![lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...](https://img.yumpu.com/6479513/60/500x640/lg0fo-g-amp-gsfk-jfrr-cbfnt-ljzif-ohnf-dfgglo-.jpg)
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ... lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/fli6«o cg'jGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f !# n] ckfË ;d]tsf] lzIffsf] xsnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . To;sf] cltl/Qm g]kfn ;d]t ;b:o ePsf] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) o'g]:sf]sf] ljwfg, !($% n] klg of] xsnfO{ ;j}sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ?kdf :ki6 dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . (= ;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] j8fkqn] lzIffdf pTklQ, ln+u, pd]/ , ckfËtf / wd{ cflb cfwf/df e]befj j]u/ ;j} hgtfsf] xs x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pSt cfwf/df jlx/f]kg ePsf JolQmx?sf] klg lzIffdf ;dfg xs x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb ePg . tYout cfwf/df eGg] xf] klg efiff nufotsf] s'/fdf cGo jfnjflnsf hlt g} jlx/f]x?df klg Ifdtf x'G5 eGg] dfGotf kfO{G5 . pgLx?nfO{ s]jn prLt dfWod - b[ZodfWod_ u'0f:t/o'Qm z}lIfs sfo{qmd / ;xfotf h?/L x'G5 . jlx/f x'+b}df z}lIfs Ifdtf gx'g] eGg ldNb}g . pgLx?sf] lzIffdf kx'+rsf] xsnfO{ s'g} dfg]df klg cgb]vf ug{ ldNg] b]lvGg . lzIff cfkm}df s'g} uGtJo geO{ hLjg e/L hf/L /xg] lg/Gt/sf] l;Sg] k|s[of xf] . of] Pp6f :jtGq, lzlIft, /f]huf/ / cfkm\gf] nIo -self-actualizing_ k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmn] h:tf] cfk\mgf] ;d"bfo jf ;dfhsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] lbg] of]ubfg c?n] lbg ;Sb}g . To;}n] c? ju{nfO{ h:tf] u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] rfxgf ckfËx?df klg /xg' :jefljs 5 . ckfËx?sf] lzIffsf] xsnfO{ ckfËx?sf] xs ;DjGwL dxf;GwL -Convention of 188 c+s @ the Right of Persons with Disabilities_ n] :ki6 zJbdf dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . pSt dxf;GwLdf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'+bf ;f] cGtu{tsf] bfloTj klg l;h{gf eO{ ;s]s]f b]lvG5 . pSt dxf;GwLn] eg]sf] 5– "jlx/f]kg ePsf] ;d"bfosf] eflifs klxrfgsf] k|j{4g / ;f+s]lts efiffsf] lzIffnfO{ k|z:t ug{ /fHon] pko'Qm pkfox? ug{ } kg] { 5 . ;/sf/x?n] jlx/f tyf cGwfx?sf] pko'Qm efiffx?df / prLt jftfj/0fdf lzIff lbg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'kg] {5 , h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] k|fl1s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; x'g ;sf];\ . ;/sf/x?n] ;f+s]lts efiffdf of]Uo lzIfsx? lgo'Qm ug{ pko'Qm sbd rfNg]5g\ ." (States shall take appropriate measures for facilitating the learning of sign langauge and the promotion of the lingustic identity of the deaf community. Governments shall ensure that education of deaf and deaf blind persons is delivered in the most appropriate languges and in environments which maximize academic and social development. The governments shall also take appropriate measures to employ teachers who are qualified in sign language_= pk/f]Qm clesygdf jlx/fx?sf] eflifs klxrfgsf] s'/f ul/Psf] 5, prLt efiffdf lzIff lbO{g] s'/f ul/Psf] 5 / ;f+s]lts efiffdf of]Uo lzIfsx?sf] Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . ;xh / :jefljs ?kdf xfdL ;j}n] :jLsfg'{ kg] { s'/f s] xf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s @ eg] jlx/f] jfnjflnsfx? dfgj ljljwtfsf dxTjk"0f{ c+z x'g\ . pgLx?n] x's{bf] pd]/;+u} cfkm\gf] Ifdtf j9fpg / ljlzi6 klxrfg hf]ufP/ ;dfhjf6 ck]lIft nfex? xfl;n ug] { xs /fVb\5g\ . xfdLn] dfly ;f+s]lts efiffsf s'/f u¥of} + t/ ;f+s]lts efiff eGg] ljlQs} km]/L Pp6} efiff eGg] xf]O{g . x/]s ;dfhsf k|rlnt ljleGg efiffx? x'G5g\ tb\g'?k :yflgotf ;lxt g} ;f+s]lts efiffsf] ljsf; ug'{kg] { x'G5 . oL ;j} s'/fsf] ;Fof]hg ug{ jlx/f]kg s]Gb|Lt ljljwkIfsf] z}lIfs ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug'{kg] { x'G5 . o; leq ljBfno ;DjGwL sfg"g, kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdfu|L, lzIfs k|lzIf0f, kf7\o ljifox? / ljBfnosf Joj:yf ;d]t ;d]l6g' kg] { x'G5 . jlx/f]kg ePsf ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu ;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWodsf] hf]8 lbg'sf] cy{ klg j'em\g' h?/L 5 . jlx/fx? eg]sf] k|ydtM b]Vg] Ifdtf ePsf t/ >j0f Ifdtf k|efljt ePsf JolQmx? x'g To;}n] pgLx?sf] cfFvf g} ;F;f/sf] ;"rgf / 1fgxfl;n ug] { dfWodx? x'g . To;}n] lzIff jf ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug] { xf] eg] ;f+s]lts efiffdf lzIff kfpg] p;sf] xs hGdl;4 xss} ?kdf dflgG5 . jlx/f]kg / cGwf]kgsf] ;d:of ePsf JolQmsf] xsdf eg] cltl/Qm dfWodx? h:t}M ;f+s]lts efiff, j| ]n lnlk -Brailie _ / Mobility skills ;d]tsf] ;ld>0f x'g' h?/L 7flgG5 . t/ 1ftJo s] 5 eg] jlx/f]kg ePsf jfnjflnsfx? of t ljBfnodf egf{ x'+b}gg\ , ePklg w]/} ;do lg/Gt/tf lb+b}gg\ , lbP klg pRr lzIff ;Ddsf] 189 kx'+r x'+b}g . To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt jfnjflnsfx?df ;fIf/tfsf] cg'kft sd b]lvG5 . ckfË lzIffdf xfnsf lbgx?df ;+ljwfgsf] lgb] {zfTds l;4fGtx? Pj+ gLltx? tyf ckfË ;DjGwL sfg"gdf h] Joj:yf ePklg lzIffsf] dfWodsf] cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;f+s]lts efiff -Sign Language_ nfO{ lzIff;+u cfj4 ul/Pg eg] Tof] ju{sf] nflu lzIff c;Dej h:tf] jGg hfG5 . To;}n] lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ;fFFs]lts efiffsf] dfWod4f/f lzIff lbg] k|s[of / tt\;DjGwL ljBfnosf] Joj:yfnfO{ jlx/fkgjf6 k|efljt JolQmx?sf] dfgj clwsf/s} ?kdf dfGotf lbg' kg] { cj:yf b]lvg cfp+5 . olb of] ;f+s]lts efiffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ O{Gsf/ ug] { xf] jf ;f] cg';f/sf] Joj:yf gug] { xf] eg] To:tf] k|j[lQ jlx/fkgn] k|efljt ljBfyL{x? pk/sf] b'Jo{jxf/ - abuse_ s} ?kdf lnP klg x'g] b]lvG5 . lsgeg] ;f] efiff g} pgLx?sf] nflu efjfleJoQm ug] { Ps dfq dfWod xf] . hj ;Dd of] efiffdf hf]8 lbO{Gg, tj ;Dd pgLx?sf] cleJolQm cj?4 /xG5 . o:tf] efiffsf] dfWod k|f/lDes lzIffdf cfwf/e"t /xG5 eg] tbf]k/fGt lzIffsf] x/ s'g} kxn'df h?/L x'g] x'gfn] To;sf] bL3{sflng dxTj x'g] b]lvG5 . hlt l56f] of] efiffsf] ;'ljwf pknJw x'g ;Sof], Tolt g} rfF8f] jlx/f]kgn] k|efljt JolQmx?sf] k"0f{ ljsl;t, jf}l4s, ;dflhs Pj+ efjgfTds ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 . dfly ;f+s]lts efiffdf lzIffsf] xssf] k|s[lt, jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt
- Page 9 and 10: p7fOPsf] ljifodf Gofo lg?k0f ug{ af
- Page 11 and 12: ;lsg]5 . t/ of] wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg ul
- Page 13 and 14: (= dfly k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)
- Page 15 and 16: aflx/ uP/ Gofo lg?k0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf
- Page 17 and 18: d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxndf
- Page 19 and 20: sfg"gL Joj:yfn] oftgf lbg] sfo{nfO{
- Page 21 and 22: cy{jf]w x'g ;Sg] g} x'Fb}g . j]l/t;
- Page 23 and 24: km};nf Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M Gofo k|zf
- Page 25 and 26: gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gaf6 xfdLn] lnPsf
- Page 27 and 28: d]/f] xs uPsf]n] c=j+= *^ g+=adf]lh
- Page 29 and 30: af]w uDo / :ki6 klg x'+bf To;df cnd
- Page 31 and 32: lk+9Ldf ;'lt/fv]sf] jvt nfQL / d'Ss
- Page 33 and 34: ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . jf/bftsf] k|ToIfb
- Page 35 and 36: kl/jf/sf xh/a'jf / gflt gftfsf JolQ
- Page 37 and 38: lg0f{o g+=&(@( g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf] {
- Page 39 and 40: lsl;dn] b'lift lg0f{o ab/ gx'g] u/L
- Page 41 and 42: k/L !((( ;fndf lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/fO{
- Page 43 and 44: lg0f{o g+=&(#) g]=sf=k= @)^% g] ]kf
- Page 45 and 46: o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
- Page 47 and 48: g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s @
- Page 49 and 50: ;~rosf]if /f]lsg uPsf] b]lvof] . To
- Page 51 and 52: { { { { JolQmut / ;+:yfut b'j} :t/d
- Page 53 and 54: g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg :yfgdf jlx/f ;
- Page 55 and 56: klg cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTjsf] c+
- Page 57 and 58: dfgjn] kfp+b5g\ . To;}n] ckfËsf kl
- Page 59: ckfËx?nfO{ emg} j9L ;dy{gsf] h?/t
- Page 63 and 64: klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fjf6 jlGrt
- Page 65 and 66: cfkm\g} ckfË hgtfx? k|lt ;d]t xfd|
- Page 67 and 68: ;f]sf] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg / P]gn] lglb
- Page 69 and 70: xssf] ;fdfGo k|fjwfg sf] cltl/Qm k|
- Page 71 and 72: ug'{, ToxfF k|of]u x'g] kf7\o;fdfu|
- Page 73 and 74: km};nf Gof= /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfM
- Page 75 and 76: lakIfL jfbL ;d]t ldnL dnfO{ cgfxsdf
- Page 77 and 78: ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lb+bf
- Page 79 and 80: dWo:ysf] Joj:yf survive ug] { x'Fbf
- Page 81 and 82: df}lns xs, sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
- Page 83 and 84: ;fy} k|:t't ljjfb s} ;DaGwdf o; k"j
- Page 85 and 86: o; cbfntdf sfg"g jdf]lhd k}m;nf ePs
- Page 87 and 88: ljkIfL sDkgLn] lgj]bs sDkgL ;dIf lg
- Page 89 and 90: ePsf]df ;f]xL ad]flhd / gePsf]df o;
- Page 91 and 92: Access to Justice af6 alGrt gxf];\
- Page 93 and 94: separability doctrine" in America a
- Page 95 and 96: e binding upon both such parties."
- Page 97 and 98: pQm k"jf{j:yfx? kfngf u/]sf] t/ pQm
- Page 99 and 100: yk s]xL s'/f pNn]v x'g cfjZos b]lvo
- Page 101 and 102: sf] lgod @#-!_ -u_ df pNn]v eP cg';
- Page 103 and 104: pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L rqm laqmd
- Page 105 and 106: appeal. Judicial review is directed
- Page 107 and 108: df ePsf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cGt/f{li6
- Page 109 and 110: pQm Convention nfu" x'g] specialize
;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/fli6«o<br />
cg'jGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f !# n] ckfË<br />
;d]tsf] lzIffsf] xsnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]<br />
5 . To;sf] cltl/Qm g]kfn ;d]t ;b:o<br />
ePsf] United Nations Educational<br />
Scient<strong>if</strong>ic and Cultural Organization<br />
(UNESCO) o'g]:sf]sf] ljwfg, !($% n]<br />
klg of] xsnfO{ ;j}sf] dfgj clwsf/sf]<br />
?kdf :ki6 dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .<br />
(= ;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]<br />
j8fkqn] lzIffdf pTklQ, ln+u, pd]/ ,<br />
ckfËtf / wd{ cflb cfwf/df e]befj<br />
j]u/ ;j} hgtfsf] xs x'g] s'/f pNn]v<br />
u/]sf] 5 . pSt cfwf/df jlx/f]kg ePsf<br />
JolQmx?sf] klg lzIffdf ;dfg xs x'g]<br />
s'/fdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b ePg . tYout cfwf/df<br />
eGg] xf] klg ef<strong>if</strong>f nufotsf] s'/fdf cGo<br />
<strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf hlt g} jlx/f]x?df klg<br />
Ifdtf x'G5 eGg] dfGotf kfO{G5 .<br />
pgLx?nfO{ s]jn prLt dfWod -<br />
b[ZodfWod_ u'0f:t/o'Qm z}lIfs sfo{qmd<br />
/ ;xfotf h?/L x'G5 . jlx/f x'+b}df<br />
z}lIfs Ifdtf gx'g] eGg ldNb}g .<br />
pgLx?sf] lzIffdf kx'+rsf]<br />
xsnfO{ s'g}<br />
dfg]df klg cgb]vf ug{ ldNg] b]lvGg .<br />
lzIff cfkm}df s'g} uGtJo geO{ hLjg<br />
e/L hf/L /xg] lg/Gt/sf] l;Sg] k|s[of xf]<br />
. of] Pp6f :jtGq, lzlIft, /f]huf/ /<br />
cfkm\gf] nIo -self-actualizing_ k|fKt<br />
u/]sf] JolQmn] h:tf] cfk\mgf] ;d"bfo <strong>jf</strong><br />
;dfhsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] lbg] of]ubfg<br />
c?n] lbg ;Sb}g . To;}n] c? ju{nfO{<br />
h:tf] u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] rfxgf<br />
ckfËx?df klg /xg' :jefljs 5 .<br />
ckfËx?sf] lzIffsf] xsnfO{ ckfËx?sf]<br />
xs ;DjGwL dxf;GwL -Convention of<br />
188<br />
c+s @<br />
the Right of Persons with Disabilities_<br />
n] :ki6 zJbdf dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . pSt<br />
dxf;GwLdf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'+bf<br />
;f] cGtu{tsf] bfloTj klg l;h{gf eO{<br />
;s]s]f b]lvG5 .<br />
pSt dxf;GwLn] eg]sf] 5–<br />
"jlx/f]kg ePsf] ;d"bfosf] efl<strong>if</strong>s<br />
klxrfgsf] k|j{4g / ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf]<br />
lzIffnfO{ k|z:t ug{ /fHon] pko'Qm<br />
pkfox? ug{ } kg] { 5 . ;/sf/x?n] jlx/f<br />
tyf cGwfx?sf] pko'Qm ef<strong>if</strong>fx?df /<br />
prLt <strong>jf</strong>tfj/0fdf lzIff lbg] s'/fsf]<br />
k|Tofe"lt lbg'kg] {5 , h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf]<br />
k|fl1s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; x'g ;sf];\<br />
. ;/sf/x?n] ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf of]Uo<br />
lzIfsx? lgo'Qm ug{ pko'Qm sbd<br />
rfNg]5g\ ." (States shall take<br />
appropriate measures for facilitating the<br />
learning of sign langauge and the<br />
promotion of the lingustic identity of the<br />
deaf community. Governments shall<br />
ensure that education of deaf and deaf<br />
blind persons is delivered in the most<br />
appropriate languges and in<br />
environments which maximize<br />
academic and social development. The<br />
governments shall also take<br />
appropriate measures to employ<br />
teachers who are qual<strong>if</strong>ied in sign<br />
language_=<br />
pk/f]Qm clesygdf jlx/fx?sf]<br />
efl<strong>if</strong>s klxrfgsf] s'/f ul/Psf] 5, prLt<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fdf lzIff lbO{g] s'/f ul/Psf] 5 /<br />
;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf of]Uo lzIfsx?sf]<br />
Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . ;xh / :jefljs<br />
?kdf xfdL ;j}n] :jLsfg'{<br />
kg] { s'/f s] xf]
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