ ug] ul/Psf] 5 . To;/L k|rf/ ug] {x¿
/fhfn] kf]xf]/ Dff3 !( sf] nuQ}b]lv u/]sf efjgfTds s'/f ubf{ To;f] eGg ;lsPnf, g} jf:tjdf 56kl6Psf 5g\ . xfd|f]
lgjf{rgsf ;a} s'/f 9f]ª x'g\ . gu/kflnsfsf] t/ Oltxf;sf] uDeL/ cWoog ug] x/]snfO{ lhDd]jf/Laf]wnfO{ …aNn dfcf]jfbLsf] a'l4 cfP5Ú
lgjf{rgnfO{ gf}6+sL ;fljt ug' / Wj:t ug' yfxf 5– ;dfhsf] k|ultzLn ¿kfGt/0fsf] lglDt eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . z]/axfb'/nfO{ $) a' Fb] 1fkgkq
lyof], hgtfn] cfºg} kxndf Tof] Wj:t u/] . lx+;fsf] k|fof]hs k'/fgf] ;Qflj?4 ljb|f]x ug] {nfO{ klg xfdLn] a'l4 eP/} lbPsf lyof} . Tolt a]nf
clxn] cfGbf]ng rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+;b\sf] lx+;fjfbL eGg ldNb}g . ;+;f/sf clxn] cfkm"nfO{ tL dfu k"/f u/]sf] eP hgo'4 gx'g klg
r'gfjsf] s'/f ug' csf] gf}6+sL xf] . 3f]if0ff c;fWo} ;Eo eGg] b]zx¿ klg ;fdGtL ;Qflj?4 ;SYof] . clxn] klg ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t hgtfn]
u/]sf] lbgb]lv g} To:tf] xf:of:kb / nHhf:kb 7"nf] /Qmkftsf] aLraf6} cfPsf x'g\ . cd]l/sf, h] eG5g\, Tof] dfG5f} elg/x]sf 5f} . o;sf]
r'gfj c;kmn / Wj:t x'g ;'? x'G5 . lg/+s'z a]nfot, hd{gL, k|mfG;nufot o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿ cy{ xfdL yfSof} F, ca xltof/ a'emfOlbG5f} eg]sf]
;QfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug] To:tf] axfgfnfO{ gf}6+sL klg lx+;faf6 d'Qm 5}gg\ . jf:tjdf hgo'4n] xf]Og . h?/L k5{ eg] xfdL cem} n8\5f} .
;fljt ub} Wj:t ug' {sf] ljsNk klg 5}g . g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ lynlynf] agfPsf] xf]Og, ;+ljwfg;efdf cl8u b]lvg'x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]
/fhfn] r'gfj ;fFRr} rfx]sf] eP t ;+;bLo hufPsf] xf] . a?, hgo'4dfkm{t ;fdGtL ;Qf / kl/0ffd nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] kIfd} cfP klg
bnx¿n] dfu]h:tf] ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf u/]/ ;fdGtx¿RfflxF lynlynf] ePsf 5g\ . /fhfn] To;nfO{ gdfg] km]l/ /Qmkft / hl6ntf
pgLx¿nfO{ r'gfj ug{ lbPsf] eP t s]xL dfG5]x¿ ufpF3/af6 lj:yflkt ePsf], lg/fzf hlGdFb}g / <
kTofpFy] b'lgofFn] . o;af6 klg /fhfn] r'gfjsf] / cGof]ndf afFr]sf], 6'x'/f / ljwjf ePsf] /fhfn] lg;t{ ;+ljwfg;ef gdfg];Dd Tof]
gfddf a]OdfgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oBlk, bnx¿n] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf s;/L ;dfh hfu]sf] eGg xfdL klg :jLsf/ ub} {gf} . To;s} nflu t
eg]h:tf] ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgfn] klg g]kfnL ldN5 <
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 jf c¿ s'g} e/kbf] cGt/f{li6«o
/fhgLltsf ljBdfg ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ub} {g . Pp6f kf6f]af6 x]bf{ To:tf] b]lvG5 . h'g;'s} dWo:ytf eg]sf xf} .
g Tof] j}w x'G5, g hgtfsf] rfxgfg';f/ x'G5, o'4df klg hg;d'bfosf] Pp6f lx:;f efubf}8 kl/df0f ;+j}wflgs jf …;]/]df]lgonÚ jf ;lqmo
g Oltxf;sf] cfjZostfg';f/ g} x'G5 . /fhfsf] / lg/f; t x'G5, t/ ufpFsf cfdhgtfsf] /fhtGq klg cfpg] ljsNk 5 lg † eGg hlt
r'gfj 3f]if0ffeGbf Tof] Ps sbd cufl8 eP X[bo 5fDbf xfdLnfO{ To:tf] nfUb}g . tkfO{ +x¿ dfGg ;lhnf] xf]nf <
klg b]z / hgtfsf] cfjZostfsf] t'ngfdf ;x/ahf/df a;]/ s] b]Vg'x'G5 s'lGg < ToxfFsf] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5– ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf]
Tof] klg k5fl8 g} x'G5 . t;y{ /fhfsf] r'gfjsf] dWod ju{sf] cfFvfaf6 x]bf{ To:tf] b]lvG5 xf]nf, kl/0ffd nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g} x'G5 . cfpg
3f]if0ffaf6 d'n'sdf emg\ eLif0f n8fOF x'G5, t/ ufpFsf hgtfsf aLrdf lg/fzf / s'07f t ;+j}wflgs jf …;]/]df]lgonÚ /fhtGq jf ;lqmo
/Qmkft dlrG5 / d'n's yk c/fhstftkm{ 5}g . a?, ufpFsf ul/a hgtfsf] t lxhf];Dd /fhtGq klg cfpg ;Sg] eof] . hgtfn] 3f]/
hfG5 . Tof] gxf];\ eg]/ g} xfdLn] c;fWo} nlrnf] hLjgsf] d"No / cy{ lyPg, hgo'4 ;'? u/]kl5 tfgfzfxL ;/sf/ x'g' k5{ eg] klg dfGg' k5{ .
gLlt lnPsf xf} .
hLjgsf] d"Noaf]w ePsf] 5 / pgLx¿n] xfdL xfdL hgtfsf] cledt eg]/ l:jsf5f}}+{ .
bnsf sfo{stf{ / dfc]fjfbL ;]gf ldnfP/ klg ;dfhsf clu|d dfG5]x¿ xf} eGg] dx;'; l;4fGttM h'g;'s} kl/0ffdnfO{ klg gl:jsfg]
/fli6«o ;]gf agfpg] eGg] tkfO{ +x¿sf] k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ .
xf] eg] t ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ug} ePg .
sxfF k'Uof] <
To;f] eP, xltof/ p7fpg' clgjfo{ lyof], of] Tolt a]nf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf sf/0f
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 35

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if k|r08;“usf] tfhf cGtjf{tf{
d/]sf dfG5] / au]sf] /utsf] cf}lrTo s;/L
k' 'li6 x'G5 <
;a} u0ftGqsf] kIfdf b]lvPsf] PSsfO;f} F
ztfAbLsf] dfgjr]tgfsf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] /fhtGqsf] kIfdf hgtfn] cledt
k|s6 u5{g\ eGg] s'g} cfwf/ 5}g . dnfO{ t
hgtfn] a'h' {jf nf]stGq xf]Og, hgu0ftGq x'g'
k5{ eGg] kIfdf dt xfN5g\ eGg] ljZjf; 5 .
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq eg]sf] t ef/tsf] h:t}
Joj:yf eof] . tkfO{ +x¿sf] /fhgLlts lrGtg
/ nIo;Fu of] d]n vfG5 <
afx|a' Fb] ;dembf/Lsf] k|:tfjgfdf /fhgLlts,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;a} If]qsf juL{o,
hftLo, n} +lus, If]qLo cflb ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{ +/rgf ub} { nf]stGqsf]
cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjog ug] { s'/f 5 . ToxfF uP/
t xfd|f] 7"nf] ax; x'g]jfnf 5 . qmflGtsf/L
e"ld;'wf/, cfTdlge{/ pBf]u / cy{gLlt, ;du|
/fli6«o gLltnufot ;a} clwsf/ ;+:yfut x'g'
k5{ . nf]stflGqs u0ftGq eg]sf] ;+;bLo
k|hftGq dfq xf]Og . Tof] ;+qmd0fsfnLg u0ftGq
x'G5 . ToxfF sf+u| ];, Pdfn]nufotsf] hf]8 ljz'4
;+;bLo u0ftGqdf n}hfg] x'g ;S5 . xfd|f]
hf]8 hgu0ftGqlt/ n}hfg] x'G5 . xfdL zflGtk"0f{
k|lt:kwf{ u5f} + { } . a'h' {jf u0ftGq x' FbfxF 'b} klg Tof]
g]kfnsf] e"–/fhgLlts cj:yfg';f/sf] /fHosf]
k'g;{ +/rgf;lxtsf] u0ftGq x'g]5 . hgtfsf] dg
lht]/ ;a}n] cfºgf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd nfu"
ug{ kfpg]5g\ . /fhgLlts åGå ;dfwfg x'g]5 .
tkfO{ +n] ef/tsf dfcf]jfbLn] klg zflGtk"0f{ /
r'gfjL af6f]df hfg' k5{ eGg'ePsf] 5 . To;sf]
cy{ tkfO{ +x¿nfO{ cfkm} Fn] rnfPsf] ;z:q ;+3if{
unt af6f]df 5 eGg] nfUg yfn]5, x}g <
To:tf] klg x}g . s'/fsf] JofVof h;/L klg
u/]/ x' Fb}g . ef/tsf dfcf]jfbLn] n8\g 5f]8\g'
k5{ eGg] xfd|f] egfO xf]Og . n8\g t xfdLn] g}
klg 5f]8]sf 5}gf} + . xltof/ p7fP/ l7s u/]sf
5f} + eGg] g} 5 . s'/f s] eg], xfdL ax'bnLo
k|lt:kwf{af6 cl3 a9\g' k5{ eGg]df k'Uof} +, t/
ef/tsf dfcf]jfbL ToxfF k'u]sf 5}gg\ . xfdL
ef/tsf dfcf]jfbLn] klg ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{
l:jsf¿g\ eGg] rfxG5f} + . pgLx¿n] klg Tof]
s'/f l;Sg' k5{ . xfdL pgLx¿;Fu ax; ug{
rflx/fv]sf 5f} + .
ef/tn] g]kfndf nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngnfO{ lsg
;xof]u u/]sf] xf]nf <
ef/tsf] zf;s ju{ g]kfnL hgtfsf]
nf]stGqk|lt lrlGtt 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb}g .
pgLx¿sf] Tof] lrGtf xf]Og . of] nf]stflGqs
cfGbf]ngdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ s'g} tl/sfn] …l8ºo'hÚ
ug{ ;lsof] eg] Tof] lzIffsf cfwf/df ef/tsf]
dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{ ;lsG5 /
ef/tLo zf;s ju{sf] jr{:j klg g]kfndf a9]/
hfG5 eGg] g} pgLx¿sf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] .
ef/tsf u}/–dfcf]jfbL sDo'lgi6 bnx¿sf]
dg;fo klg To:t} xf]nf <
36
;+:yfut kIfsf] t ToxL g} xf], t/ ;a}sf]
Tof] xf]Og . x/]s kf6L{leq w| 'jLs/0f a9\g yfn]sf]
5 . To;cg';f/ /fd|f] p2]Zosf ;fy g]kfndf
xfdLn] s]xL ug' { k5{ eGg]x¿ k|foM u}/–dfcf]jfbL
jfdkGyL bnx¿df 5g\ .
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;xof]u ul//x]sf]
ef/tnfO{ klg o:tf] cfnf]rgf / z+sf === <
t/, ef/tsf sof}+ /fhgLlts bnx¿,
k|ultzLn hgtf / a'l4hLjLx¿sf] 7"nf] tKsf
g]kfndf ;fFrf] cy{df nf]stflGqs u0ftGq
cfcf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . ef/tLo zf;s ju{sf]
eg] lj:tf/jfbL :jfy{ l5d]sLx¿dfly /xFb}
cfPsf] 5, pgLx¿sf] Tof] rl/qdf km]/abn
cfO;Sof] eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb}g .
o;sf] cy{ ef/tnfO{ x]g] { b[li6sf]0fdf s'g} kl/jt{g
ug' {ePsf] 5}g <
cfwf/e"t ¿kn] s]xL km]/abn ul/Psf] 5}g .
df3 !( df /fhfn] …s'Ú u/]kl5 c¿ cGt/lj/f]w
uf}0f x'g k'u]sf x'g\, xn ePsf 5}gg\ . df3
!( kl5 lg/+s'ztf g} k|d'v ;d:of eP/ cfof] .
ef/tn] klg /fhfsf] sbdsf] lj/f]w u¥of] .
xfdL lg/+s'ztflj?4 s]lGb|t eof} + . Tolt dfq
xf] . ef/tk|ltsf] xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f oyfjt\ 5 .
ef/tlj?4 ;'?ª o'4 g} eg]/ sl:;g'ePsf]
lyof] lg . clxn] t To:tf] b]lvFb}g . of] kl/jt{g
xf]Og <
;'?ª o'4 clxn] tTsfnsf] Ph]G8f ag]g .
df3 !( kl5 tTsfnsf] Ph]G8fdf km]/abn
eof] . lg/+s'ztflj?4sf] n8fOF g} clxn] k|d'v
eof], ef/tlj?4sf] n8fOF d'Vo ePg .
g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL åGånfO{ ef/tn] cfºgf] cfGtl/s
;'/Iffsf] ljifodf /fv]kl5 tkfO{ +x¿ ef/tk|lt g/d
/ /fhfk|lt s8f x'g'ePsf] xf]Og / <
;osf ;o unt . zfxL ;]gfnfO{ &) k|ltzt
xltof/ ef/t ;/sf/n] lbg] u/]sf] lyof] .
ef/tdf xfd|f ;fyLnfO{ lu/ºtf/ ug] { qmd a9\b}
uof] . g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lbPsf] tflndsf] ()
k|ltzt ef/tn] g} xf] . cd]l/sfsf] of]hgfg';f/
/]Gh/ u0fnfO{ x}b/fjfbdf ljz]if tflnd ef/tn]
lbg] u/]sf] 5 . Tof] cj:yfdf lglZrt¿kdf
ef/t;Fu n8\g' k5{ eg]/ xfdLn] ;f]r agfPsf
lyof} + . ef/t;Fu 8/fPsf] eP t xfd|f ;fyLx¿
e6fe6 klqmPsf] a]nf g} To;f] uYof} + { lg † emg\
pN6f] …6« ]GrÚ vg]/ ef/t;Fu n8\g' k5{ lsg
eGYof} + / < /fhfn] …s'Ú u/]kl5 / ef/tn] To;sf]
lj/f]w u/]kl5 d'Vo b':dg lg/+s'z /fhtGq
aGof] . To;lj?4 cfpg] ;a};Fu Ps vfnsf]
tfnd]n x'g;Sg] eof] g} .
tkfO{ +sf] xltof/ ;|f]t klg ef/t g} xf]Og / <
ef/tsf ahf/df kfOg] xltof/ xfdL k};f
eP;Dd lglZrt ¿kdf vl/b u5f} + { . Tof] klg
ef/tLox¿n] 6«ssf 6«s klqmg] u/]sf 5g\ .
@)%@ ;fndf $) a' Fb] dfu kqsf] Ps gDa/
a' Fbfd} /fVg'ePsf] ;g\ !(%) sf] ;lGw vf/]h
ug' {kg] { dfurflxF lsg p7fpg 5f]8\g'ePsf] lg <
clxn] klg /fli6«otf;DaGwL k|Zgdf Tof] Ps
;do á j}zfv &, @)^#
gDa/d} 5 . ;+3if{ stfkl§ s]lGb|t x'G5,
Tof]cg';f/ x]g' {k5{ ' . clxn] Tof] k|fyldstfdf
gk/]sf] dfq xf] .
g]kfnb]lv ef/tsf dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qx¿
ldnfP/ agfOPsf] …/]8 s]l/8f]/Ú slQsf] alnof]
ePsf] 5 <
To:tf] sf]l/8f]/sf] s'/f xfdLn] slxNo} u/]sf
5}gf} + . qmflGt cfoft / lgof{t ug] { j:t' klg
xf]Og, of] ;DalGwt b]zsf hgtfn] ug] { sfd
xf] . xfdLn] s'g} …sDKofS6 hf]gÚ jf …sf]l/8f]/Ú
agfPsf 5f} F eGg] s'/f g} ;To xf]Og .
Tof] eP tkfO{ +x¿sf] l;sDkf];f / ef/tsf
dfcf]jfbL g]tf u0fklt;Fusf] tkfO{ +sf] ;o'Qm
lj1lKt klg ;To xf]Og <
l;4fGttM xfdL blIf0f Pl;of / ljZjd}
qmflGt xf];\ eGg] rfxG5f} + . o; cy{df ef/tdfq
geP/ ;+;f/s} dfcf]jfbL;Fu xfd|f] j}rfl/s
;DaGw 5 . To;} cy{df u0fklt;Fusf] ;+o'Qm
jQmJo klg cfPsf] xf] .
ef/tn] ef/tsf dfcf]jfbLlj?4 s8fO / g]kfnsf]
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u Ps;fy u/]/
s] ug{ vf]h]sf] xf]nf <
ef/tLo zf;s ju{sf] cfÎg} :jfy{ 5, xfdL
lg/+s'ztflj?4 n8\g]x¿sf] cfÎg} :jfy{ 5 .
:jfy{x¿ ;f/df km/s–km/s 5g\, ¿kdf ldNg
cfPsf] 5 . ef/tn] ;fFrf] cy{df g]kfndf
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] lglDt e"ldsf v]Nof]
eg] To;af6 g]kfnL hgtfdf alnof] ;Gb]z
hfG5 / Oltxf;b]lv ef/tLo zf;sk|lt g]kfnL
hgtfsf] Xbodf /xFb} cfPsf] z+sf x6\5 . ef/tn]
To;f] unf{ eGg]df rflxF clxn] klg z+sf 5 .
olb ef/t jf:tjdf ;sf/fTds g} xf] eg]
xfd|f] kf6L{sf ls/0fhL, l;kL uh'/]nnufot
k6gfdf y'lgPsf lhDd]jf/ sd/]8nfO{ 5f]8\g
ef/tnfO{ s]sf] lxrlsrfj6 < ef/tLo zf;s
ju{sf] cs} { :jfy{ kf] 5 ls † pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{
…afu] {lgª 6'N;Úsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ vf]h]sf t
5}gg\ st} † o;k|lt xfdL uDeL/ 5f} F .
bn–dfcf]jfbL ;dembf/Ldf ef/tsf] e"ldsf
s] 5 <
b]lvg] u/L ef/tsf] s]xL e"ldsf ePsf] xfdLnfO{
yfxf 5}g .
gb]lvg] s]xL x'g ;S5 <
of] ;a} sfd pgLx¿sf] hfgsf/LeGbf aflx/
5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb}g, t/ ef/tn] k|ToIf
pkl:ylt b]vfP/ / e"ldsf v]n]/ s]xL klg
ePsf] 5}g . xfdLn] bnsf g]tfx¿nfO{ ef/tdf
e]6\bf klg e"ldut tl/sfn] e]6\g] u/]sf 5f} + .
sltko 7fpFdf eg] xfd|f] e]63f6 ;lsPsf]
s]xL a]/df u'Ktr/ k'Ug] u/]sf 5g\ .
bn / dfcf]jfbLsf] ;+o'Qm jQmJo lsg cfpg
g;s]sf] <
Pp6f t bnx¿sf] g]t[Tj 8/fPsf] 5 .
xfdL;Fu ;+o'Qm jQmJo lbg]lalQs} cfkm"x¿dfly
a9L bdg x'g ;S5 eGg] 8/ . csf]{lt/,
cGt/f{li6«o bafa . ;+o'Qm jQmJo glgsfNg

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ef/tsf] bafa 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5}g . xf] .
o;df cd]l/sfs} a9L bafa 5 h:tf] nfU5 . zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng lx+;fTds eP/ e8\lsP
cfGbf]ngsf ;+o'Qm sfo{qmd agfpg g;s]kl5 tkfO{ +x¿ b+u kg' x' Fbf] /x]5, x}g <
bn–dfcf]jfbL ;dembf/Lsf] cy{ / cfofd s] xfdLn] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng klg ug{
eof] t <
gkfOg] < gf/f nufpg, h'n; lgsfNg klg
!@ a' "b] ;dembf/Ldf w]/} s'/f 5g\ . Tof] gkfOg] < xf], xfdL zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf hfg
Pp6f P]ltxfl;s …a| ]s y| 'Ú xf] . ToxfFleq uDeL/ kfO/x]sf 5}gf} . rls{ +b} uof] eg] xfdL sf7df8f}
cfz+sf / cd"t{tf klg 5g\ . bf];|f] ;dembf/L hfG5f} . nfvf} hgtf ;8sdf lg:sg] eP eg]
t gofF s'/} xf]Og, klxnfs} s'/fnfO{ k'gM k|lta4tf hgtfsf] aLrdf xfdL lg:sG5f} . xfdL Tof]
ug{ vf]h]sf] dfq} xf] .
tof/L ub{ klg 5f} .
o:tf] ;DaGwjf6 uGtJodf k'Ug ;lsg]df slQsf] slxn] hfg' x'G5 <
ljZjf; ug' {ePsf] 5 <
nfvf} hgtf ;8sdf lgl:sP t/ g]t[TjljxLg
uGtJo cyf{t\ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k'Ugsf] eP eg] xfdL sf7df8f+ hfG5f} . hgtfsf] aLrdf
nflu of] sbd t l7s 5 . ;a}sf] ;femf x'G5f} . To;f] ubf{ xfdL dg{ klg tof/ 5f} .
b':dg cyf{t\ lg/+s'ztGqsf lj?4 n8\g] s'/fdf zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]nnfO{ ;ft bnn] g]t[Tj ug{
Ps dt t eof] lg, t/ u0ftGq;Dd hfg] ;s]gg\ eGg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] <
s'/fdf ;ft bnleq} ;xdlt 5}g . 5nkmn ub} Tof] ;ft bnsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] s'/f xf] . xfdLn]
uP/ ;femf sfo{qmd agfpg' k5{ eGg]df xfd|f] xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L s'/f u/]sf xf} . Tof] cfGbf]ng
;xdlt 5 . oxL cfwf/df cl3 a9\g ;lsG5 ;ft bnsf] dfq xf]Og, xfd|f] klg cfGbf]ng
eGg] ;f]r xf] .
xf] . Tof] t ;ft bn / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLrsf]
tkfO{ +x¿ hgtfk|lt ljZjf;sf] s'/f u/]/ yfSg' ;dembf/Lcg';f/sf] cfGbf]ng xf] . Tof]
x'Gg . t/ clxn]rflxF cfkm} lsg bnx¿sf] a};fvL lhDd]jf/Laf]wsf sf/0f xfdL sf7df8f} hfg]
6]Sg vf]Hg'ePsf] xF <
tof/Ldf nfu]sf 5f} .
;lsPg lg t -xfF;f]====_ olb zfxL ;]gf, bnx¿k|lt tkfOx¿sf] z+sfn' /j}of k|s6
zfxL cd]l/sL ;]gf gag]sf] x'GYof] eg] xfdLn] eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dembf/L eO;Sbf klg
b'O{ jif{cufl8 g} sf7df8f} sAhf ul/;s]sf x'g] lsg o:tf] <
lyof} . pgLx¿;Fu P;Pncf/ dfq} ePsf a]nf hgtfsf] rfxgflj?4 xflgsf/s ;Demf}tf
Ps b'O{ j6f dfq} eP klg xfdL;Fu Ps]–$& x'g gkfcf];\ eg]/ hgtfnfO{ ;ts{ agfO/xg
h:tf k|efjsf/L xltof/ lyP, t/ kl5 t xfdLn] h?/L b]Vof} . clxn] t l7s} b]lvG5, t/
cd]l/sL ;]gf;Fu n8]sf] h:tf] eof] . ca t /fhf / pgsf dGqLx¿n] bnx¿nfO{ af]nfO/x]sf]
xfdLn] /fhgLlts¿kn] lhTg' kg]{ eof] . cj:yf 5 . ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf jf ;j{bnLo
sf7df8f}+df cd]l/sL /fhb"t h]D; Pkm ;/sf/ jf To:t} s]xL eof] eg] bnx¿leq
d]l/of6L{;Fu xfd|f] ;Lw};Lw} n8fOF kl//x]sf] x'G5 . ;a} t xf]Og, s]xL JolQmx¿ /fhfsf]
cd]l/sf;Fu /fhgLlts n8fOF rln/x]sf] x'G5 . cfx\jfgcg';f/ hfg] / r'gfjlt/ nfUg] ;Defjgf
cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hh{ a'; ef/tdf cfP/ klxnf] 5 . klxnf /fhf / bnx¿ ldn]/ dfcf]jfbL
k6s g]kfnsf] af/]df gfd} lnP/ af]Ng' k¥of] . l;Wofpg] eg]/ lxF8]s} x'g\, t/ g;s]sf dfq} g
xfdLn] ;}lgs pkfoåf/f cd]l/sfnfO{ lhTg] x'g\ . t;y{ clxn] klg /fhf;Fu bnx¿ ldNg'
xf]Og ls /fhgLlts¿kn] lhTg vf]h]sf 5f} . Tof] ;d:ofsf] xn xf]Og . ;d:ofsf] xn t
Pp6f a[xQ/ /fhgLlts ;f]rcGtu{t g} of] ;a} !@ aF 'b] ;dembf/Ldf 5 . To;af6 bfofF afofF
eO/x]sf] 5 .
st} nfUg vf]lhof] eg] Oltxf;k|lt ljZjf;3ft
tkfO{ +n] kmf}hL / u}/kmf}hL cfGbf]ngsf] kvf{n x'G5 eg]/ hgftfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug' k5{ eGg]
elTsG5, bnx¿ ;z:q / xfdL zflGtk"0f{ xfdLn] 7fg]sf 5f} .
cfGbf]ng ug] …Îo'hgÚsf] r/0f cfpF5 eGg'ePsf] tkfO{ +n] r}t @$ ;Dd lx;falstfa k|:6 x'G5
5 . Tof] slxn] / s;/L x'G5 <
eGg'ePsf] lyof], Tof] ldlt sl6;Sof] . s] k|:6
kvf{n elTsg] qmd ;'? eO;s]sf] 5 . bf];|f] eof] t v} <
;dembf/L eof] . ;ft bnn] cfdx8tfn 3f]if0ff gofF jif{ nfUg] a]nf;Dd b]znfO{ Pp6f
u/], xfdLn] ;dy{g u¥of} . xfdLn] klxnf aGb, lgsf;tkm{ nUg' k5{ eGg] g} lyof] . 36gfqmd
gfsfaGbL / cfdx8tfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyof} . tLj|tfsf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL
xfdLn] tL ;a} lkmtf{ lnof} . r}t @$ ut] hgtfsf] /ut aUg] qmd /f]s]/ zflGtk"0f{ lgsf;
;nf{xLsf] ;b/d'sfddf xfdLn] xdnf u¥of} . lbg' k5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf xf] . To;sf] lglDt
bnx¿sf] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngn] To;af6 phf{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] klg ;sf/fTds e"ldsf
kfof] . cfGbf]ngdf slt uf8L / ;/sf/L sfof{no v]nf];\ eGg] xfd|f] cfu|x xf] . bn / xfd|f]
hnfOP, ;/sf/n] cfGbf]ngdf cfPsf dfG5] ;dembf/Ls} aLrdf zflGtsf] vfsf 5 .
df¥of] . zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf t o:tf] xF 'b}g . lg/+s'ztflj?4sf] Pstf g} zflGtsf] cfwf/ x'g
zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng lx+;fdf ablnFb} 5, xfdL ;S5 . c?;Fusf] ;Demf}tf Tof] cfwf/ x'g ;Sb}g .
zflGtlt/ uPsf 5f} . of] g} …Îo'hgÚsf] k|lqmof xfdL To;sf] lglDt h] ug{ klg tof/ 5f} .
/fi6«JofkL o'4lj/fdafx]s h] ug{ klg tof/
x'g'ePsf] xf] <
;ft bn;Fu xfdLn] elg/x]sf 5f}+–
;+ljwfg;ef jf nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf s'/fnfO{
:ki6;Fu Ph]G8f agfpmF, ;+o'Qm sfo{qmd agfpmF,
g]kfnL hgtfsf] gfddf ;+o'Qm clkn u/f} +,
tkfO{ +x¿n] eg]h:t} zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] lglDt
h?/L k5{ eg] b]zJofkL o'4lj/fd ug{ xfdL
tof/ 5f} +, t/ ;+o'Qm gf/f, sfo{qmd, gf/f /
clkn gePsf] cj:yfdf xfdLnfO{ o'4lj/fd
u/ eGg] g}ltstf bnx¿;Fu /xFb}g .
t/, tkfO{ +x¿n] o'4lj/fd gu/L lbFbf bnx¿ t
cK7]/f]d} k/]sf 5g\ lg <
clxn]s} cj:yfdf o'4lj/fd ul/lbg] xf]
eg] Tof] zfxL ;]gfsf] lxtdf x'G5 . xfdLn]
clxn] b]zJofkL kmf}hL sf/afxL u/]/ ;]gfnfO{
ljs]lGb|t kf/]sf 5f}+ . sf7df8f}+df
cfGbf]ngnfO{ prfOdf n}hfg] jftfj/0f ag]sf]
5 . xfdLn] b]zJofkL o'4lj/fd u¥of}+ eg]
p;n] cfºgf] of]hgfg';f/ zlQm s]lGb|t u5{ .
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] kmf}hL sf/afxL hxfF
tLj| 5, cfGbf]ng klg ToxLF k|efjsf/L ePsf]
5 . sf7df8f}+sf] xsdf eg] Tof] s'/f ;To
xf]Og . ToxL d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/df
sf7df8f}+df kmf}hL sf/afxL :ylut u/]sf
xf}+ . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] b]zJofkL kmf}hL
sf/afxLn] ;/sf/L kmf}hsf] dgf]an 36]sf]
5, hgtfsf] dgf]an a9]sf] 5 / cfGbf]ngdf
pmhf{ / pT;fx a9]sf] 5 .
eg]kl5 o'4lj/fd ug' {x'Gg <
clxn] o'4lj/fd ug{ ] a]nf ePsf] 5}g . pko'Qm
a]nf cfPdf xfdL o'4lj/fd ug{ v'nf 5f} + . ä
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 37

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if dfcf]jfbL ;xeflutf
df]xL dfUg] 9'ª\u|f] n'sfpg] †
dfcf]jfbL / ;ft bnaLr !@ a'Fb] /fhgLlts
;dembf/L x'g' cl3sf cfGbf]ngx¿df
cfdhgtfsf] rf;f] b]lvPsf] lyPg . ;DalGwt
bnsf sfo{stf{ / ljBfyL{ ;+u7gsf] cf+lzs
;xeflutfdf ;+;b\jfbL bnx¿n] cfGbf]ng
rnfO/x]sf lyP . hgo'4df ;+nUg
dfcf]jfbLn] ;ft bnsf] zflGtk"0f{
cfGbf]ngnfO{ g}lts ;dy{g dfq xf]Og, ;lqmo
;dy{g ug]{ ;dembf/L ePkl5 hgk|bz{gdf
gofF t/+u k}bf eof] / Tof] lj:tf/}
hgcfGbf]ngdf ¿kfGtl/t xF'b} 5 . o:tf]
/fhgLlts kl/b[ZonfO{ ;r]t gful/sx¿n]
a'em]sf 5g\, t/ cfGbf]ng ;+rfng ul//x]sf
bnx¿n] eg] /fhgLlts tYo ;fj{hlgs ¿kn]
:jLsf/ ug{ lsg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ <
tYo :jLsf/ ug{ g;Sg'sf] k5fl8 sfo/tf,
xLgtfaf]w jf sk6 n's]sf] x'g ;S5 . df]xL
dfUg] 9+'u|f] n'sfpg] n'RofOF b]vfP/
cfGbf]ngnfO{ tfls{s kl/0ffddf k'¥ofpg
;lsg]5}g . jt{dfg åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg
ug]{ x]t'n] dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;dembf/L u/]kl5
pgLx¿nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] Ph]G8fdf
k|j]z u/fpg' bnsf] st{Jo g} x'g cfpF5 .
To;df klg zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf cfd
hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 .
dfcf]jfbL eg]/ cnu ug{ ldNb}g . dfcf]jfbL–
;ft bn ;dembf/Ln] ubf{ g} d'n'sdf zflGt
/ k|hftGq rfF8} cfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf]
5 . if8\oGq / cx+sf/sf] rqmJo'x /r]/
u0f]zdfg, s[i0fk|;fb / dbg e08f/LnfO{
h:t} tl/sfn] dfcf]jfbL g]t[TjnfO{ lsgf/f /
7]ufgf nufpg] k|of; ul/of] eg] To;sf]
kl/0ffd if8\oGqsf/Lsf] 6fpsf]df alh|g
;S5 .
dfcf]jfbLn] lx+;fTds cfGbf]ngdfq
rsf{O/xFbf lg/+s'ztfnfO{ tTsfn nfe x'g]
b]v]/ g} ;ft bnsf] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngnfO{
;fy lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf x'g\ . hgo'4 / hg;+3if{
b'j} ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjn]
ca hgo'4eGbf hg;+3if{nfO{ k|fyldstf
lbPs} kmn:j?k ufpF ufpFdf hg;ef /
38
jt{dfg åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug] { x]t'n] dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;dembf/L
u/]kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] Ph]G8fdf k|j]z u/fpg' bnsf]
st{Jo g} x'g cfpF5 . To;df klg zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf cfd hgtfsf]
;xeflutfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . dfcf]jfbL eg]/ cnu ug{ ldNb}g .
;ft bn– dfcf]jfbL ;dembf/Ln] ubf{ g} d'n'sdf zflGt / k|hftGq rfF8}
cfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 .
hgk|bz{g eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] zflGtk"0f{
/fhgLlts dfxf]nnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ hfg] xf]
eg] dfcf]jfbL lx+;fn] ljsNk /f]Hg] cj;/
kfpg]5 . hgo'4 cfºgf] ;Ldfdf k'u]sf] s'/f
To; kf6L{n] :jLsf/ klg ul/;s]sf] 5 . ca
g]kfnL hgtfsf] /ut v]/ hfg glbg] xf] eg]
pgLx¿n] clx+;fsf] af6f]df uP/ klg k/fqmd
b]vfpg ;Sg' k5{, h;/L lx+;fdf b]vfPsf
5g\ . lx+;faf6 klg /fhgLlts ;Qf kl/j{tg
jf k|flKt x'g g;Sg] eGg] xf]Og, t/ o:tf]
dfWodaf6 ePsf] kl/jt{gn] :yfloTj kfpg
g;s]sf] Oltxf; xfd|} b]zdf 5 . @))&
;fndf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] lx+;fTds k|xf/af6
;Qf kl/jt{g eof] t/ To;n] :yfloTj kfpg
;s]g / k'gM lx+;faf6} k|ltudg eof] .
To;kl5 klg ;'j0f{ zdz]/ / ljkL sf]O/fnfsf]
g]t[Tjdf sf+u|];n] lx+;fTds cfGbf]ng rnfof]
;fy} emfkfaf6 klg lx+;fTds qmflGtsf] lju'n
sDo'lg:6 s]6fx¿n] ahfPs} x'g\ . To:tf
cfGbf]ngx¿ kl5 uP/ )$^ ;fnsf] clx+;|s
cfGbf]ngdf ;dfj]z ePs} sf/0f /fhfsf]
k|ToIf zf;g xf/]sf] xf] . /fhf k|ToIf zf;gdf
km]l/ cfPkl5 qmflGt g} Nofpg] hgtfn] rf;f]
b]vfPsf 5g\ . qmflGt ljlw ljwfg dfg]/
cfpFb}g . gofF ljlw ljwfg agfpg k'/fgf]nfO{
Wj+; kfg}{ k5{ . /fhfsf] lgif]lwt If]q / sºo'{
hgtfn] tf]8\b} 5g\, t/ j}wflgs zlQm dflgPsf
bnsf zLif{ g]tfx¿n] k|ToIf cfP/ /fhfsf]
To; cfb]znfO{ cj1f ug]{ b[9tf b]vfPsf
5}gg\ . gful/sx¿n] cj1f u/]kl5 To;sf]
kl5 kl5 bnsf emG8f lnP/ cfGbf]ngsf]
g]t[Tj u/]sf] :jfª /lr/x]sf 5g\ bnsf
g]tfx¿n] .
/fhfn] hgtfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ n'6\g
cfkm"df gLlxt lx+;|s zlQmsf] k|o]fu u/] eg]
hgtfn] cfºgf] n'6]sf] ;DklQ kmsf{pg
clx++;|s zlQmsf] k|xf/ ug'{ :jefljs xf] .
clwsf/ dfu]/ xf]Og vf];]/ dfq kfOG5 .
/fhfn] hgtfsf] clwsf/ aGb'saf6 vf];]
To;nfO{ dfcf]jfbLx¿ aGb'saf6} vf]:g] k|of;
ul//x]sf 5g\ . aGb'ssf] /fhgLlt hl6ndfq
;do á j}zfv &, @)^#
ä b'uf{ ;'j]bL
xf]Og if8\oGq / hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . dfcf]jfbLn]
lx+;fnfO{ g} /fhfsf] clwsf/ vf]:g] qmflGtsf]
lglj{sNk dfWod dfg]/ a:g] xf] eg] To;n]
;j{gfz l;jfo s]xL k|fKt x'g]5}g .
gf/fo0flx6Ldf aGb'sn] 3]l/P/ a;]sf /fhf
:jrflnt aGb's cfkm}+ k8\lsP/ ;kl/jf/ d/]
eGg] lj1lKtnfO{ tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL /
ljkIfL bnsf g]tfn] :jLsf/ u/]/ cfºgf]
/fhgLlts g}ltstf / x}l;ot k|blz{t
ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ca pgLx¿s} e/df
clx+;fTds cfGbf]ngn] qmflGtsf] :j¿k lng
;Dej 5}g . To;}n] dfcf]jfbLn] ;dod}
clx+;fsf] emG8f p7fP/ cufl8 a9\g]tkm{
sbd rfn]df ;ft bnsf] sk6 / sfo/tfsf]
/fhgLltdf klg ;'wf/ cfpg ;S5 .
dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf g]tf k|r08 /
afa'/fdx¿n] xfn} cfºgf] /fhgLlts ljrf/
hg;dIf k|jflxt ug]{ qmddf /fhgLlts
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf ufGwLhLnfO{ ;lDemPsf
lyP . ufGwLhL Pp6f dxfTdf dfq xf]Ogg\
clx+;f / ;bfrf/sf] /fhgLlts g]tf klg
x'g\ . pgsf] clx+;fsf] dtna ;gs / sdhf]/L
xf]Og . ;Tosf] cfu|x ug]{n] efUg' x'Fb}g, n8\g
/ dg{ tof/ x'g' k5{ eGg] c8fg lyof] pgsf] .
k|r08 / afa'/fdhLx¿ klg ;+3if{af6 efUg]
s'/f dg;f jfr;f ;f]Rb}gg\ xf]nf . …olb
cfk z:q;] :j/fh n] ;st] x} tf] cfk p;]
n] lnlho], d} b"/ v8f /x'+uf . n]lsg u'nfd
dt /lxo] cf}/ z:qf] ;] g n8 ;s] tf] d]/L
lgMz:q n8fOF d]+ ;fd]n xf] hfOo]Ú, ufGwLsf]
of] c8fg ;Dem]/ lx+;fsf] ljsNk clx+;f
dfg]/ hg;+3if{sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ k/fqmd k|r08–
afa'/fdx¿n] klg b]vfpg] df}sf cfPsf] 5 .
;x/ xf];\ jf ufpF ;a} 7fpFdf lx+;f aGb
u/]/ hgcfGbf]ngsf] cfFlwa]/L Nofpg] cj;/sf]
¿kdf bn;Fusf] ;dembf/LnfO{ pkof]u u/]df
dfq d'n'ssf] sNof0f x'g]5 . clxn]sf]
/fhgLlts t/ntfnfO{ cf–cfºgf] /fhgLlts
:jfy{cgs"n Psn] csf{nfO{ k|of]u ug]{, sk6
/ if8\oGq a'Gg] sfd x'Fb} hfg] xf] eg] g]kfn
/ g]kfnLsf] eljio 5}g . ä

l/kf]6{ k|x/L dgf]lj1fg
cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s k|xf/ ub} { k|x/Lx¿
vfnL k]6, ckx]lnt /
c;'/lIft k|x/L hjfgx¿
x/]s cfGbf]ngsf ljr/f
x'g\ / oxL kL8f pgLx¿
cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ bdg
u/]/ d]6fpg]
dgf]j}1flgsx¿
atfpF5g\ .
ljr/fx¿ †
;'bz{g /l~ht
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b;jif] ;z:q åGådf ?dflnPsf k|x/L /fhf 1fg]b|n] laxfgsf] vfgf vfg kfOPsf] 5}gÚ, Ps k|x/L Wofg k'u]sf] 5}g . lgoldt s8f l8p6L ug'
!$ dlxgfcufl8 ;Qf cfÎgf] xftdf lnPkl5 hjfgn] ;donfO{ atfP . sl/a lbgsf] @–# kg] {, vfgfsf] Joj:yf gu/]/ 8«fO km'8 k|of]u ug]
emg} dfgl;s¿kdf sdhf]/ x' Fb} uPsf 5g\ . ah] vfhfsf] ¿kdf lbOg] rfprfp, la:s'6 / h:tf sfo{n] pgLx¿df dgf]j}1flgs¿kdf c;/
Go"g tnadf sfd ug' kg] afWotf, c;'/lIft k|m'6Lsf] e/df pgLx¿n] !@ 3G6feGbf nfdf] u/]sf] x'G5 / ;fdfGo cj:yfdf eGbf yk
eljio / tflndsf] sdhf]/L;Fu} zfxL ;]gf / …l8p6LÚ ug' k5{ . Pp6f abL{wf/L ;d"xnfO{ s7f]/ / lx+;|s x'G5g\ .Ú
;z:q ansf] ;d]t x]k'jf k|j[lQn] yk lx+;|s x' Fb} cfjZos ;fdfGo vfgfsf] ;d]t Joj:yf gx' Fbf d'n'sdf hf/L hgcfGbf]ng ;kmntftkm{
uPsf] dgfj}1flgsx¿sf] ljZn]if0f 5 . pgLx¿df qm"/tf a9\g' :jefljs ePsf] uO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df of] cfGbf]ng bafpg' k5{
;ft bnn] u/]sf] cfdx8tfn bafpg dgf]ljZn]ifsx¿ atfpF5g\ . ptf ;8sdf eGg]df k|x/Lx¿ dfgl;s¿kdf tof/ ePsf]
;/sf/n] ljleGg 7fpFdf nufPsf] sÎo' {sf] cj1f v6fOPsf ;}lgssf nflu eg] cfjZostfg';f/ b]lvFb}g . Ps k|x/L clwsf/L eG5g\, …nf]stGq
ug] {x¿dfly k|x/Lx¿ lgd{d bdgdf plqPsf tf}nadf]lhd vfgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . xfd|f] klg cfjZostf xf], t/ clx+;fTds xf];\
5g\ . Toltdfq xf]Og ;'/IffsdL{sf] lgd{d Ps k|x/L eG5g\, …;8sdf ;a}eGbf a9L v6\g] eGg] xfd|f] rfxgf xf] . clxn] xfdL cfÎgf] st{Jo
s'6fOdf ;j{;fwf/0f a6'jf dfq xf]Og afnsb]lv xfdL t/ xfdLnfO{ g} cTofjZos vfgfsf] ;d]t k"/f ul//x]sf 5f} .Ú
j[4;Dd klg k/]sf 5g\ . ;'/IffsdL{n] dfgjLo Joj:yf 5}g .Ú
k|x/Lx¿nfO{ lbOg] tflnd ck"0f{ ePsf] 7x/
;+odtf jf:tf g} gu/L u/]sf] lgd{d s'6lk6n] dgf]ljZn]ifs 8f= d'/f/L /]UdL eG5g\, dgf]j}1flgsx¿sf] 5 . k|x/Lh:tf] lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{
hgtf yk cfqmf]lzt ePsf 5g\ . …g]kfndf ;'/IffsdL{ 5gf]6 ug] k|lqmof g} unt k];fdf cw{lzlIft dflg; lnP/ dfgjLo
k|x/Ldf b]lvPsf] cdfgjLo sfo{z}nLsf] k5fl8 5 . 5gf]6 ul/Psf] dflg; ;fwf/0f xf] jf x}g tflndsf] sdL x' Fbf Tof] emg} k|To'Tkfbs x'g]
pgLx¿sf] vfglkgdf b]lvPsf] a]jf:tf klg eGg] vfnsf dgf]j}1flgs k/LIf0f g]kfndf /]UdL atfpF5g\ . /]UdLsf cg';f/ k|x/Lx¿sf]
Pp6f sf/0f ePsf] 7x/ dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] ul/Fb}g . xltof/ af]Sg] ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ o;f] ug' tna / ;'ljwf Hofb} Go"g x'g' / åGåsf sf/0f
u/]sf 5g\ .
cTofjZos x'G5 .Ú To;n] ubf{ klg dgf]j}1flgs cfk} +m c;'/lIft x' Fb} uPsf sf/0f pgLx¿df
hgtf;Fu k|ToIf ;Dks{df /xg] k|x/Lx¿nfO{ cj:yf ;fdfGo gePsf dflg;x¿ k|x/L Jofks dfqfdf gsf/fTds dgf]j}1flgs c;/
cGo ;'/IffsdL{ ;}lgs / ;z:q k|x/Ln] ;d]t k|zf;gleq k|j]z ug{ 9f]sf v'nf ePsf] sf/0f k/]sf] xf] . kfpFb} cfPsf labf s6f}tL x' Fb} hfg',
tNnf] bhf{sf] ¿kdf x]g] u5{g\ . Tolt dfq kSs} klg pgLx¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf 3/df hfFbf;d]t ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLsf] tf/f] x'g'
geO{ pgLx¿nfO{ lbOg] vfgfdf ;d]t lje]b cdfgjLo lqmofsnfk b]vfpg] u5{g\ .Ú o:tf h:tf ;d:ofn] ubf{ klg k|x/Lx¿df g}/fZo
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljljw ;d:oftkm{ ;/sf/sf] s'g} Wofg gk'u]sf sfod} 5 . To;f] t lbge/ cfGbf]ngdf vl6Psf
kl5Nnf] cfd x8tfndf laxfg & ah]b]lv sf/0f pgLx¿n] cdfgjLo rl/q b]vfPsf 5g\ . k|x/LnfO{ /flt dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0f u5{g\ eGg]
a]n'sf * ah];Dd lgoldt sÎo' nufPsf nLsf] e/df 7"nf] eL8 lgoGq0f ug' kSs} klg qf; klg plQs} x'G5 . o:tf ;d:ofsf]
sf/0f k|x/Lsf] vfgfsf] ;d]t 6' +uf] gePsf] xf] . hl6n sfo{ xf] .
hlGh/df /x]sf] k|x/Ln] dfgjLo efjgfsf] s;/L
laxfg % ah]b]lv ;8sdf cf]ln{g] k|x/LnfO{ 8f= /]UdL eG5g\, …clxn]sf] cfGbf]ng;Fu hf]8]/ sb/ unf{g\ < ptf sd;n xltof/af6
a]n'sf l:ylt ;fDo ePkl5 dfq sfof{no lkmtf{ x]g] xf] eg] k|x/Lx¿n] Jofksdfqfdf qm"/tf dfcf]jfbL;Fu n8\g' kg] afWotfsf] dgf]j}1flgs
ul/G5 . lbgel/ ;8sdf vl6Psf k|x/LnfO{ k|bz{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;sf k5fl8 pgLx¿nfO{ c;/n] ubf{ klg dfgl;s¿kd} pgLx¿ lx+;|s
laxfgsf] vfgfsf] s'g} Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . dfgl;s¿kdf s;/L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 eGg] x' Fb} uPsf 5g\ .
…clxn] d'n'sel/ cfGbf]ngn] ;8s tft]kl5 s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5, t/ To;df s;}sf] klg
ä uf]ljGb kl/of/÷sf7df8f}
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 39

hgcfGbf]ng ljz]if c>' Uof“;
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ä l8NnL cfrfo{÷sf7df8f} sd xflg xf]cf];\ eg]/ o;sf] k|of]u ug] ul/Psf] UofF; g} a9L k|of]u ul/G5 . g]kfndf
;+;b\jfbL ;ft bnsf] /fi6«JofkL cfd x8tfndf
;/sf/n] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{ ltt/lat/ kfg{
cGwfw'Gb ¿kdf c>'UofF;sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 .
k|foh;f] dfG5]x¿ c>'UofF;k|lt vf;} ;r]t /x]sf]
b]lvFb}g . pgLx¿ o;n] dfgj :jf:Yodf bL3{sfnLg
¿kdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg] ljifodf cgle1 5g\
t/, o;sf] clws k|of]u dfgjsf nflu Hofb}
xflgsf/s ePsf] lj1x¿ atfpF5g\ . dfgjsf]
lhgdf ;d]t xflg k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] efjL k':tfn]
;d]t o;sf] s'k|efj ef]Ug' kg] b]lvG5 .
;'/IffsdL{x¿ klg o:tf] ljiffQm UofF;sf]
k|of]u ug] ljifodf Tolt ;+j]bgzLn b]lvFb}gg\ .
pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf lng] u/]sf
5g\ . ;'/IffsdL{x¿n] Ps}k6s Ps} 7fpFdf bh{gf}
;]n c>'UofF; ;d]t k|xf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ljBfno / c:ktfn
If]qj/k/ c>'UofF; k|of]u ug{ lgif]w u/]sf] 5 .
t}klg c:ktfn /x]sf If]qdf o;sf] hyfefjL
k|of]u x' Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lrlsT;sx¿sf cg';f/
eP klg o;sf] ck|ToIf c;/ eg] zf/Ll/s
IflteGbf sd 5}g . a? aflx/af6 x]bf{ b]lvg]
rf]6k6s pkrf/kl5 lgsf] x'G5 . t/,
c>'UofF;sf] s'k|efj eg] efjL k':tf;Dd k5{ .
klAns x]Ny sG;g{ 6«:6sf sfo{sf/L lgb] {zs
tyf g]kfn df]8]n c:ktfnsf lrlsT;s 8f=
e/ts'df/ k|wfg eG5g\, …c>'UofF;n] dfgj
z/L/df /x]sf lhgdf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . To:tf
dfG5]sf ;Gtfgdf o;n] j+zf0f'ut u'0fdf c;/
k'¥ofpg] x'G5 .Ú of] UofF;n] k|xf/ ug] JolQm /
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ klg plQs} c;/ kf5{ . afbn
nfu]sf] cj:yfdf eGbf rsf] 3fd nfu]sf] a]nf
of] b;f} u'0ff a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] x'G5 .
k|yd ljZjo'4b]lv /f;folgs xltof/sf] k|of]u
ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . ;'?;'?df lj/f]wL kIfdfly
cnsqfh:tf lrh k|of]u u/L n8\g] sfd
ul/GYof] . sfnfGt/df To;sf] ;f6f] sd 3fts
eg]/ !% j6f /;fogsf] k|of]u ul/g yfNof] .
tLdWo] klg l;Pg / l;P; ;a}eGbf sd
xflgsf/s dflgG5g\ . To;}n] clxn] oL b'O{j6f
;'/IffsdL{åf/f k|of]u ul/g] c>'UofF; rflxF l;P;
ePsf] atfOG5 .
l;P; c>'UofF; lqm:6n kfp8/ -l;;f km'6\bf
lg:sg] dl;gf] w'nf]_af6 ag]sf] x'G5 . o;df
kfO/f]6]lSgs sDkfpG8 ld;fPkl5 lu|g]8df xfn]/
k8\sfpFbf w'jfFsf] ¿kdf cfpF5 . ldlyn]g
Snf]/fOgn] of] w'nf]nfO{ afkmsf] ¿kdf xfjfdf
p8\g ;xof]u u5{ . o;df v';f{gLhGo lk/f]
kbfy{ xfn]/ cem} s8f agfOG5 . o;df k|of]u
ul/Psf] ldlyn]g Snf]/fOgn] z/L/df SofG;/
pTkGg u/fpg] tŒj k}bf u5{ .
cyf]{Snf]/f]a]Ghflnl8gDofn]gfl6«n /
Snf]/f]P;f]6f]lkmgf]g cflb /f;folgs of}lusx¿af6
agfOg] ePsfn] c>'UofF; jfo'd08ndf l56}
3'ngzLn x'G5 / dfgj 5fnfdf l56} ;f]l;g]
vfnsf] x'G5 . dfG5]sf] z/L/df k/]kl5 o;sf]
c;/ Ps dlxgf;Dd /xG5 . xfd|f] z/L/df
k/]kl5 n'uf w' Fbf klg o;sf] k|efj ;lsFb}g,
s'g} g s'g ¿kdf /lx/x]sf] x'G5 . krf;
ld6/b]lv kfFr ;o ld6/sf] b"/Laf6 k|xf/ ul/g]
40
hg:jf:Yodf v]naf8
;do á j}zfv &, @)^#
ef:j/ cf]emf

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c>'UofF;sf] k|efj xfjfsf] ult tyf lbzfdf k|efj kf/]sf] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . bfb ePsf]
e/ k5{ . ;fdfGotof o;sf] k|efj Ps ;o dfG5]nfO{ o;n] t'?Gt} 5fnfdf c;/ b]vfpg
ld6/leq sl/a #) ldg]6;Dd /xG5 . yflnxfN5 . cfFvfdf sG6\ofS6 n]G;
c>'UofF; xfjfdf km}lngf;fy gfs / d'vdf nufpg]x¿nfO{ o;sf] s'k|efjn] cfFvfdf cN;/sf]
lk/f] x'g] x'G5 . lj:tf/} 5fnf kf]Ng yfN5 . ;d:of b]lvg yfN5 . gfs–sfg / 3fF6Lsf] ;d:of
;f; km]g{ Hofb} sl7gfO x'g] x'G5 . of] UofF;n] ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ of] clt vt/gfs x'G5 .
3fF6L, lgwf/, sfgsf] k5fl8sf] efu / cfFvfdf kmf]S;f]sf /f]uLx¿nfO{ t o;n] t'?Gt} k|efljt
eTetL kf]Ng yfN5 . o;af6 dflg;df kfg] x'G5 . sn]hf]nfO{ bL3{sfnLg c;/ kf5{ .
tfTsflns / bL3{sfnLg b'j} vfnsf] c;/ kb{5 . 5f/] /f]usf lj/fdLnfO{ o;n] t'?Gt d"R5f{ agfpg]
o;af6 dfG5]nfO{ vf]sL nfUg], 5ftLdf hng sfd u5{ . o;sf] k|efjn] dflg;df lgdf]lgof
x'g] tyf ge{; / l8;c8{/ x'G5 . ;f; km]bf{ of] x'g] x'G5 .
dfgj z/L/leq k:5 . o;n] ubf{ :j/tGqLdf of] UofF;sf] s0f vfg]s'/fdf k¥of] eg] Tof]
c;/ kg] ePsfn] :j/ e2f / ?vf] aGg] vt/f t'?Gt} ljiffQm aGg k'U5 . To:tf] vfg]s'/f u|x0f
x'G5 eg] 5ftLdf c;/ kg' {sf ;fy} Zjf; km]g{ ug] dflg;nfO{ emf8fkvfnf nfU5 .
ufx|f] x'G5 . o;df sfa{gdf]gf]cS;fO8sf] dfqf ;g\ !(^( df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efdf
klg x'G5 h'g SofG;/sf] k|d'v sf/s dflgG5 . o;nfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg' k5{ eg]/ ax; ePsf]
o;af6 k|efljt x'g]x¿df SofG;/ nfUg] 8/ lyof] . ljZjsf *) j6f d'n'sn] c>'UofF;nfO{
x'G5 . 6fpsf] b'Vg], d'6'sf] w8\sg a9fpg], >j0f /f;folgs xltof/ eg]/ kl/eflift ub} k|ltaGw
/ b[Zo zlQmdf x|f; Nofpg], dlxgfjf/L Pj+ nufpg' kg] dfu;d]t u/]sf lyP . o'/f]k]nL
kmf]S;f] / kfrglqmofdf c;/ ug] tyf ue{ktg ;+3sf] a}7sdf klg o;af/] ljleGg cfjfh
u/fpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd o;sf] pl7/x]sf 5g\ .
;Dks{df /x\of] eg] gfsaf6 kfgL alu/xg], ¥ofn dfgj :jf:Yosf lglDt xflgsf/s ePsf]
r'lxg], vf]sL nfUg], Zjf;–k|Zjf; k|lqmofdf k|dfl0ft ePkl5 Sofg8fnufotsf d'n'sdf
sl7gfO x'g], 56k6L, bf]wf/ tyf cGof]n x'g] c>'UofF;dfly k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm
x'G5 . o:tf dflg;df s'g} lg0f{o ug] tyf ;f]Rg] clw/fHo a]nfot / a| 'gfO{df klg of] k|of]u ug{
s'/fdf c;/ b]lvg yfN5 . So'a]sdf c>'UofF;sf] lgif]w 5 . uf]vf{ la|l6; ;]gfdf sfo{/t s]bf/
k|of]un] dlxnfsf] k|hgg Ifdtf / dlxgfjf/Ldf ;'g'jf/ ;do;Fu eG5g\, …a]nfot / a| 'gfO{df t
of] k|of]u ug{ ] cg'dlt 5}g .Ú ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfsf] Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf of] UofF;nfO{ k|ltalGwt
ul/Psf] 5 . ToxfF o;sf] b'?kof]u ug] {nfO{ tLg
jif{sf] sf/fjf; ;hfo ul/G5 cyjf tLg xhf/
cd]l/sL 8n/ hl/jfgf ul/G5 .
o'; OGefO/f]d]G6 lk|h/e];g Ph]G;Lsf cg';f/
o;sf] k|efjdf cfpg] dflg;df SofG;/,
aRrfx¿df hGdhft ljs[lt Pj+ gsf/fTds
j+zf0f'ut kl/jt{g u/fpF5 . c>'UofF;df clt
ljiffn' vfnsf 3'ngzLn ldlylng Snf]/fO8
ePsfn] o;n] dfgl;s b'a{ntf u/fpF5 .
pkrf/
o:tf] ljiffn' tyf bL3{sfnLg c;/ kfg] {
UofF;sf] hyfefjL k|of]usf] lj/f]w ug' { k5{ . of]
UofF; k|xf/ ul/Psf] If]qj/k/ hfg x' Fb}g .
;'/IffsdL{nfO{ o;af6 x'g] c;/af/] r]tgf
hufpg cTofjZos 5 . sf6]sf] Kofhn] klg
o;sf] k|efj Go"g ug] { ePsfn] o:tf] cj:yfdf
cfkm";Fu Kofhsf] 6'qmf lnP/ lxF8\bf klg o;sf]
k|efjaf6 aRg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;sf] c;/
b]lvgf;fy kfgLn] d'v w'g' / s'Nnf ug' { pQm
x'G5, t/ vfnL xftn] cfFvf ldRg eg] x' Fb}g .
xftn] 5fnf 5'g] sfd u/]df cem} kf]Ng yfN5 .
;fa'gkfgLn] d'v w'g' 7Ls x'G5 . oBlk, ;fa'g
t}nLo eg] x'g' x' Fb}g . ulx/f] / ;':t/L Zjf;
lng] ug' { k5{ . ä
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 41

sfs8le§f laxfg %=)) ah]
eb|k'/ laxfg %=!) ah]
dw'dNnf laxfg %=@) ah]
w/fg laxfg ^=)% ah]
lj/f6gu/ laxfg %=$% ah] / ^ $% ah]
/fhlj/fh laxfg ^=)) ah]
l;/xf÷df8/ laxfg ^=!% ah]
dnËjf laxfg ^=#% ah]
hgsk'/ laxfg &=@) ah]
uf}/ laxfg ^=%% ah]
jL/u~h laxfg &=)%, !)=!% / !!=)) ah]
l6kf]6
dfcf]jfbL / t/fO{
hgtflGqsaLr sf6fdf/
;z:q ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL / p;af6} km'6]/ uPsf] If]q dflgg] pQm ahf/sf k;n]x¿nfO{
t/fO{ hgtflGqs d'lQm df]rf{aLr l;/xf / ;Kt/Ldf dfcf]jfbLn] pgLx¿sf] hg;/sf/df btf{ x'g
sf6df/sf] l:ylt ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] bafa lbPsfn] Toxf“ em8k ePsf] lyof] .
k6s r}t @^ ut] zlgjf/ /flt ;Kt/Lsf] lkk|fk"j{ dfcf]jfbL lgs6 dw];L /fli6«o d'lQm df]rf{sf
uflj;–* df hgtflGqssf b'O{ sfo{stf{;lxt cWoIf;d]t /lx;s]sf ;Kt/Lsf hos[i0f uf]Otn]
tLghgfsf] dfcf]jfbLn] xTof u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLn] dw];Lx¿sf] enfOsf] nflu s]xL
dfcf]jfbLåf/f dfk/g]df #) jifL{o hfls/ gug] { lgisif{ lgsfNb} kf6L{af6 ljb|f]x u/L @)^!
dG;'/L, #% jifL{o ;flkm/ dG;'/L / $) jifL{o ;fn ;fpgdf 5'§} …t/fO{ hgtflGqs d'lQm df]rf{Ú
rGb|z]v/ ;fx 5g\ . s]xL dlxgfotf kmQ]k'/, u7g u/]sf x'g\ . dfcf]jfbLaf6 cnlUuPsf uf]Otn]
s~rgk'/ / ?kgu/ If]qdf rf]/L 8s}tL, rGbf …b'uf{gGb emf Knf6'gÚsf gfddf sl/a kf“r
;+sng / ckx/0fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] cf/f]kdf ;ohgfsf] ;d"xdf cnUu} ;z:q kmf}h lgdf{0f
tLg}hgfdfly …sf/afxLÚ ul/Psf] dfcf]jfbLsf u/L lx+;fTds ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ yfn]kl5
;Kt/L lhNnf @ g+= Pl/of OGrfh{ ljdnn] dfcf]jfbL;Fu pgLx¿sf] b"/L a9]sf] 5 .
hgfPsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLn] ;'?sf] cj:yfdf l;/xfdf u/]sf]
:yfgLo afl;Gbfn] dG;'/Låo t/fO{ k|To]s xTofsf08df ;+nUg /x]sf ljgos'df/ dxtf]
hgtflGqssf sfo{stf{ eP klg ;fx lgbf] {if -;'/h_ klg ljb|f]x ub} { t/fO{ hgtflGqs df]rf{sf]
ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . sl/a %) hgfsf] ;d"xdf …t/fO{ d'lQm;]gfÚsf] k|d'v /x]/ ;lqmotfk"j{s ;}Go
cfPsf dfcf]jfbLn] dG;'/LåonfO{ ;fxsf] 3/df ;+u7g ug{ le8]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{n]
al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]sf lyP l;/xfsf] cof]Wofgu/ uflj;–% df ut ;fpg @
eg] ;f]xL avt 3fOt] ePsf ;fxnfO{ pkrf/sf ut] cfkmGtsf] 3/ uPsf a]nf ljgosf] xTof
nflu s~rgk'/ nf“bf af6f]d} d[To' ePsf] lyof] . u/]kl5 dfcf]jfbL / hgtflGqsaLrsf] emu8f Ps–
dG;'/Låon] r}t @$ ut] g]kfn ljB't\ csf{sf] sfo{stf{sf] xTof ug] { l:yltdf k'Uof] .
k|flws/0fsf ld6/ l/8/ dx]z a:g]tnfO{ o;cl3 t/fO{ hgtflGqssf sfo{stf{x¿n] l;/xf
sfof{no kmls{/x]sf] cj:yfdf lkk|fk"j{ uflj;jf6 / ;Kt/Ldf kj{t]d"nsf dflg;nfO{ ckx/0f u/L
ckx/0f u/L Ps dNnfx y/sf dflg;sf] 3/df lkm/f}tL lnP/ 5f]8\g] u/]sf lyP .
y'g]/ /fv]sf lyP . ckx/0fsf/L b'j} dfcf]jfbLsf] hgtflGqssf sfo{stf{n] @)^@ ;fn j}zfvdf
sf/afxLdf dfl/Psf] ;'g]kl5 dNnfxn] r}t @& dfcf]jfbLsf ;Kt/L lhNnf sld6Lsf ;b:o /
ut] cfOtjf/ a:g]tnfO{ y'gf d'Qm u/]sf 5g\ . ;fpg !@ ut] sdn]z ofbjsf] xTof u/]sf
o;cl3 r}t !$ ut] ;Kt/Lsf] l5Ggd:tf lyP . o;}aLr k6s k6s u/L l;/xfdf
uflj; ;v8f ahf/df t/fO{ hgtflGqssf dfcf]jfbLsf b'O{ sfo{stf{sf] hgtflGqsn] /
sfo{stf{nfO{ vf]Hb} cfPsf ;z:q dfcf]jfbLn] hgtflGqssf tLg sfo{stf{sf] dfcf]jfbLn] xTof
cGwfw'Gb uf]nL rnfp“bf rf/hgf 3fOt] ePsf u/]sf 5g\ .
lyP . t/fO{ hgtflGqs d'lQm df]rf{sf] k|efljt
ä ljhok|;fb ld>÷nxfg
dsfn' oftfoftsf] a; ;]jf
snÍLaf6 5'6\g] M d'Vo sfof{no, kmf]g g+= $@&&%%@, $@*!(&@, $@*&#)^
sf7df8f} +af6 hfg] sf7df8f} +tkm{ cfpg]
kf]v/f laxfg &=#) ah]
jL/u~h /flq a]n'sL *=!% ah]
sn}of laxfg !)=!% ah]
e/tk'/ laxfg !!=$% / lbpF;f] !@=!% ah]
lzjgu/ lbpF;f] !@=#) ah]
6fF8L k;f{ lbpF;f] !=)) ah]
6fF8L–vf]n]l;dn lbpF;f] !=$% ah]
k;f{–slkof lbpF;f] @=@) ah]
k;f{9fk–d]3f}nL lbpF;f] $=$% ah]
uLtfgu/–hutk'/ lbpF;f] $=!% ah]
j/yjf laxfg &=$) ah]
sf7df8f} +df l6s6 kfOg] :yfgx¿
snÍL ;'Gwf/f uf}zfnf nugv]n
@&#(!@÷@*!&)$ @%#!$@ $(#&%&÷$(&!#& %%@!^^^
sfs8le§faf6 laxfg %=)) ah]
eb|k'/af6 laxfg $=%) ah]
dw'dNnfaf6 laxfg $=%) ah]
w/fgaf6 laxfg $=@) ah]
O6x/Laf6 laxfg %=)), %=@), ^=#) / &=)) ah]
lj/f6gu/af6 laxfg $=#) ah]
/fhlj/fhaf6 laxfg %=#) ah]
l;/xf÷df8/af6 laxfg %=!% ah]
nxfgaf6 laxfg ^=!%, &=)), &=!% / (=)) ah]
dnËjfaf6 laxfg %=!% ah]
hgsk'/af6 laxfg *=!% ah]
uf}/af6 laxfg %=#) ah]
jL/u~haf6 laxfg (=)), !!=)) / !!=#) ah]
k"j{ ;f+;b
sf]Onf/f dfl/P
cd]l/sfsf] 6]S;f;, cfln{ª6gsf]] Ps
l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/df ut r}t @* ut]
k"j{ ;f+;b k|sfz sf]O/fnfsf] lgwg
ePsf] 5 . cfk/flws lu/f]xn]
sf]O/fnfnfO{ uf]nL xfg]kl5 :6f]/df cfuf]
nufOPsf] x'g ;Sg] z+sf ul/Psf] 5 .
sf]O/fnfsf] d[To'sf] :ki6 sf/0f eg]
clxn];Dd klg v'Ng ;s]sf] 5}g .
sf]O/fnfn] ljut s]xL jif{b]lv Ps
kfls:tfgLd"nsf Jofkf/Lsf] pQm
:6f]/df sfd ub}{ cfPsf lyP . pgsf]
d[t z/L/ ljeT; cj:yfdf ToxfF km]nf
k/]sf] lyof] . pgsf] z/L/ hn]/ lrGg}
g;lsg] cj:yfdf k|x/Ln] km]nf kf/]sf]
hgfOPsf] 5 . ck/fwLx¿n]
sf]O/fnfnfO{ uf]nL xfg]kl5 ToxfF
/flvPsf] Sofd]/fdf s}b ePsf]
36gfsf] b[Zosf] k|df0f gi6 ug{
pgLx¿n] :6f]/ g} cfuf] nufOlbPsf]
x'g ;Sg] cfz+sf clwsf/Lx¿n] u/]sf
5g\ . cg';Gwfgaf6 7f]; lgisif{df
gk'u'Gh]n sf]O/fnf xTofsf08 /x:osf]
kbf{df ;Lldt /xg] b]lvG5 .
sf]O/fnf k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgfkl5sf]
;DkGg @)$* ;fnsf] ;+;bLo
lgjf{rgdf l;Gw'nLaf6 g]kfnL sf+u| ];sf]
l6s6df lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . @)%!
;fnsf] dWofjlw lgjf{rgnuQ} pgL
cd]l/sf uPsf lyP . pgL ljut !)
jif{b]lv Ps 5f]/f k|tLssf ;fy
cd]l/sfsf] 6]S;f;df a:b} cfPsf lyP . ä
jL/u~haf6 a]n'sf *=#) ah]
sn}ofaf6 laxfg *=)) ah]
e/tk'/af6 laxfg %=#) ah]
k;f{af6 laxfg %=$% ah]
vf]n]l;dnaf6 laxfg !)=#) ah]
k;f{–slkofaf6 laxfg ^=#) ah]
d]3f}nLaf6 laxfg *=$% ah]
hutk'/af6 laxfg *=!% ah]
jL/uGh /flq laxfg ^=$% ah]
gf/fo0fu9af6 laxfg ^=!%, ^=$%, &=)), &=$), *=)),
*=!%, *=$% / lbpF;f] #=)) ah]
kfj{tLk'/af6 lbpF;f] !@=)) ah]
cGo :yfgx¿ M sfFs8le§f / eb|k'/df d]rL ;+3sf] sfpG6/, w/fgdf a;kfs{ -)@%_@)#&@, lj/f6gu/af6 a;kfs{ glhs} -)@!_ #)&@&, O6x/Ldf klZrdrf]s, /fhlj/fhdf -)#!_ @))(, nfxfgdf -)##_ ^)#^^, l;/fxfdf
-)##_ @)@##, l;/fxf÷df8/df -)##_ @)!#!, hgsk'/df efg'rf]s / /fdfgGb rf]s, dnËjfdf -)$^_ @))$@, jL/uGhdf -)%!_ @!%@^, x]6f}8fdf efg'rf]sdf -)%&_ @)%#%, gf/fo0fu9df k'Nrf]s a;kfs{ -)%^_ @$@)* .
ofq'x¿sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu uf}zfnf / ;'Gwf/faf6 lgMz'Ns ldlga; ;]jf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 43

l/kf]6{ a'6jn cfqmd0f
44
dfcf]jfbLsf pRr
n8fs'x¿ ;fd]n a'6jn
cfqmd0fdf lsg
dfcf]jfbL cgk]lIft
¿kdf c;kmn eof] <
o;af/] dfcf]jfbLleq
uDeL/ ;dLIff eO/x]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5 .
kTofpg}
ufx|f]
dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fsf ;fIfL a'6jnjf;Lx¿ cfqmd0fdf k/]sf cfkmGtsf] kL8fdf zf]sljx\jn :yfgLojf;L
ä bLks 1jfnL÷a'6jn -t:jL/ klg_
/ftel/sf] eLif0f cfqmd0f / le8Gtsf sf/0f
Ps emKsf] klg g;'t]sf a'6jnjf;LnfO{ nfu]sf]
lyof], ;a} ;'/Ifflgsfo, ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿
Wj:t eP, 3gfahf/sf a:tL v/fgL eP †
laxfg kfFr aHof], /f]lsof] bf]xf]/f] le8Gt, Ifltsf]
To:tf] eofjx sNkgfsf ;fy cfqmd0f:yn
k'u]sf x'nsf x'n a'6jnjf;Ln] 3f]/ cfZro{sf
b[Zo b]v]– k|foM ;a} ;'/Iff s]Gb| / ;/sf/L
sfof{nox¿ ;Un} lyP .
le8Gt /f]lsgf;fy x:ofª–km:ofª ub}{
36gf:yn k'u]sf ;~rf/sdL{sf nflu tL b[Zo
emg\ a9L cgf}7f lyP . dfcf]jfbL h+unlt/
psfnf] nfUb} lyP, Wj:t eP eG7flgPsf ;'/Iff
s]Gb|x¿ h:tfsf To:t} lyP . cGoq h:t}
;aeGbf sd ;dodf dfcf]jfbLn] lgoGq0fdf
lng ;Sg] elgPsf] Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf
Psflaxfg} k"j{jt\¿kd} k|x/L ;]G6«L al;/x]sf]
lyP . laxfgsf tL b[Zo s;}sf nflu ;kgf
h:t} lyP, lsgeg] k"/fk"/ gf} 3G6f nfdf]
le8Gtdf tL s]Gb|–sfof{nodf vf; s]xL gePsf]
kTofpg ufx|f] lyof] .
;ft bnsf] cfd x8tfn ;'? ePsf] bf];|f] /ft
dfcf]jfbLn] n'lDagL ;b/d'sfd a'6jndf
cfqmd0f k|of; u/]sf lyP, h'g pgLx¿s} nflu
k|To'Tkfbs /x\of] . To; /ft dfcf]jfbLn] a'6jnsf
;a} ;'/Iff s]Gb|x¿df Ps};fy xdnf u/]sf lyP .
;Fu} pgLx¿n] slknj:t' ;b/d'sfd tf}lnxjfdf
klg eLif0f cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . To;cl3
pgLx¿n] ¿kGb]xLsf] ;fnemG8L, slknj:t'sf]
uf]?l;+u]nufot ;'/Iff s]Gb|x¿df cfqmd0f
u/]sf lyP .
dfcf]jfbL eLif0f xdnfn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g}
Iflt k'¥ofPsf] / ;'/IffsdL{sf] dgf]an pRr
kf/]sf] zfxL ;]gfsf] egfO 5 . lgs} nfdf] u[xsfo{
/ /0fgLltkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf] a'6jn
cfqmd0fdf ;'/IffsdL{eGbf dfcf]jfbLtkm{ a9L
Iflt k'¥of] . 36gfdf ;ft dfcf]jfbLn] Hofg
u'dfP . rf/hgf kqmfp k/] . s]xL xltof/
;do á j}zfv &, @)^#
klg dfcf]jfbLn] u'dfP . a'6jnsf t'ngfdf
slknj:t'df ;'/Iff s]Gb|x¿df a9L Iflt k'Uof] .
slknj:t'sf] tf}lnxjfdf ;'/Iff s]Gb|x¿
Wj:t eP . dfcf]jfbLn] ! ;o rf/hgf s}bL
eufP klg .
tL b'j} 7fpFdf ;'/Ifflgsfotkm{ #–# hgf
u/L ^ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] ;'/Iff;|f]tsf] bfaL
5 . oBlk, 3fOt] ;'/IffsdL{sf] ;+Vof Hofbf
/x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLsf pRr n8fs'x¿ ;fd]n a'6jn
cfqmd0fdf lsg dfcf]jfbL cgk]lIft ¿kdf
c;kmn eof] < o;af/] dfcf]jfbLleq uDeL/
;dLIff eO/x]sf] 5 . x'g t dfcf]jfbLn] a'6jn
cfqmd0f …AnlsªÚsf nflu lyof] eg]/ ts{ lbPsf]
5 . a'6jn h:tf] c~rn ;b'/d'sfddf cfqmd0f
u/]/ cfkm" cl3 a9]sf] k'li6 ePsf] bfaL;d]t
p;sf] 5, t/ cfqmd0fsf] k|s[lt AnlsªeGbf
zfxL ;]gfsf] cfwf/df 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] g}
lyof] . To;f] t cfqmd0f eO/x]s} a]nf
cfqmd0fdf ;+nUg dfcf]jfbL pRr g]tfx¿n]

flt tLg ah]leq ;}lgs cfwf/ cfÏgf] sAhfdf
cfpg] bfaL ;~rf/dfWodx¿;Fu u/]sf lyP,
t/ l/Q} xft kmls{g afWo dfcf]jfbLn] kl5
slknj:t'df eLif0f cfqmd0f ug{ …AnlsªÚ u/]sf]
u/]sf] 5 . gf}–gf} 3G6f;Dd cTofw'lgs xltof/n]
cfqmd0f ug' { / bf]xf]/f] le8Gt eO/xg'n] klg
dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fsf] /0fgLlt Anlsª dfq}
lyPg eGg] k'li6 u5{ .
To;cl3 klg dfcf]jfbLn] a'6jn cfqmd0f
ug] { clGtd tof/L u/]sf] rrf{ lyof] . Tolt v]/
k|fljlws ;d:ofn] glhsaf6 kmls{g afWo ePsf]
hgfOPsf] lyof], t/ cfqmd0faf6 ;kmntf xft
gnfu]kl5 dfcf]jfbLn] s'g} klg a]nf a'6jndf
cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sg] hgfPsf] 5 . o;n]
;'/IffsdL{x¿ pRr ;ts{tfsf ;fy al;/x]sf
5g\ . cfqmd0fkl5sf x/]s lbg ;'/Iff s]Gb|
glhssf a:tL vfnL eO/x]sf 5g\ . ToxfF :jo+
;]gfn] klg le8Gt x'g ;Sg] hgfpFb} glhssf
afl;GbfnfO{ p7\g elg/x]sf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLn] a'6jnsf ;ft ;'/Iff s]Gb| /
;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ lg;fgf agfP/ cfqmd0f
u/]kl5 a9\tf lg;fgf /fdgu/l:yt zfxL ;]gfsf
@@ gDa/ aflxgL / /0fzfx u0fnfO{ agfPsf]
lyof] . oL ;'/Iff sfof{no glhs} /x]sf klZrd
k|x/L tflnd s]Gb| / j8f k|x/L sfof{no ejg
Ifltu|:t ag]sf 5g\ . To:t} b'O{ lsnf]ld6/
b"/Lsf] km/sdf /x]sf ;}lgs tflnd s]Gb|, Ok|sf
/ If]qLo 6«flkmsdf klg s'g} Iflt k'u]g .
lsg eof] c;kmn <
dfcf]jfbLs} :jLsf/f]lQmdf b'j} cfqmd0fdf
p;n] !$ hgf u'dfPsf] 5 / rf/hgf kqmfp
k/]sf 5g\ . a'6jn h:tf] 7fpFsf xft xfn]/
klg dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f c;kmn x'g'df vf;
sf/0f lyP, ;'/IffsdL{sf] pRr ;ts{tf /
dfcf]jfbLsf] lkmtnf] /0fgLlt .
cfqmd0fsf] ;'/fsL kfPkl5 zfxL ;]gf klxNo}
pRr ;ts{ ag]sf] lyof] . /, ;'/Iff s]Gb|x¿df
klxNo} t}gfy lyof] . j8f k|x/L sfof{no /fdgu/sf
k|x/Lx¿ klxn] g} ;}lgs Aof/]sleq l5/]sf lyP .
Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no, k|x/L tflnd s]Gb|nufotsf
sd ;'/Iff ePsf ;'/Iff s]Gb|x¿ / j/k/sf
k|Tofqmd0f ug{ ;lhnf] 7fpFdf ;}lgs t}gfy
eO;s]sf lyP . ;a} 7fpFdf n8fs' ;}lgs cufl8
cfO;s]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fsf] ;+s]t
kfpgf;fy ;}lgsx¿n] j/k/sf 8fF8fx¿;Dd
cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . ;'/Iff SofDk glhs
cfO;s]sf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg pgLx¿n] cufl8
a9\g lbPsf lyPgg\ . t}klg laxfg pHofnf]
eOGh]n b'j}kIf bdbf/ tl/sfn] n8]sf lyP .
;}lgs SofDkdf cfqmd0f ug{ dfcf]jfbLsf
dlxnfx¿ vlGgPsf] :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] atfP .
s]xL lbgotf ;'/Iff s]Gb| /x]sf h+unx¿df
dfcf]jfbLsf] a9\tf rnv]n lyof] . To;f] t
kfNkf cfqmd0f otf dfcf]jfbL ;]gfx¿n] u08s
If]qdf c•f hdfO/x]sf lyof] .
a'6jn cfqmd0f ug{ pgLx¿n] rf/}tkm{
Anlsª u/]sf lyP . a'6jnsf] g]kfnuGh /f]8df
pgLx¿n] :yfgLo k;naf6 g'gsf af]/f NofP/
;]G6«L / Anlsª kf]:6 v8f u/]sf lyP . To:t}
pkrf/ s]Gb|x¿ klg v8f u/]sf lyP . t/,
;'/Ifflgsfosf nflu lgs} zlQmzfnL 7flgPsf]
a'6jndf cfqmd0f ubf{ klg pgLx¿n] lkmtnf]
/0fgLlt ckgfPsf] hgfOPsf] 5 .
a'6jn cfqmd0fdf cfPsf w]/}h;f] dfcf]jfbL
5fkfdf/ gofF cg'xf/ lyP . w]/}nfO{ a'6jnsf]
ef}uf]lns agfj6 g} yfxf lyPg . …s]xL dfcf]jfbLn]
t Ok|sf, j8f k|x/L, ;]gfsf] jflxgL / tflnd
s]Gb| stf k5{ eg]/ ;f]w]sf lyPÚ, k|ToIfbzL{sf]
cg'ej 5 . ;}lgs tflnd s]Gb| / Onfsf k|x/L
sfof{odf cfqmd0f ubf{ dfcf]jfbLn] ;j{;fwf/0fsf
;fdfGo 3/ k|of]u u/]sf lyP . cfqmd0fsf] ;'?s}
r/0fdf dfcf]jfbLn] ;}lgs Aof/]scl3 g} ;]gfsf]
aVt/aGb uf8L lgoGq0fdf lnO{ 6fo/ k'm6fPsf
lyP . t/, kl5 pgLx¿ kl5 x6]sf lyP .
/fte/ ;zQm n8] klg kl/0ffd dfcf]jfbLsf]
ljkIfdf b]lvof] h'g 36gfn] ;'/Ifflgsfosf]
cfTdan a9]sf] 5 . u08s If]qsf] ;'/Iff
zlQm;DkGg ;x/df cfqmd0f u/]/ gofF ;Gb]z
lbg] dfcf]jfbL of]hgf v'lDrPsf] 5 .
cfqmd0fdf k/]/ a'6jnsf ;j{;fwf/0f czf]s
yfkf / slknj:t'df csf{ Ps ;j{;fw/0f dfl/
Psf 5g\ . To:t} s]xL ;j{;fwf/0f 3fOt] ePsf
5g\ . cfqmd0faf6 g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf]
ejgdf klg Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . ä
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 45

"/;~rf/ km]l/ dgkl/
v} xs
pkef]Qmfsf] <
47
ä dw';"bg kf}8]n÷sf7df8f} +
cfGbf]ngsf gfddf hgtfsf df]jfOn aGb u/]/
km]l/ Psk6s pkef]Qmfsf] xs vf]l;Psf] 5, t/
csf] {lt/ k/LIf0fsf gfddf dGqL /
;'/Ifflgsfosf xflsdx¿nfO{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]
l;l8PdP afFl8Psf] 5 .
cfGbf]ng bafpg ;/sf/n] df]jfOn ;]jf cj?4
kf/]sf] 5, t/ dGqL, ;/sf/sf dflyNnf] bhf{sf
xflsdx¿ / ;'/Ifflgsfosf clwsf/Lx¿sf]
xftdf eg] df]jfOn 5'6]sf] 5}g .cfdgful/ssf
nflu af“l8Psf] kfFr nfveGbf w]/} kf]:6 k]8 /
lk|k]8 df]jfOn ;]jf sf6]/ pgLx¿n] g]kfn
6]lnsdn] afF8\g] tof/Ldf /x]sf] l;l8PdP
cGtu{tsf xft] ;]6x¿dfkm{t df]jfOn ;]jf
pkef]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .
6]lnsd sd{rf/Lx¿sf cg';f/ …k/LIf0fÚsf
;do á j}zfv &, @)^@
;/sf/n] o;tkm{ a]jf:tf b]vfpg'sf] kmfObf /fd| };Fu
n'76]sf] 5, 6]lnsdn] cfÎgf u|fxs;Fu clws d'gfkmf
c;'n u/]/ .
t/ 6]lnsdsf] kl5Nnf] Jojxf/ eg] ;f“lRrs}
cGofok"0f{ 5, cfÎgf u|fxsk|lt . lsgeg] Psflt/
cfdgful/sn] /sd e'Qmfg u/]/ lnPsf]
+
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df]jfOnnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg g;Sg] / csf] {tkm{
cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ljt/0f g} gul/Psf] l;l8PdP
;]jf ;/sf/sf dflyNnf] bhf{sf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{
pknAw u/fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] .
Tof]eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f k/LIf0fsf gfddf ;/sf/L
clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns kmf]g pknAw u/fpg]
nflu eGb} 6]lnsd Joj:yfkgn] sf7df8f} / pgLx¿sf] vr{;d]t cfd pkef]Qmfaf6 c;'n
pkTosfel/ df]jfOnsf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ug] sfo{k|lt pkef]Qmf ;r]t x'g' kg] b]lvPsf]
;lsg] pQm ;]jf ;/sf/sf pRrkb:y
xflsdx¿sf] ;]jfdf 6qmØfPsf] 5 . o;/L
5 . o;cl3 :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf a]nf
klg df]jfOn cj?4 kfbf{ l;l8PdP kmf]g oxL
af“l8Psf l;l8PdPsf xft] ;]6x¿sf] ;+Vof kfFr ¿kdf ;/sf/L / ;'/IfflgsfonfO{ pknAw
;oeGbf a9L /x]sf] sd{rf/Lx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ .
k/LIf0fsf gfddf 6]lnsd Joj:yfkgn]
u/fOPsf] yfxf ePsf] 5 .
df]jfOn kmf]g cfGbf]ng bafpg ;/sf/n]
pgLx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf] xf] . k|of]u ug] csf] xltof/ ag]sf] 5 . cfGbf]ng
of] ;]jf gful/ssf nflu eg] cf7 xhf/
?k}ofFeGbf a9Ldf afF8\g] of]hgfdf 6]lnsd /x]sf]
3f]if0ff ePkl5 df]jfOn ;]jf cj?4 kf/]/ cfGbf]ng
bafpg] sfdsf] ;'?jft ul/G5 . o;af6 df]6f]
5 . o;n] 6]lnsdsf] Joj;fo ug] lgotdfly /sd e'QmfgL u/]/ df]jfOn ;'ljwf lnPsf
uDeL/ k|Zg p7]sf] 5, dflyNnf] txsf ;/sf/L
clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu lgMz'Ns ;]jf
pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/dfly 7f8f] xgg t ePsf]
5 g}, sDkgLdf kl/0ft ul/Psf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]
pknAw u/fpg] / tNnf] txsf gful/saf6 cfDbfgLdf klg uDeL/ wSsf k'Ub} cfPsf] 5 .
pgLx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] lan p7\g]
u/L dxFuf]df a]Rg] .
6]lnsdsf dxfk|aGws ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
…dflysf] cfb]zÚdf df]jfOn cj?4 ePsf] atfpFb}
pkef]Qmfx¿ ;r]t gePsf] cj:yfdf 6]lnsdsf] cfPsf 5g\, t/ sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePsf] 6]lnsdn]
o:tf] u}/Joj;flos cfr/0f g}ltstfeGbf w]/} aflx/
k'lu;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;} klg 6]lnsdn] clxn]
lgot;+ut sfo{ ul//xFbf s'g} cb[Zo …dflysf]
cfb]zÚ kfngf ug{ afWo x'g' kb{}g eg]/
klg cTolws dxFuf] ;]jf pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5, Joj:yfkgn] c8fg lng ;s]sf] 5}g .
em08} Psflwsf/k"0f{ g]kfnL ahf/df . kl5Nnf
lbgdf 6]lnsdn] ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jfaf6 b}lgs
6]lnsdnfO{ k|ToIf cfly{s gf]S;fg k'Ug] sfo{sf]
sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;/sf/sf] cf“vfdf tf/f] aGb} lj/f]wdf
sl/a tLg s/f]8 ?k}ofFa/fa/sf] Jofkf/ ub} cfPsf] plqFb} cfPsf 5g\ . /, o;k6s klg pgLx¿n]
5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf cg';f/ h;sf] %) k|ltzt
/sd p;n] cfh{g ug] d'gfkmf xf] . NofG8
nf]stGq :yfkgfdf ;ft bnx¿n] rnfPsf]
cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf;Fu} cj?4 df]jfOn ;'rf?
nfOg / df]jfOn ;]jfdf 6]lnsdn] ljleGg ug' kg] dfunfO{ klg plQs} dxŒj lbPsf 5g\ .
s/sf gfddf pkef]Qmfx¿af6 p7fpg] /sd
p;sf nflu d'gfkmfsf ;|f]t aGb} cfO/x]sf
g]kfn 6]lnsd sd{rf/L ;+3sf cWoIf 6+snfn
>]i7 eG5g\, …df]jfOn ;]jf v'nfpg
5g\ . o;tkm{ ;/sf/n] cf“vf lrlDng'sf] sf/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ xfdLn] ;r]t agfPsf 5f} . cGoyf
p;n] cfjZos kbf{ /sd p7fpg] ;|f]t xf]
6]lnsd . :jR5 Joj;fosf nflu cfjZos
;+3if{df plqg'sf] ljsNk 5}g .Ú sd{rf/Lx¿n]
df]jfOn v'nfpg' kg] dfusf ;fy cfGbf]ng
…k|lt:kwf{ sfg'gÚ Nofpg] k|lta4tf hgfP/ klg cufl8 a9fPsf 5g\ . ä

v]ns'b PPkm;L Rofn]Gh sk
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ä gjLg cof{n÷sf7df8f}
ug] cj;/af6 b'O{kN6 r'Sg' g} g]kfnsf nflu a| ]s/;Dd nlDaPsf] lyof] ;]ldkmfOgn v]n .
b'ef{Uo ;fljt eof] . ;d"xut v]ndf >Ln+sfnfO{ 6fO{–a|]s/df >Ln+sfsf % hgf v]nf8Ln]
cGt/f{li6«o km'6andf ;kmntfsf] ufyf sf]b} !–! uf]nsf] a/fa/Ldf /f]s]/ bf];|f] r/0f k|j]z k]gfN6LnfO{ uf]ndf kl/0ft ul/;s]sf] l:yltdf
xiff] {Nnf;sf ;fy 3/ kmls{g] g]kfnL km'6ansf] Ps
bzseGbf nfdf] k|tLIff o;kfln klg k|tLIffd}
ug] cfwf/ agfPsf] g]kfn ;]ldkmfOgndf oxL
6f]nL;Fu le8]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf nflu 6f;L l5l/ª, gjLg Gof}kfg] /
c~hg s];L dfq uf]nnfO{ ;xL lbzf lbg
;Lldt ePsf] 5 . snfTds k|bz{gsf sf/0f ljut …df}sfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ g;Sg' g} k/fhosf] ;kmn eP . o;cl3sf $ v]ndf % uf]n u/]/
b'O{ ;ftfb]lv a+unfb]zsf] r6ufpF ;x/df k|z+l;t
eO/x]sf g]kfnL km'6an v]nf8Lx¿ ;g\ !((#
sf/0f eof]Ú, lgwf{l/t ;dodf kfPsf] k]gfN6Lsf]
cj;/ k|bLkn] uf]n kf]:6dfly xfg]/ v]/ ºofFs]sf]
k|z+;f kfPsf k|bLk rf}yf] tyf lg0ff{os k]gfN6Ldf
k'gM PskN6 r's], h'g g]kfnsf nflu clGtd
kl5 cGt/f{li6«o km'6an pkflw 3/ leœofpg] 36gftkm{ nlIft ub} k|lzIfs Zofd yfkfn] b'ef{Uo aGof] .
of]hgfdf km]l/ ljkmn ag]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn PPkm;L Rofn]Ghsksf] ;]ldkmfOgn
:yfgLo kqsf/nfO{ eg]sf 5g\ . kmfOgn k|j]zsf]
lg0ff{os v]ndf >Ln+sfsf uf]n/Ifs ;'uy
…g]kfnsf] k|bz{g /fd|f] lyof] . t/ lhTg]
cj:yfdf x' Fbfx' Fb} klg v]n u'dfof} +Ú, g]kfnsf
k'u]/ aflxl/Psf] 5 . Pl;ofnL km'6an dxf;+3n] ltns/Tg]n] :6«fOs/ j;Gt yfkfnfO{ l8aS;leq k"j{ sKtfg pk]Gb|dfg l;+xn] ;donfO{ atfP .
juL{s[t u/]sf] …;LÚ >]0fLsf !^ /fi6« ;xefuL
of] k|ltof]lutfdf lr/kl/lrt k|ltåGåL ef/tnfO{
n8fPkl5 g]kfnn] ^# ldg]6df k]gfN6Lsf] cj;/
kfPsf] lyof] . To; a]nf v]n uf]n/lxt a/fa/Ldf
8]9 bzs g]kfnL /fli6«o 6f]nLsf] ;b:o /x]/
oxL k|ltof]lutfb]lv /fli6«o 6f]nLaf6 6fl9Psf
!# jif{kl5 k/flht u/]/ g]kfnn] pkflw lhTg] rln/x]sf] lyof] . o;sf] b'O{ ldg]6kl5 g} pk]Gb| ef/t;Fusf] Sjf6/kmfOgndf g]kfnsf]
alnof] ;Defjgf b]vfPsf] lyof] . oBlk,
;]ldkmfOgndf >Ln+sf;Fu 6fO{–a| ]s/df %–#
>Ln+sfn] sf;g gfblsof hof;"of{sf]
uf]nd2tn] cu|tf lnof] . xl/ v8\sfsf]
km/flsnf] lhtkl5 of] k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfn
kmfOgn;Dd k'Ug]df 9'Ss lyP . …of]
uf]ncGt/sf] k/fho ef]Ub} pkflwsf] xf]8af6 cg'kl:yltdf of] k|ltof]lutfsf] w]/} v]ndf sKtfgL k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnL v]nf8Lsf] lkm6g]; klg
aflxl/of] . o;cl3sf v]ndf uf]nsf] jiff{ ub}
k|ltof]lutfs} lx/f] sxlnPsf cfqmfds
ul//x]sf j;Gt yfkfn] *$ ldg]6df uf]n
gkmsf{Psf] eP, ;DejtM g]kfn lgwf{l/t ;dod}
/fd|f] b]v] d}n], t/ cem} klg xfd|f] v]ndf
Ps¿ktf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}gÚ, k|ltof]lutfnfO{
ld8lkmN8/ k|bLk dxh{g ;]ldkmfOgndf k]gfN6L k/fhotkm{ al9;s]sf] lyof] . pgs} uf]nn] 6fO{– glhsaf6 lgofn]sf pk]Gb| eG5g\ .
48
e'6fglj?4 cu|tf lnPkl5 v';LofnL
dgfpb} g]kfnL v]nf8L / k|lzIfs
t'lxof] jiff} +sf] { ;kgf
;do á j}zfv &, @)^#
t:jL/x¿ M ;s/Ph g]kfn

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g]kfnn] of] k|ltof]lutfdf cfºgf] lr/k|ltåGåL lbPsf] 5 g]kfnnfO{, lnu r/0fsf] v]ndf
ef/tnfO{ Sjf6/kmfOgndf #–) uf]n cGt/n] a| 'gfO{nfO{ uf]n/lxt a/fa/Ldf /f]Sb} . ckTofl/nf]
k/flht ub} Ps bzs nfdf] l/; km]/]sf] lyof] . glthf lgsfNb} g]kfnnfO{ @–! uf]nn] x/fP/
cfºg} b]zdf cS6f]j/ @( tfl/vb]lv x'g] PPkm;L cufl8 a9]sf] a| 'gfO{nfO{ lnu r/0fdf uf]n/lxt
o'y RoflDkogl;ksf] tof/Ldf h'6]sf] ef/tn] a/fa/Ldf /f]Sb} g]kfnsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf k|j]z
pHj]s k|lzIfs O:tfd cvd]bf]esf] lgu/fgLdf ug] jftfj/0f tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] e'6fgn] . e'6fg
@) jif{d'lgsf v]nf8L k7fPsf] lyof] . ef/tsf] / a| 'gfO{aLrsf] glthfn] g]kfnL km'6an 6f]nL
km'6angu/L dflgg] a+ufnb]lv aflx/sf ;ft jif{otf klxnf]kN6 cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfsf]
v]nf8L;lDdlnt of] 6f]nL klxnf] xfkmd} tLg bf];|f] r/0fdf plSnPsf] lyof] . wGojfb lbg}
uf]nn] kl5 k/]sf] lyof] . !# jif{cl3 a+unfb]zd} k5{, cfufdL jif{ e'6fg / g]kfnL km'6ansf]
ePsf] ;fkm k|ltof]lutfsf] kmfOgndf 6fO{–a| ]s/df ldqtf #) jif{df k|j]z ug{ nfu]sf] pknIodf
ef/tnfO{ $–# uf]ncGt/n] k/flht u/]kl5 e'6fgn] lbPsf] cd"No sf];]nLnfO{ . ;g\ !(*@
g]kfnn] s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf df sf7df8f} +df ePsf] PGkmf d}qLk"0f{ cfdGq0f
ef/tnfO{ x/fpg ;s]sf] lyPg . o;aLrdf km'6an k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL ePkl5 e'6fg
g]kfn tLgj6f cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf / g]kfnaLr ;fOgf] ufFl;Psf] lyof] km'6an
ef/tlj?4 g/fd|/L k/flht ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ d}bfgdf .
!((% df ef/tdf ePsf] ;fkm k|ltof]lutfdf ef/tsf] rf/j6f Sna;Fu d}qLk"0f{ v]n v]Nb}
;]ldkmfOgndf #–) n] k/flht ePsf] g]kfn of] k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng k'u]sf] g]kfnn] ;d"x
;g\ !((( df g]kfnd} ePsf] cf7f} ;fkmsf] r/0fsf] v]n e'6fg, a| 'gfO{ / >Ln+sf;Fu v]n]sf]
lnur/0fsf] v]ndf $–) n] xf/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ lyof] . o;cl3 ^ j6} cGt/f{li6«o v]ndf
!((* df yfONofG8df ePsf] Pl;ofnL v]ns'b e'6fgnfO{ x/fPsf] g]kfnn] ;xh} @–) uf]nn]
5gf]6 v]ndf eg] !–) n] dfq k/flht ePsf] lht]sf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfs} sdhf]/ dflgPsf]
lyof] g]kfn . o;cl3 ePsf cf7j6f le8Gtdf a| 'gfO{lj?4sf] bf];|f] v]ndf eg] sdhf]/ /Iffk+lQm
;ftj6fdf k/fho ef]lu;s]sf] g]kfnn] bf];|f]kN6 / uf]n/Ifssf] uNtLsf sf/0f g]kfn k/flht
ef/tnfO{ lht]sf] xf], cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf . x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . >Ln+sflj?4 lnusf] clGtd
e'6fgsf] sf];]nL
e'6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] d'2fn] /fhgLlts¿kdf
v]ndf g]kfn !–! uf]nsf] a/fa/Ldf /f]lsPkl5
g]kfnsf] Sjf6/kmfOgn k|j]zsf] ;Defjgf
d'l:sn aGg k'u]sf] lyof] .
kl5Nnf] ;do g]kfn / e'6fgaLrsf] ;DaGw
Tolt ;'dw'/ geP klg km'6an d}bfgdf oL b'O{ v]nsf gfos
b]zaLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 . oxL ;DaGw ;dfg:t/sf b]zx¿ ;xefuL /x]sf] PPkm;L
phfu/ ug]{ qmddf o;kflnsf] PPkm;L Rofn]Ghsk y'k| g]kfnL v]nf8Lsf nflu ;'vb
Rofn]Ghskdf e'6fgn] slxNo} glal;{g] pkxf/ /x\of], ljz]if u/L o'jf v]nf8Lsf nflu . rf]6u|:t
sKtfg xl/ v8\sf k|foM a]Grd}
/+uzfnfdf pkl:yt g]kfnL bz{s
/fli6«o em08f kmx/fP/ g]kfnL
v]nf8LnfO{ xf}+:ofpFb}
a:g afWo ePkl5 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj
ug] lhDd]jf/L hfkfgaf6 of]
k|ltof]lutf v]Ng cfPsf ;bfjxf/
:6«fOs/ j;Gt yfkfn] kfP .
pgn] ;bfem}+ o;kfln klg
dxŒjk"0f{ b'O{j6f uf]n 7f]s]
;zQm ljkIfLlj?4 . pgn]
ef/tlj?4 Sjf6/kmfOgndf Ps
/ >Ln+sflj?4 ;]ldkmfOgndf
Ps uf]n ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o
km'6andf cfºgf] uf]n ;+Vof gf}
k'¥ofP . of] k|ltof]lutfdf ljho
u'?ª, c~hg s];L, /fh' tfdfª,
k|bLk dxh{gh:tf o'jf v]nf8L
rlDsP . rf/ dlxgfcl3
kfls:tfgdf ;DkGg ;fkm
RoflDkogl;kdf v/fa
k|bz{g u/]/ cfnf]lrt ag]sf
6f;L l5l/ª o;kN6 /fd|f]
k|bz{gsf sf/0f ;a}sf] cf“vfdf
u8] . pgn] a| 'gfO{lj?4 uf]n ub}
cGt/f{li6«o km'6andf uf]nsf]
vftf vf]n] . ä
lx/f] klg
lh/f] klg
PPkm;L Rofn]Ghskdf uf]n jiff{ ub} { PsfPs
lx/f] ag]sf k|bLk dxh{gn] ;g\ !(($ sf]
ljZjsk km'6ansf] kmfOgnnfO{ ;DemfP,
r6ufpFsf] PdP clhh /+uzfnfdf . /f]a6f] {
aflhof]sf] rdTsfl/s k|bz{gn] O6fnL
ljZjsksf] kmfOgndf t k'Uof], t/ pgn]
a|flhnlj?4sf] lg0ff{os v]ndf k]gfN6LnfO{
uf]ndf abNg ;s]gg\ . k|bLksf] lgolt klg
To:t} eof] . $ v]ndf % uf]n ub} { g]kfnnfO{
& jif{kl5 cGt/f{li6«o km'6andf pbfpg]
df}sf k|bLkn] g} lbnfP, t/ pgL lg0ff{os
le8Gtdf aflhof]h:t} ºnk eP . PPkm;L
Rofn]Ghsksf] ;]ldkmfOgndf >Ln+sflj?4
kfPsf] @ j6} k]gfN6L kf]:6aflx/ xfg]sfn]
xf/sf] ckh; klg pgs} yfKnf]df k¥of] .
of] k|ltof]lutfdf blIf0f Pl;ofnL
km'6ank| ]dLsf] ;jf{lws Wofg tfGg ;kmn klg
k|bLk g} eP . y|L:6f/ Snasf @! jifL{o k|bLksf]
k|efjzfnL k|bz{gn] :yfgLo ;~rf/dfWodsf]
dfq xf]Og, Snax¿sf] klg Wofg cfslif{t
u¥of] . pgL of] k|ltof]lutfdf Kofn]:6fOgsf
kmx]b cQn -* uf]n_ kl5 ;a}eGbf a9L uf]n
ug] { v]nf8Lsf] ;"rLdf bf];|f] gDa/df 5g\ .
g]kfnL v]nf8Ln] cGt/f{li6«o v]nsf] Pp6}
k|ltof]lutfdf olt w]/} uf]n u/]sf] of] klxnf]
cj;/ xf] . pgn] e'6fglj?4 dxŒjk"0f{ @,
ef/tlj?4 @ / >Ln+sflj?4sf] klxnf] lnu
v]ndf Ps uf]n u/]sf lyP . pgL hd]sf] ;a}
v]ndf g]kfnsf] k|bz{g /fd|f] ePsf] lyof] .
a| 'gfO{lj?4 pgsf] k|bz{g lgs} sdhf]/ lyof],
h'g v]ndf g]kfn k/flht x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . ä
;do á j}zfv &, @)^# 49
k|bLk dxh{g

;+:s[lt dlR5Gb|gfy /yofqf cj?4
50
gxf];\ clgi6 †
hgtfn] tfGg'kg] { /y o;k6s sºo' {sf sf/0f
;'/IffsdL{nfO{ tfGg nufOof]
;do á j}zfv &, @)^@
t]haxfb'/ a:g]t
dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqf
cj?¢ x' Fbf cz'e 36gf
x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
o;k6s hfqf cj?¢
ePkl5 g]kfnL /fhgLltdf
klxn] klxn] h:t} s]xL
kl/jt{g xf]nf eGg] s'/f
cfFsng ul//x]sf 5g\
:yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿ .
ä 5q sfsL{÷sf7df8f} +
;/sf/n] ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] zflGtk"0f{
hgcfGbf]ng bafpg sºo' { cfb]z hf/L u/]kl5
dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqf;d]t k|efljt aGof] . /
, hfqf lgwf{l/t ;doeGbf kl5dfq ;DkGg
eof] . sºo' {sf sf/0f xg'dfg9f]sfdf /y ! lbg
/f]lsP/ r}t @& ut]dfq pQm hfqf ;lsPsf]
lyof] .
sºo'{sf sf/0f o;k6s dl5Gb|gfysf]
/yofqfdf hfqfdf ;xefuLsf] ;+Vof cToGt
yf]/} lyof] . r}t @$ ut] dlR5Gb|axfnaf6 ;'?
ePsf] pQm hfqfdf cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g'nfO{
lj1x¿n] cz'esf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
;+:s[ltljb\ ;Todf]xg hf]zL eG5g\, …;f+:s[lts
d"NodfGotf af]s]sf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqfdf
yf]/} dflg; ;xefuL x'g' /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og .
o;n] kSs} klg ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z lbg ;Sb}g .Ú
af]lw;Tjsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf af}¢ wd{sf]
dxfofg ;Dk|bfon] ;'? u/]sf] ;]tf]
dlR5Gb|gfysf] hfqfsf] bfz{lgs k[i7e"ld 5 .
pQm hfqfn] k|To]s dflg; ;fwgf lg/Gt/
hf/L /fv]df a'¢ aGg ;Sg] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf]
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno af}¢cWoog ljefusf
k|d'v 8f= g/]z jh|frfo{ atfpF5g\ .

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af}¢dfuL{n] ;'? u/]sf] eP klg clxn] lxGb' /fv]/ c;g nuL Pslbg /fVg] k|rng 5 . ca s] x'g] xf] <
/ af}¢ b'j} wdf{jnDaL plQs} cf:yfsf ;fy To;kl5 xg'dfg9f]sf x'Fb} /ynfO{ nug6f]ndf o;cl3 dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqf cj?¢ x' Fbf
of] hfqfdf ;l/s x'G5g\ . cl3NNff jif{df of]
hfqfdf xhf/f} dflg; /y tfGg ;xefuL x'Gy],
k'¥ofPkl5 hfqf ;lsPsf] b]lvP klg km]l/
dlR5Gb|gfysf] d"lt{nfO{ v6df /fv]/ dlR5Gb|
cz'e 36gf x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;k6s
hfqf cj?¢ ePkl5 g]kfnL /fhgLltdf klxn]
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ef]h klg x'g] u5{, t/ o;k6s eg] ef]hsf]
cfFsng ul//x]sf 5g\ :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿ .
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x'g] eon] /y tfGg] k|of]hgsf nflu ^) j6f sfo{qmd ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] k|fWofks /fhf dfg] klg ljutdf hfqf cj?¢ x' Fbf s}og\
sºo' kf; pknAw u/fPsf] k"hf ;ldltn]
hgfPsf] 5 . sºo' {sf] 8/n] /y tfGg] dflg;
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;+:s[ltljb\ xl//fd hf]zL . pgL eG5g\,
atfpF5g\ ..
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k|xf/ u/]sf lyP . !(() ;fndf dxfe"sDksf
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ePsf] ;dodf klg /yofqfdf Jojwfg v8f
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eg] k/Dk/fut lgodsf] s] cy{ /x\of]

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s'/f xf] . gf/fo0fbQ;“u} klxnf]k6s sf7df8f} +
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ePsf lyP gf/fo0fbQ . ;Gtfg lyPgg\ . 3/df
tfnf nufP, lx“8] . l5d]sd} /x]sL h]7fgLn]
3/sf] lrGtf glng' eg]kl5 b'j} 9'Ss ePsf
lyP . km]l/ ltgtfsf ufp“df s'g} s'/fsf] 8/
klg t lyPg .
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a;]sf lyP pgLx¿ . …t“nfO{ xlgd'g eg]sf]
yfxf 5Ú, /flt sf]7fdf 6]lnlehg x]b} { ubf{
gf/fo0fbQn] ;f]w]sf lyP . ‰ofnaf6
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pgsf s'/fdf s'g} rf;f] lbOg . kfv'/L ;dfP/
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gjljjflxtf hf]8L xlgd'g dgfpg b]z ljb]zsf
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r]kf/f] kf/L, …clg s] t

5f]/Lx¿nfO{ cf“v} cufl8 anfTsf/ u/L df/] .
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sfd u¥of] . d+unfn] ;fx; a6'nL .
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/xg' kg] b]lvG5 .
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jqm u'? / ss{sf] zlg b[i6 eO{ nUgaf6 afx|f}
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ss{6nfO{ cGTo / sGofnfO{ cfB ;f9];ftL
zlgbzf nfUg]5 . hGdsfndf zlg alnof] eP
u/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf zflGtsf] OR5f emg\emg\ :jf:Yodf afwf Pj+ /fhfsf] jrgsf] Jofks /fHodfg, gf]s/Ldf j[l4, dfg–;Ddfgk|flKt, zlg
k|an aGb} uPsf] 5 . ut jif{ klg o;} sfdgf;fy
gofF jif{sf] v'l;ofnL dgfPsf lyof} +, t/ xfd|f]
cj1f x'g ;Sg]5 . j[ifnUgdf ;j{yf csf/s
u|x d+unsf] wg:yfgdf pkl:ylt clgsfn,
v/fa -j]lwt, c:t, xLgaln / c:t_ eP
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cfpg] )^# ;fn s:tf] xf]nf < lh1f;fdf ;a}
nLg 5g\ . t;y{ Hof]ltifLo b[li6af6 @)^#
sf/0f g]kfnsf] /fHo;Qfdf klZrdL hut\sf]
jr{:j a9\g], j}b]lzs ;xof]udf s6f}tL x'g],
nfek|b, k7gkf7gdf afwf, cfGtl/seGbf
afx\osfo{df ;kmntf, j[ifnfO{ k"jf{4{df j}b]lzs
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>L ;"o{ pQ/fo0f, j;Gt Ct', >Lzfs] !(@*,
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Jofkf/df vf;} ;'wf/ cfpg]5}g . slj–snfsf/
ju{ eg] nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ . ;"o{n] lg/; /
dWoefudf ljljw sl7gfO kg] {, ldy'gnfO{ jif{sf]
dWoefu ljb]zofqf, gofF gf]s/L / sfddf
z'qmjf/, rf} +nfufM !, j}zfv s[i0f k|ltkbf ltly, wgdf clwsf/ kfPsfn] cy{tGqdf dfYnf]ju{sf] pT;fx, ss{6nfO{ nfexflg a/fa/}h:tf] eO/xnf,
lrqf gIfq, xif{0f of]u, afnjs/0f tbg';f/ ;g\
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lgoGq0f /xg]5 . kmn / /;df a'wn] clwsf/
kfP klg gLr ePsfn] >dsf] plrt kmn k|fKt
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:jb]zeGbf ljb]zsf] sfddf nfe, ;fdflhs
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Oi6sfn %.!^ /x]sf] ;f] ;do g]kfnL lIflthdf
j[if nUg, dLg gjdf+z, ds/ ;Ktf+z, l;+x
kfPsfn] l5d]sl;tsf] ;DaGw /fd| /xg]5 .
zlgn] wfGokb kfPsfn] afnLgfnLdf sL/f,
dx;'; eP klg k"jf{4{ nfek|b 5, t'nfnfO{
jif{el/ /fd|f] 5, wgj[l4, dfg–;Ddfg /
åfbzf+z, sGof lqzf+z, j[if b| ]isf0f, dLg bzdf+z, cfFwL, lxdkft, cltjiff{af6 Iflt k'Ug]5 eg] /fHonfesf] of]u, j[lZrsnfO{ jif{sf] pQ/f4{lt/
wg' iff]8zf+z, t'nf ifi7\of+z Pj+ ss{ xf]/f rln/x]sf]
b]lvG5 . nUg:ki6 !.*.$).!%, ;"o{:ki6 ).).).),
z:odf rGb|dfn] clwsf/ kfPsf] t/ jqm u'?
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;'wf/ cfO{ k7gkf7g, gf]s/L cflbdf /fd|f],
wg'nfO{ jif{sf] k"jf{4{ ljQLonfe, k9fOdf
rGb|:ki6 ^.$.#).^, d+un:ki6 @.^.^.&, a'w:ki6 o;k|sf/ @)^# ;fndf vfBfGg, ;'grfFbL, ;kmntf Pj+ pQ/f4{ v/fa, ds/nfO{ jif{sf]
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pQ/f4{lt/ efpj[l4 x'g]5 eg] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
dWoefu v/fa b]lvP klg k"j{ / cGToefu
pT;fxk|b /xnf . s'DenfO{ jif{el/ g} /fd|f]
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@! ut] d+unjf/ klZrdf:t u'?, d+l;/ !^ ut]
zlgjf/ k"jf] {lbt u'? tyf c;f]h !* ut] a'wjf/
ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ cfpg]5 . cltj[li6, cgfj[li6,
e"sDk, e"Ifo / v8]/Lsf] k|sf]k gknf{ eGg
cfly{snfe Pj+ dLgnfO{ of] jif{sf] pQ/f4{af6
;'wf/ cfO{ sfdsfh, k7gkf7gdf ;'wf/, gofF
k"jf{:t z'qm, d+l;/ !) ut] /ljjf/ klZrdf]bo ;lsFb}g . cfd;~rf/df pkNnfju{sf] lgoGq0f gf]s/L / kbf]Ggltsf] cj;/ ldNg]5 . zlg
z'qm /x]sf 5g\ eg] o; jif{ klg tLgj6f u|x0f
ebf} @@ ut] laxLjf/ rGb|u|x0f, kmfu'g !( ut]
/xg ;Sg] 5 eg] /fHo;~rfngdf ptf/r9fj
k|z:t dfqfdf b]vf kg] {5 .
v/fa x'g]n] zlgjf/ ;fFemdf kLknsf] af]6df
kfgL r9fO{ …ç zGgf]b]jL/eLi6o˜cfkf]
zlgjf/ vu|f; rGb|u|x0f / r}t % ut] ;f]djf/ j}zfv, ;fpg, ebf}, c;f]h / df3 dlxgfdf ejGt'lk|to] . z+of]/le;|jGt' gMÚ jf …ç xLF >L+
v08u|f; ;"o{u|x0f tyf h]7 dlxgfdf clwdf;
k/]sf 5g\ . of] jif{ u'?n] /fhf / z'qmn] dGqL kb
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf a9\g uO{ ;/sf/df
a:g]nfO{ cK7]/f] kg{ ;Sg], ;/sf/df kl/jt{gsf]
zlgZr/fo} gdMÚ jf …ç z+ zg}Zr/fo} gdMÚ
hk ug' jfl~5t x'g]5 .
kfPsf 5g\ . ;"o{n] lg/; / wgdf, a'wn] /; / of]u b]lvG5 . h]7, d+l;/ / r}tdlxgfdf ;'wf/sf /flzkmndf h] eP klg o; jif{n] ;a}df
kmndf / u'?n] d]3 / b'u{df @.@ kb kfPsf 5g\
eg] wfGodf zlg, z:odf rGb|dfn] clwsf/
nflu k|of; x'g] tyf /fhgLltdf ;sf/fTds
;f]rsf] ljsf; x'g]5 eg] sflQ{s / k'; dlxgf
zflGtsf] kydf nfUg], ;';Eo ;dfh lgdf{0f
ug] lbzfdf ;f]r k'¥ofcf];\ eGg] xflb{s d+undo
kfPsf 5g\ . /fhf u'? / dGqL z'qm k/:k/ ;fdfGo¿kdf JotLt x'g]5g\ . jif{sf] pQ/f4{lt/ sfdgf;fy kf7sju{df gofF jif{ @)^# sf]
zq'tfefj /fVg] ePsfn] / z'qmn] tNnf] ju{sf]
k|ltlglwTj ug] ePsfn] /fHo;~rfngdf tNnf]
Jofks jiff{, lxdkft, zLtnx/, t'iff/f] tyf
/f]uJoflwsf] k|sf]k a9\g uO{ hghLjg c:tJo:t
z'esfdgf .
ä Hof]= /Tglglw /]UdL, …z'qmfrfo{Ú
54
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ePsfn] /fHo;~rfngdf tNnf] ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj /xg]5 eg] dGqL z'qmsf sf/0f k|wfgdGqLdf
zlQm cfpg] lglZrt b]lvG5 .
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j}zfv @% ut] ;ft /fhgLlts bnn] k"0f{ k|hftGq :yfkgfsf nflu k|ltlglw;ef
k'gM:yfkgfb]lv ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg ;d]tsf ;femf Ph]G8f tof/ u/L
cfGbf]ngdf pqg] 3f]if0ff u/] . o;n] g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] z"GotfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd
lr¥of] / nf]stGqjfbLsf] pT;fx a9fof] . bnx¿sf] PstfnfO{ cd]l/sf, ef/t,
o'/f]k]nL ;+3nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o zlQmx¿n] :jfut u/] .
df3 !( sf] hfFtf]df
56
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sbd lj¿4 . /fhfjfbLx¿n] oxL df}sf 5f]k]/ eO/x] Jojxf/df .
u/] . vf;u/L c;f/ dlxgfdf ;ft bn /
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sbdnfO{ :jfut ub} ¥ofnLx¿ lgl:sP, t/ bogLo ePsf sf/0f …cfO6d !(Ú cGtu{t t/ lg/+s'z /fhtGqlj?4 n8\g] ;xdltdf k'u] .
tL ¥ofnLn] /fhfsf] OHht a9fPg, g df3 !( g]kfnd} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;fpg dlxgfdf dfcf]jfbLn] sflnsf]6df
sf] sbdnfO{ hg;dy{g h'6fpg ;Sof] . o;n] pRrfof]usf] :yfkgf eof] / @$ ut] ;f] cfof]usf cfqmd0f u/L zfxL ;]gftk{m 7"nf] Iflt u/fP .
t /fhfsf] lg/Lxtf :ki6 kf¥of] . To:tf gjlgo'Qm g]kfn k|d'v Oofg dfl6{g g]kfn krf;eGbf a9L ;'/IffsdL{sf] d[To' eof] . ;fpg
¥ofnLx¿ /fhfs} nflu Pp6f pkxf; aGof] . cfOk'u] . j}zfv @% ut] ;ft /fhgLlts bnn] dlxgfdf cd]l/sL l;g]6/ Kofl6«s n]xLn] cd]l/sL
o;/L df3 !( kl5 @)^@ ;fn gnfu'Gh]n k"0f{ k|hftGq :yfkgfsf nflu k|ltlglw;ef l;g]6df /fhfsf] zf;gnfO{ …k|hftGqsf gfddf
/fhfjfbLx¿ cfºgf] cl:tTj :yflkt ug{ k'gM:yfkgfb]lv ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg ;d]tsf nflbPsf] ;fdGtL zf;gÚsf] ;+1f lbP . ;fpg
pT;flxt eP klg To;sf] ;fy{stf /x]g . ;femf Ph]G8f tof/ u/L cfGbf]ngdf pqg] dlxgfd} ;/sf/n] PkmPdnfO{ ;dfrf/ k|;f/0fdf
t/, @)^@ sf] cfudg;Fu} /fhgLlts 3f]if0ff u/] . o;n] g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] z"GotfnfO{ k|ltaGw nufOP klg Tof] k|ltaGw cbfntn]
ultljlwdf tLj|tf cfpg yfNof] ljz]if u/]/ s]xL xb;Dd lr¥of] / nf]stGqjfbLsf] pT;fx /f]lslbof] .
bnx¿eGbf klg gful/s ;dfh / k];fut a9fof] . bnx¿sf] PstfnfO{ cd]l/sf, ef/t, ebf} dlxgfdf g]kfnL sf+u| ]; klg u0ftGqsf]
;d"x a9L ;lqmo eP . p;f] t, j}zfv # ut] o'/f]k]nL ;+3nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o zlQmx¿n] ax;df cf]ln{of] . gful/s ;dfh sf7df8f} +eGbf
dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf gogaxfb'/ :jfut u/] .
aflx/ lj/f6gu/af6 ;d]t nf]stGqsf] pb\3f]if
vqLn] /fhfsf] sbdsf] ;dy{g ub} ;f] sbd h]7lrtjg df8Ldf @# ut] dfcf]jfbLn] ub} h'd' {/fof] . sf+u| ];s} eft[ ;+:yf g]kfn ljBfyL{
g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfldnf ePsf sf/0f x:tIf]k ;j{;fwf/0f r9]sf] uf8LnfO{ ljB'tLo w/fkdf ;+3df u0ftGqjfbL / cGoaLr uDeL/ ;+3if{
gug{ cGt/f{li6«o hut\nfO{ cfx\jfg u/] . pgn] kf/L #% hgf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xTof u/] eg] &) eof] . dxflwj]zg g} layf]lnof] . cGttM sf+u| ];n]
bnsf g]tfx¿ e|i6 / /fHo ;~rfng ug{ hgfeGbf a9L 3fOt] eP . h]7 * ut] bnx¿åf/f klg kf6L{sf] ljwfgaf6 ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq lems]/
cIfd ePsfn] /fhfaf6 afWo eP/ df3 !( @)^! df3 !( kl5 klxnf] ;zQm sfo{qmdsf …/fhtGq lg/k]IfÚ /fhgLlts bnsf ¿kdf
sf] sbd rfn]sf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/] . otf ¿kdf b]zJofkL hgk|bz{g eof] . k|bz{gdf cfk"mnfO{ k|:t't u¥of] .
;f]xL lbg dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLn] gjnk/f;Ldf ;/sf/åf/f Jofks w/ks8 ul/of] . vf;u/L u0ftflGqs ljrf/sf] k|efj c;f]h dlxgfdf
!) ufpFn]sf] jLeT; xTof u/]/ dfgjclwsf/sf] h]7 dlxgfdf lqkIfLo åGådf tLj|tf cfof] . emg} tLj| aGof] . ljz]if u/]/ /fh ;+:yfsf
pl5Qf] sf9] . pgLx¿n] kl/jf/sf cufl8 !$ dfcf]jfbLn] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xTof / n'6kf6 ug] ljifodf gful/s ;dfhn] ltvf] l6Kk0fL u¥of] .
jif{b]lv $) jif{;Ddsf lgxTyf k'¿ifnfO{ nfOg sfo{ ub} uP eg] ;ft /fhgLlts bnn] zflGt c;f]hd} df3 @^ ut] gu/lgjf{rg ug] 3f]if0ff
nufP/ uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]sf lyP . / k|hftGqsf nflu zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng cl3 eof] . o;n] /fhgLlts åGånfO{ emg} pTsif{df
j} }zfvd} ;+ljwfgljk/Lt v8f ul/Psf] zfxL a9fP . /fHon] klg bnx¿sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ k'¥ofpg] sfd u¥of] . /fhgLlts bnx¿åf/f
cfof]un] sf+u| ]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf k|sfzdfg Jofks bdg u¥of] . ;~rf/dfly lgoGq0f ug] gu/ lgjf{rg c:jLsf/ ug] 3f]if0ff eof] . of]
l;+xnfO{ e|i6frf/sf] cleof]udf lu/ºtf/ u¥of] . b[li6af6 cfpg nfu]sf] ;~rf/ cWofb]zlj?4 dlxgfdf % dlxgfcl3 ;/sf/n] tof/ u/]sf]
cfk+ }m d'2f bfo/ ug] {, cfkm} cg';Gwfg / k}m;nf kqsf/x¿ ;8sdf cf]ln{P . sfg'gljb\x¿ ;~rf/ lgoGq0f cWofb]z /fhfaf6 hf/L ul/of] .
ug] b'lgofFd} gePsf] sfg'gL gf6s g]kfndf zfxL cfof]ulj?4 vlgP . h]7sf] #! ut] ;/sf/sf] cg'bf/ rl/q sflQs dlxgfdf
;'? ul/of] . dfcf]jfbLn] k]ml/ klg !! ut] wgu9Ldf dfcf]jfbLn] sfv] afnsnfO{ ;d]t ;~rf/ If]qdf clt clzi6 9+un] k|:t't eof] .
¿kGb]xLsf ljleGg ufpFsf kfFr ;j{;fwf/0fsf] afFsL /fv]gg\ . ;'/IffsdL{sf Ps afns;lxt sflQs ^ ut] dWo/ftdf 8s}tLsf] z}nLaf6
xTof u/] . dfcf]jfbLåf/f g} hyfefjL kmflnPsf] ;fthgfnfO{ ckx/0f u/]/ h+undf nuL jLeT; sflGtk'/ PkmPdsf k|;f/0f pks/0f

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o'/f]k / hfkfgn] uDeL/ lrGtf k|s6 u/] . v'nfP . r}t ^ ut] bn / dfcf]jfbLaLr !@ a' Fb]
d+;L/ dlxgfdf cd]l/sfsf k|efjzfnL ;/sf/L bdgsf] k|ltlqmofdf ;ft bnåf/f df3 ;dembf/Ldf k'gd{ "Nof+sg u/L ;dembf/LnfO{
l;g]6/ Kofl6«s n]xLn] cd]l/sL ;/sf/nfO{ e|i6 !# ut] g]kfn aGbsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . lgjf{rg cem ;an / lbuf] agfpg] bf];|f] ;dembf/L
Pj+ k|ltudgsf/L /fh ;+:yf / g]kfnL hgtfdWo] alxisf/sf] cleofg klg lgs} tLj| eof] . eof] . ;f]xL ;dembf/Lcg'¿k r}t @$ b]lv
Ps /f]Hg cfu|x u/] . d+l;/ dlxgfd} bn / dfcf]jfbLsf] lx+;fTds lqmofsnfkdf klg j[l4 @* ;Dd ;ft bnåf/f cfd x8tfn cfx\jfg
dfcf]jfbLaLr zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] eof] . hgsk'/df ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -d08n_sf ul/of] .
dfWodaf6 lg/+s'z /fhtGq cGTo ug] !@ a' Fb] gu/k|d'vsf pDd]bjf/sf] xTofkl5 l:ylt emg} g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;df @)^@ sf]
;dembf/L eof] . of] ;dembf/Lsf] ;+o'Qm tgfjk"0f{ /x\of] . lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf /fhgLlts r}t dlxgf ce"tk"j{ aGof] . hgcfGbf]ng
/fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgn] :jfut bnsf g]tf, sfo{stf{ / ljleGg k];fsf pTsif{df k'Uof] . @)$^ ;fndf s]xL d'Vo ;x/df
u/] . pgn] ;/sf/nfO{ klg o'4lj/fd ug{ / k];fsdL{nfO{ ;/sf/n] 5f]8]g . cGttM ;a} bn, dfq} cfGbf]ng rs] {sf] lyof], t/ o;k6s ;Dk"0f{
jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;z:q åGå ;dfwfg ug{ gful/s ;dfh, k];fsdL{, kqsf/ tyf b]z g} cfGbf]ngsf] /fFsf] afn]/ cl3 a9\of] .
cfx\jfg u/] . ;/sf/åf/f ljleGg 7fpFdf dfgjclwsf/sdL{nfO{ aGbL agfP/ ;/sf/n] ufpF–ufpFaf6 ;d]t hgtf hfu] . ;/sf/L bdgn]
bnx¿n] ug{ nfu]sf] ;ef c;kmn kfg{ Jofks lgjf{rgsf] gf6s ;dfKt u¥of] . lgjf{rg Pp6f dWoo'uLg aj{/tfnfO{ dfy u¥of], t/ hgtfn]
w/ks8 u¥of] . w/ks8 x' Fbfx' Fb} klg b]zsf cgf}7f] pkxf; h:tf] lyof] . lgjf{rgsf] d"No, Tof] bdgsf] kjf{x g} u/]gg\ . sºo' / lgif]wf1fsf]
k|d'v ;x/x¿df bnx¿sf] pNn]vgLo k|bz{g dfGotf Pj+ df}lnstfsf] pkxf; ub} lg/+s'z ;j{q cj1f eof], hgtfn] /ftlbg k|x/L /
eof] . ;~rf/dfWoddfly ;/sf/sf] bdg oyfjt\ zf;gsf] :j¿knfO{ gu/lgjf{rgn] cem ;]gfsf] bdglj?4 zflGtk"0f{ k|ltsf/ u/] .
/x\of] . ;/sf/n] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ljgfsf/0f k|:6\ofpg] sfo{ u¥of] . gu/lgjf{rgs} lbgdf u[xdGqL sdn yfkfn] dfcf]jfbLsf] cfGbf]ng
aGb u¥of], t/ b'O{ lbgkl5 g} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] ;]gfåf/f bnsf b'O{ sfo{stf{sf] uf]nL xfgL xTof eg]/ cfºgf] hflu/ nDAofpg] k|oTg u/] . pgn]
;/sf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ kN6fO{ PkmPdaf6 ;dfrf/ eof] . cd]l/sf, a]nfot, ef/t, hfkfg u+ua' If]qdf k"j{ l8P;kLsf] 3/df 3';k}l7of
k|;f/0f g/f]Sg cfb]z hf/L u¥of] . nufotsf /fi6«n] gu/lgjf{rgsf] s'g} cf}lrTo dfcf]jfbLn] uf]nL xfg]sf] s'/f ;~rf/
k'; dlxgfb]lv b]zdf cfGbf]ngsf] tfkqmd gePsf] cleJolQm k|s6 u/] .
dfWoddfk{mt ;fj{hlgs u/], t/ e"m6f] s'/f
tLj| eof] . ;/sf/n] anhºtL ug{ nfu]sf] gu/lgjf{rgsf] cl3Nnf] lbg cs:dft\ l6Sg ;s]g . hgtfn] t'?Gt} To; If]qdf k"j{
gu/lgjf{rgsf sf/0f ;/sf/ ;a}lt/af6 PlSnFb} dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08sf] cGtjf{tf{ k|sflzt l8P;kLsf] 3/} gePsf] kQf nufP . ;j{;fwf/0f
uof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿ gu/lgjf{rgnfO{ eof] . k|r08n] zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLltdf cfºgf] hgtf lu/ºtf/ u/]/ dfcf]jfbL lu/ºtf/ eP
zflGtk"0f{ 9u+n] alxisf/ ug] cleofgdf nfu] . kf6L{ cfpg tof/ /x]sf] cleJolQm lbP . df3 eGg] h:tf lgn{Hh e"m6f] af]Ng klg r's]gg\,
;/sf/ s8f bdgdf plqof] . lgjf{rgsf lgx' Fdf !( nfO{ ;ft bnn] sfnf] lbj;sf ¿kdf sdn yfkf . /fHosf] h:tf];'s} if8\oGqsf aLr
Jofks cfly{s lxgfldgf x'g yfNof] . ;~rf/ dgfP . o;/L df3 dlxgf @)^@ ;fnsf] klg hgtf cl3 a9]sf 5g\ . @$ ut]b]lv @&
dGqfnodfk{mt lgjf{rgsf nflu eg]/ b'O{ ;jf{lws tgfjk"0f{ dlxgf /x\of] . ut];Dd 3f]lift rf/lbg] cfdx8tfnnfO{ hgtfs}
s/f]8eGbf a9L /sd ljgfzLif{sdf lemlsof] . /fhfsf] ;j{;QfjfbL lrGtghGo zfxL cfof]u dfucg';f/ ;ft bnn] clglZrt ;dosf nflu
k'; dlxgfdf /fhfjfbL bnsf ¿kdf /x]sf] ;jf] {Rråf/f kmfu'g ! ut] vf/]h eof] . o;n] nDAofP . zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] klxnf] rf/
/fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ ljeflht eof] . vf;df Gofofno lg/s' +ztfsf] 5fofFaf6 hf]luPsf] cg'ej lbgd} lg/+s'z ;Qfn] $ lgxTyf hgtfsf] Hofg
gu/ lgjf{rgdf efu lng] of glng] ljifodf eof] . ;/sf/n] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df cTolws lnof] . cfd x8tfnsf rf/ lbgdf eLd;]g
k}bf ePsf ljjfb cGttM kf6L{ ljefhg;Dd d"No j[l4 ubf{ ;a} If]qdf d"No cfsflzg bfxfn -kf]v/f_, bz{gnfn ofbj -;Kt/L_, t'n;L
k'Uof] . ;+:yfkg /fk|kf gu/lgjf{rg alxisf/df k'Uof] . ;fy} bnsf g]tfx¿nfO{ csf/0f lu/ºtf/ If]qL -e/tk'/_ / lzjxl/ sF 'j/ -ag]kf_n] ;xfbt
plqof] . k'; dlxgfd} gu/sf]6sf] sfnL dlGb/df ug] sfo{df emg} j[l4 eof] . o;}aLr kmfu'g !! k|fKt u/] . ;ft bnn] pgLx¿ rf/}hgfnfO{
;}Go pGdfbs} kmn:j¿k Ps ;}lgsn] !! ut] Pdfn]n] …a[xb\ nf]stflGqs df]rf{Úsf] k|:tfj nf]stflGqs ;lxb 3f]if0ff u/] .
;j{;fwf/0fsf] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/] . dfcf]jfbLn] Nofof] . bn / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] ;dembf/L r}tsf] t];|f] ;ftf ;nf{xLdf dfcf]jfbLn] ;]gfsf]
ebf} !& ut] u/]sf] o'4lj/fd e+u u¥of] . $ df]l/of6L{sf] cleJolQmkl5 ;+s6df k¥of] . x]lnsf]K6/ cfqmd0f u/L v;fn]sf] bfaL u¥of],
dlxgf nfdf] dfcf]jfbLsf] PskIfLo o'4lj/fddf dfcf]jfbLn] klg k'gM kmf§k'm§ bnsf sfo{stf{dfly t/ ;/sf/n] To;nfO{ k|fljlws u8a8L dfq
;/sf/n] o'4lj/fd ug' t k/} hfjf];\ o'4lj/fd cfqmd0f / ckx/0f ug] {h:tf sfo{ bf]xf]¥ofpg eg]sf] 5 . ;nf{xLs} le8Gtdf ;j{;fwf/0f,
e+u ug{sf nflu dfcf]jfbLnfO{ pQ]lht kfg] yfn] . ef/t e|d0fdf /x]sf cd]l/sL /fi6«klt ;'/IffsdL{ / dfcf]jfbL u/L @# sf] d[To' eof] .
vfnsf w]/} 36gf eP .
hh{ 8An' a';n] /fhfnfO{ cljnDa k|hftGq ptf a'6jn / tf}lnxjfdf klg dfcf]jfbLn]
df3 dlxgf emg} tgfjk"0f{ /x\of] . sf7df8f} +sf] k'gM:yfkgf ug{ cfx\jfg u/] . dfcf]jfbLleqsf ;zQm cfqmd0f u/] .
d'Vo k|j]z gfsf yfgsf]6df dfcf]jfbLsf] eLif0f b'O{ jl/i7 g]tfn] cWoIf k|r08 / g]tf afa'/fd o;/L …@)^@Ú ;fndf /fhfsf] lg/+s'z
cfqmd0faf6 /fhwfgL cft+lst aGof] . /fhfsf] e§/fO{df /fhgLlts ljrng k}bf ePsf] egL k~hfleq RoflkP/ hgtfsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/
x7wld{tfsf] pkhsf ¿kdf k|:t't gu/lgjf{rg kf6L{leqsf] cfGtl/s ljjfb ;fj{hlgs u/] . s'l07t eP, cfly{s ljsf; 7Kk eof], lzIf0f
g} tgfjsf] d'Vo sf/0f aGof] . df3 & ut] otf ;ft bnn] r}t @$ ut]b]lv nuftf/ $ ;+:yf ;]gf / dfcf]jfbLsf Aof/]s ag] . /fhf
;ft bnn] /fhwfgLdf ljzfn k|bz{g ug] tof/L lbg dfcf]jfbLsf] g}lts ;dy{g;lxt :jo+n] /fHosf]if dgkbL{;Fu b'?kof]u u/] .
ub{ lyP, t/ x7ft\ ;/sf/n] aa{/z}nLdf w/ks8 cfdx8tfn ug] 3f]if0ff u/] .
;du|df of] jif{ ;DejtM g]kfnL Oltxf;d}
ug] bdgsf/L gLlt lnof] . ;/sf/ slt;Dd @)^@ ;fnsf] clGtd dlxgf r}t ! ut]b]lv ;jf{lws sxfnLnfUbf] / k|To'Tkfbs aGof] . ;lqmo
cflQof] eg] ;ft bnn] k|bz{g ug] lbgdf g} dfcf]jfbLåf/f 3f]lift /fhwfgLnufotsf zf;g ug] /fhfsf] dxŒjfsf+Iffdf lj/fd gnfUbf
sºo' g} nufOlbof] . o; sfo{n] /fhfsf] PSsfO;f} ;x/s]lGb|t gfsfaGbLsf sf/0f b]ze/ uDeL/ ;Dk"0f{ jif{ g} cl3Nnf] df3 !( sf] vu|f;df
zftfAbLsf] k|hftGq s:tf] /x]5, :ki6 eof] . k|efj k¥of] . ;ft bn, gful/s ;dfh, k¥of] .
df3 @^ ut]sf] gu/lgjf{rg ;kmn ug] lgx' Fdf cGt/f{li6«o hut\, dfgjclwsf/sdL{ tyf -of] cfn]v Joj;flos kqsfl/tf cWoog
bnsf g]tf sf]xL gh/aGbdf t sf]xL lx/f;tdf ljleGg k];fsdL{sf] cg'/f]wkl5 clglZrtsfnLg k|lti7fgåf/f k|sfzgf]Gd'v jflif{s 8fo/Laf6
aGbL eP . o:tf] 36gfsf] ef/t, cd]l/sf, elgPsf] gfsfaGbL Ps ;ftfkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] lemlsPsf] ;f/f+z xf]_
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drfP . pgn] hf] cufl8 k¥of] To;nfO{ e'6] . cfdfafp t/ 1fg]Gb|n] b/jf/sf] k'/fg} ;+:s[lt nfb\g] sf]l;; u/]/
s]xL eg]gg\, t/ clt d"lR5{t of k"/f r]txLg cj:yfdf
pgL /fhf 3f]lift eP . ck/fwL / /fhf Ps}kN6 .
Tof] hunfO{ lj:yflkt u/], l5GgleGg kf/] .
c;f]h !* / kl5 df3 !( df /fhf …ck/fh]oÚ x'G5
b/jf/ xTofsf08sf] % jif{kl5 klg ToxfFleqsf] of eGg] bDesf ;fy pgn] ;+ljwfgsf] dgk/L JofVof
/fhkl/jf/sf] dgf]lj1fg Pp6f sf}t'xnsf] ljifo
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nfU5, b/jf/sf] ;+:s[ltdf /fhfnfO{ k/flht x'g @)%* h]7 / @)^@ df3df cfÎgf] dxŒjfsf+IfL
l;sfOFb}g . hLjg ho, ljho, lr;f], tftf] / cg's"n
tyf k|lts"n kl/l:yltsf] ld>0f xf] . 1fgLn] tL ;a}
pTyfgdf d'n'ssf] lgolt b]v] pgn] . jf:tjdf pgn]
b]v]sf] Tof] lgoltn] pgsf] lgotnfO{ cem a9L vf]6f]
kl/l:yltdf cfkm"nfO{ Psgf; /fV5 . axfb'/n] k|lts"n agfpFb} nUof] . dfGotfnfO{ cem k|uf9 agfof]– /fhfn]
kl/l:yltnfO{ cg's"ndf kl/jt{g ug] sf]l;; u5{, t/
cfOk/]df k/fho l:jsf5{ .
xfg' x' Fb}g .
/fhf ;fdfGo JolQm x'g\ / ;+j]bgzLn tyf ;Ddflgt
bLk]Gb| Pp6f k|tLs x'g\, /fhf aGg tflnd xfl;n / ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf pgL a9L ;fnLg,
b/jfl/of ;+:s[ltdf kflnPsf kf]l;Psf lyP pgL .
c;kmntf :jLsf/ gug'{ / cfÎgf] cfsf+Iffsf
cfTdlg/LIfs / j:t'lgi7 aGg' k5{ eGg] ck]Iff vf;
u/L )$& sf] ;+ljwfgkl5 bn / ;dfhsf ljleGg
afwsx¿nfO{ ;dfKt kfg' k5{ eGg] l;s]sf lyP pgn] kIfn] rfx]sf x'g\ . t/, vf;u/L /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf]
Tof] ;+:s[ltaf6 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] Tof] a]nfsf]
dfGotfcg'¿k jf o'4ljhoaf6 d'n'snfO{ PsLs/0f
pbokl5 Tof] ck]Iffsf] s'JofVof x'g yfNof] /
s'JofVofaf6 pTkGg dxŒjfsf+Iff g} cfhsf]
u/], t/ s'g} sf/0f xf/]sf] eP ;fob pgn] uf]vf{sf] kl/l:yltsf] h/f]df 5 .
u2L klg u'dfpFbf x'g\, h;/L pkTosfsf dNn /fhfx¿n]
u'dfP . /fHolj:tf/sf] Tof] dfGotf ca ;dfKt eP
clt bfg ugf{n] /fhf aln afFlwP, clt cledfgn]
sf}/j s'n ljgfz eof], clt bDen] n+sf hNof] To;}n]
klg pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿df Pp6f h8 ;"qn] h/f clt TofHo 5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ …lxGb' g]kfnsf] b/jfl/of
hdfPsf] 5 – /fhf c;kmn / k/flht ePdf pgL
/xFb}gg\ . /, ToxL ;"qnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] b/jfl/of
;+oGqÚn] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 /fhfsf ;Gbe{df . nfU5,
lxGb'zf:qdf /fhfsf] sNof0fsf/L e"ldsfaf/] pgL Hofbf
;+:s[lt /fhf c;kmntfs} k/fsfi7fdf k'u]kl5 klg hg] {n e/ts]z/ l;+xaf6 ;'Gg rfxG5g\ . clt bdgn]
pgnfO{ ;'¥ofO/xG5, …;/sf/ † ;kmntf w]/} glhs
5 . cfGbf]ngdf @–$ ;osf] Hofg uP klg ;kmntfsf]
cGTo lgDTofp5– /fhfn] of] a'‰g ;Sg' k5{ .
/fhf ck/flht x'g' x' Fb}g / x' Fb}gg\ eGg] dfGotf
Tof] ;+efjgf u'dfpg' x' Fb}g .Ú
wd{, lj1fg, gLlt, bz{g, /fhgLlt / ;dfhzf:qsf]
/fhf ;j{q c;kmn ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 cd]l/sL
;/sf/n] . cGt/f{li6«o hut\ pgnfO{ c;kmn 3f]lift
s'g} klg lgod;Fu d]n vfFb}g . To;}n] /fhfn] dfGb}
cfPsf ;+:sf/ / s'–;+:s[ltaf6 tTsfn cfkm"nfO{
ug] d'8df dfq 5}g . /fhfsf ultljlw / bdgnfO{ d'Qm ug{ cfjZos 5 . cfkm"nfO{ ck/flht dfGg]
…cfk/flwsÚ dfGg] ;+s]t o'/f]k]nL ;+3n] lbO;s]sf] 5 .
cfÎgf] 6fpsf] of hLpdf nL ah| Fbf k|hftflGqs
/fhfn] ;a}nfO{ z+sf u5{, s;}nfO{ ljZjf; ub} {g .
;j{q if8\oGq b]V5 . To;}n] d]nldnfknfO{ p
of]4fx¿n] nL rnfpg] k|x/LnfO{ geP/ /fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ /0fgLltsf ¿kdf dfq l:jsf5{ .
…cfttfoLÚ dfG5g\ . kL8faf6 lgl:sPsf] p;sf] >fk
Tof] k|x/LnfO{ x}g /fhfnfO{ hfG5 . lsgls of] ;a}
t'n;L If]qL, eLd;]g bfxfn, lzjxl/ s' Fj/, bz{g
ofbj / lji0f' kf08]sf] Hofg pgsf] uNtL / dxŒjfsf+IfL
/fhfåf/f / /fhfsf nflu x' Fb} 5 . pgsf] dxŒjfsf+Iffsf /0fgLltsf sf/0f uof] . uf] +ua' / ;fdfv';L, r'Rr]kf6L
nflu x' Fb} 5 . k|x/L t lgldQ dfq xf] .
/fhfn] xfg' x' Fb}g – ToxL dGqaf6 kl/rflnt 5g\
/ a'6jn, k/f;L clg ag]kf, sn+sLdf au]sf /utsf
nflu pgL bf]ifL 5g\ . xhf/f} g]tf / sfo{stf{sf] lu/Îtf/L
/fhf 1fg]Gb| . ))& ;fndf /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng sfg'g ljk/Lt / /fhfsf] cfsf+Iff kl/k"lt{sf nflu
rSof] . /fhf lqe'jg ;kl/jf/ lbNnL uP . dfdf 3/df
/x]sf caf]w 1fg]Gb| /fhf eP . @)%* h]7df b/jf/
ePsf 5g\ . tL ;a} 36gfaf/] j:t'lgi7 ljZn]if0f /
dfgjLo lgisif{sf ;fy /fhfn] hgtf;dIf cfkm"nfO{
xTofsf08 eof] . /fhf bLk]Gb| d/]kl5 1fg]Gb|sf] /fHo/f]x0f k]; ug{ ;Sg' k5{ Odfgbf/Lsf ljgd|tf / cfTd
…ckl/xfo{Ú aGg uof] ;+ljwfg / k/Dk/fsf sf/0f .
…ckl/xfo{Ú 1fg]Gb| /fhf aGbf /fhfn] xfg{ gx'g] ;+:s[lt
;dLIffsf ;fy . csf] {lt/ Odfgbf/L / ;To sa'n ug{
g;Sg] /fhfnfO{ hgtfn] ;Ddfg ug] {5}gg\ . /, b/jf/sf]
km]l/ cfÎgf] ljhof]Nnf;sf ;fy p7\of] . /fhf jL/]Gb|n] x}g hgtfsf] rfxgfdf ;+:sfl/t x'g rfxg] /fhfsf]
)$^ df /fhfsf] xf/ hgtfsf] ljho aG5 eg] To;nfO{ dfq eljio 5, ca g]kfndf . ä
;do á j}zfv & @)^#