lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ... lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
vf/]h x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntjf6 ePsf] k}m;nfdf c= j+= %( g+= / pNn]lvt glh/sf] AofVofdf ulDe/ q'6L ePsf] b]lvbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ sf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . @= lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf eLd jxfb'/ 9sfnn] ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL e} lghn] g} ljjflbt hUuf hf]t sdf]b u/L cfPsf]df hUuf wgLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] k|:t't df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf df]xL nut s§f x'g] u/L @)%).@.( df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6 sfg"g ljk/Lt lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . ;f] lg0f{o pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 c= j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd k/]sf] k|ltpQ/jf6 ;d]t pQm @)%&.@.( df ePsf] lg0f{o kl/jt{g gu/L ;f]xL lg0f{o sfod ug] { u/L z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªjf6 @)^).(.# df lg0f{o eof] . ;f] pk/ sfg"gsf Dofb leq k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df Dofb gf3L k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] elg k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h ug] { u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . hUufwgLsf] tk{maf6 @)%( ;fndf k/]sf] s"t lbnfO{ df]xL lgisfzg ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fjf6 ;d]t ljjflbt hUuf d]/f] kIfn] sdfO{ cfPsf] tYo k|dfl0ft ePsf] ca:yfdf c= j+= %( g+= sf] Dofb leq k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h 266 c+s @ ug] { u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf sfg"g ;+ut gx'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . k|ToyL{ jfbLsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf df]tL/fh uf}tdn] ljjflbt hUufsf] lkmN8 a'ssf] df]xLsf] dxndf k'g/fj]bssf] gfd n]lvPsf] ePtfklg lghn] #), #$ aif{ b]lv hUuf sdfpg 5f8]sf]n] ;f]xL ldlt b]lv hUuf wgLn] g} sdfO{ cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] ca:yfdf st{Ao lgjf{x gug] { df]xLnfO{ lgisfzg u/L ePsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{odf s'g} q'6L 5}g . To;}u/L k|:t't d'2fdf ljz]if cbfnt P]g adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb cfslif{t x'g]df c=j+= %( g+= adf]lhdsf] Dofbdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nfdf s'g} q'6L gx'Fbf pQm k}m;nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . #= b'a} tk{msf] ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL laifodf lg0f{o ug'{kg] { b]lvof] . $= o;df, k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] tk{maf6 e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªdf k/]sf] df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf e"ld ;DagwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd df]xL nut s§f x'g] 7x/L ;f] sfof{nojf6 ldlt @)%&.@.( df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;df k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf tfd]n ePsf] Dofb j]/Ltsf] eGb} ;f] lg0f{o pk/ log} k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 c= j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd k|ltpQ/ k/]sf]df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nojf6 ePsf] pQm @)%&.@.( sf] k"j{ lg0f{onfO{
g} oyfjt sfod /fvL df]xL lgisfzg ug] { u/L lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ hUuf wgLsf] tk{maf6 df]xLn] s"t ga'emfPsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ @)%(.!@.@& df k/]sf] s"t lbnfO{ df]xL lg:sfzg d'2fdf df]xL nut s§f eO{ df]xLsf] xs} ;dfKt e} ;s]sf]n] jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªjf6 @)^).(.# df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . csf] { tk{m oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tk{maf6 k/]sf] hUuf jf8kmfF8 d'2fdf df]xLsf] xs g} ;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf hUuf jfF8kmfF8 x'g g;Sg] egL bfjL g} vf/]h ug] { u/L @)^).(.# df lg0f{o ePsf] ;d]t b]lvof] . k|:t't df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o pk/ log} k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/jf6 laz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ gu/L c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]n] Dofb gf3L k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ePsf] eGb} OG;fkm tk{m k|j]z gu/L k'g/fj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvof] . %= o:tf] ca:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg Dofb leq 5 jf 5}g ;f]xL s'/fsf] ;j{k|yd lg0f{o ug'{kg] { b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ df]xL nut s§f ;d]tsf d'2fx?sf] sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)#! cg';f/ ug'{kg] { u/L e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf %#-!_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf %%-!_ n] e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! cGtu{tsf] lg0f{o pk/ k}tL; lbg leq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s @ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] jfx]s e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb yfDg] ydfpg] ;DaGwL :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvb}g . ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !! df ljz]if cbfntdf k/]sf] d'2f / ;f] cbfntsf] k}m;nf pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf !% lbg;Dd Dofb tf/]v yfDg kfpg] ;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf !! n] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df yfDg kfpg] cjwL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5}g . o;/L ljz]if cbfnt P]g jf cGo s'g} ljz]if sfg"gdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb yfDg] ydfpg] :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] ca:yfdf ;fdfGo P]gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL jGbf]a:tsf] %( g+= cfslif{t x'Fb}g eGg' Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . o:tf] ca:yfdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd yfDg ydfpg kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf nfu' x'g] :ki6 5 . o;} ;DaGwdf o; cbfntjf6 k'g/fj]bs nvg d'lvof ljg lj?4 s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo ePsf] s't lbnfO{ df]xL lg:sfzg d'2fdf -;=c= j'n]l6g @)%& cÍ !@, k[= !@_ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df c= j+= %( g+= cg';f/ yfDg kfpg] ;'ljwf k'g/fj]bsnfO{ k|fKt x'g] egL o; cbfntjf6 klxnf g} AofVof eO;s]sf] 5 . ^= dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fdf oL k'g/fj]bssf] gfddf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªjf6 hf/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb ldlt @)^).!).@@ df tfd]n e} ;f] ldltjf6 e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf %%-!_ adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb 267
- Page 87 and 88: ljkIfL sDkgLn] lgj]bs sDkgL ;dIf lg
- Page 89 and 90: ePsf]df ;f]xL ad]flhd / gePsf]df o;
- Page 91 and 92: Access to Justice af6 alGrt gxf];\
- Page 93 and 94: separability doctrine" in America a
- Page 95 and 96: e binding upon both such parties."
- Page 97 and 98: pQm k"jf{j:yfx? kfngf u/]sf] t/ pQm
- Page 99 and 100: yk s]xL s'/f pNn]v x'g cfjZos b]lvo
- Page 101 and 102: sf] lgod @#-!_ -u_ df pNn]v eP cg';
- Page 103 and 104: pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L rqm laqmd
- Page 105 and 106: appeal. Judicial review is directed
- Page 107 and 108: df ePsf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cGt/f{li6
- Page 109 and 110: pQm Convention nfu" x'g] specialize
- Page 111 and 112: which an opinion is required, and a
- Page 113 and 114: pGd'lQm k|fKt x'g'kg] { clwsf/Lsf]
- Page 115 and 116: lg0f{o g+=&(#% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;af] {
- Page 117 and 118: ;Demf}tf /2 u/]df clGtd e'StfgL ePs
- Page 119 and 120: Kof8df ldlt ;d]t pNn]v 5}g . olb ;f
- Page 121 and 122: ;L_ adf]lhd lakIfLnfO{ ! dlxgfsf] ;
- Page 123 and 124: lg0f{o g+=&(#^ g]=sf=k= @)^% ;af] {
- Page 125 and 126: naxfb'/ kf}8]n, x]daxfb'/ kf}8]n ;d
- Page 127 and 128: o;df jf/bftdf pkl:yt 7fn'dfg kf}8]n
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- Page 133 and 134: d'2faf6 lgnDagdf k/]sf] xf] ;f] d'2
- Page 135 and 136: lg0f{o g+=&(#* g]=sf=k= @)^% g] ]kf
- Page 137: ;d]t lsQf hUufsf] @)%^ ;fnsf] s'tjf
vf/]h x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6<br />
ePsf] k}m;nfdf c= j+= %( g+= /<br />
pNn]lvt glh/sf] AofVofdf ulDe/ q'6L<br />
ePsf] b]lvbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*<br />
sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ sf]<br />
cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f<br />
k|bfg u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfL lemsfO{<br />
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
cfb]z .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd k]zL<br />
;"rLdf r9L <strong>Ohnf</strong>; ;dIf k]z ePsf]<br />
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf<br />
tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf eLd<br />
jxfb'/ 9sfnn] lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufsf] df]xL<br />
k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL e} lghn] g} lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUuf hf]t sdf]b u/L cfPsf]df hUuf<br />
wgLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] k|:t't df]xL nut<br />
s§f d'2fdf df]xL nut s§f x'g] u/L<br />
@)%).@.( df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6<br />
sfg"g ljk/Lt <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] 5 . ;f]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o pk/ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tk{maf6 c= j+=<br />
@)* g+= adf]lhd k/]sf] k|ltpQ/<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
;d]t pQm @)%&.@.( df ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
kl/jt{g gu/L ;f]xL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o sfod ug] {<br />
u/L z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ª<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
@)^).(.# df <strong>lg0f</strong>{o eof] . ;f] pk/<br />
sfg"gsf Dofb leq k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df<br />
Dofb gf3L k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] elg<br />
k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h ug] { u/L ePsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf<br />
q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . hUufwgLsf] tk{maf6 @)%(<br />
;fndf k/]sf] s"t lbnfO{ df]xL lgisfzg<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2f<strong>jf</strong>6 ;d]t lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUuf d]/f] kIfn] sdfO{ cfPsf] tYo<br />
k|dfl0ft ePsf] ca:yfdf c= j+= %( g+=<br />
sf] Dofb leq k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h<br />
266<br />
c+s @<br />
ug] { u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
k}m;nf sfg"g ;+ut gx'Fbf<br />
ab/ ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof]<br />
. k|ToyL{<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
df]tL/fh uf}tdn] lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufsf] lkmN8<br />
a'ssf] df]xLsf] dxndf k'g/fj]bssf] gfd<br />
n]lvPsf] ePtfklg lghn] #), #$ a<strong>if</strong>{<br />
b]lv hUuf sdfpg 5f8]sf]n] ;f]xL ldlt<br />
b]lv hUuf wgLn] g} sdfO{ cfPsf 5g\ .<br />
o:tf] ca:yfdf st{Ao lg<strong>jf</strong>{x gug] {<br />
df]xLnfO{ lgisfzg u/L ePsf] e"ld;'wf/<br />
sfof{nosf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf s'g} q'6L 5}g .<br />
To;}u/L k|:t't d'2fdf <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> P]g<br />
adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t<br />
x'g]df c=j+= %( g+= adf]lhdsf] Dofbdf<br />
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h u/L ePsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nfdf<br />
s'g} q'6L gx'Fbf<br />
pQm k}m;nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
#= b'a} tk{msf] ljåfg<br />
clwjQmfx?sf] ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog<br />
u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] k}m;nf<br />
ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL la<strong>if</strong>odf<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{kg]<br />
{ b]lvof] .<br />
$= o;df, k|ToyL{ <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tk{maf6 e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªdf<br />
k/]sf] df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf e"ld<br />
;DagwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ sf]<br />
v08 -u_ adf]lhd df]xL nut s§f x'g]<br />
7x/L ;f] sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6 ldlt @)%&.@.( df<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
gfddf tfd]n ePsf] Dofb j]/Ltsf] eGb}<br />
;f] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o pk/ log} k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tk{maf6 c= j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd<br />
k|ltpQ/ k/]sf]df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
ePsf] pQm @)%&.@.( sf] k"j{ <strong>lg0f</strong>{onfO{