lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ... lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
ls= g+= &! sf] )–!@–) ;d]t hUufsf] df]xL dxndf k|ltjfbL ljkIfL jn jxfb'/ j'9fyf]sLsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] / lghn] pNn]lvt hUuf #).#$ aif{ cufl8 b]lv g} df]xLdf hf]t cfjfb ug{ 5f8L cGoq} uPsf] x'Fbf pQm hUuf d hUuf wgL cfk}mn] hf]t–cfjfb u/L cfPsf] x'Fbf e'= ;+= P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_-u_ cg';f/ df]xLsf] nut s§f ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] ph'/L lgj]bg . k|ltjfbLsf gfddf sfof{nojf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofb ldlt @)%&.!.!) df tfd]n eO{ k|ltjfb gk/L z'? Dofb g} ;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf z'? sfof{nojf6 ldlt @)%&.@.% ut] :ynut ;h{ldg x'Fbf pNn]lvt hUuf #@.## aif{ cufl8 b]lv df]xLn] hf]t cfjfb ug{ 5f8L cGoq} uPsf] x'Fbf pQm hUuf h= w= cfk}mn] hf]t sdf]b u/L cfPsf] eGg] Ps} Joxf]/fsf] d'r'Nsf ;d]tsf cfwf/df o; sfof{nojf6 ldlt @)%&.@.( df df]xLsf] nut s§f x'g] u/L lg0f{o e} >]:tf k'hf{df ;d]t df]xLsf] gfd s§f e} uPsf]df pQm lg0f{o d}n] ldlt @)%&.$.!! df gSsn ;f/L ln+bf yfxf x'g uPsf] x'Fbf yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf #% lbg leq cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf] cGofo lk/ dsf{ ;d]t v'nfO{ c= j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd k|ltpQ/ btf{ u/L sfo{jfxLdf j:g kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltpQ/ kq btf{ e} k|ltjfbL ;d]t tf/]vdf /x]sf] . df]xL nut s§f u/L lbg] u/L o; sfof{nojf6 @)%&.@.( df ePsf] lg0f{o kZrft klg df]xL k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] / cfˆgf kl/jf/ tk{maf6 hUuf hf]t cfjfb 264 c+s @ u/]sf] gb]lvPsf], df]xL nut e/]sf] cg';"lr ;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf], cfˆgf] st{Ao / bfloTj k'/f gu/L hUuf hf]Tg 5f8L hUufwgL :jo+n] hUuf hf]lt cfPsf] b]lvPsf]n] df]xL nut s§f x'g] u/L ldlt @)%&.@.( df ePsf] lg0f{odf kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] cfwf/x? gb]lvPsf]n] df]xL nut s§f ug] { u/L ePsf] lg0f{o oyfl:yltdf /xg] lg0f{o ul/ lbPsf] 5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªsf] ldlt @)^).(.#.% sf] lg0f{o . k|df0fsf] sfo{ljlwut k|s[of k'/f gu/L lg0f{o u/]sf], e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-u_ sf] unt AofVof u/]sf], #).#$ aif{ b]lv df]xL cGoq u} j]kQf ePsf] egL lkm/fb bfjL lnPsf] Psftk{m 5 eg] csf] { tk{m @)%( ;fnsf] s'tjfnL lbPg, lbnfO{ kfpF egL csf] { lkm/fb klg lbPsf], To;tk{m s'g} Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g . jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] k|df0f Ps cfk;df ;'gfO{ c= j+= &* g+= sf] k|s[of k'/f ug'{kg] {df ;f] gu/]sf], @)%( ;fnsf] jfnL lbPg lbnfO{ kfpF egL jfbLn] lbPsf] d'2f lghs} lj?4 k|df0f nufpg' kg] {df ;f] tk{m ;d]t Wofg gk'¥ofPsf], olb d}n] bflj adf]lhd #).#% aif{ cufl8 b]lv hUuf hf]Tg 5f8]sf] eP sfg"gsf] Dofb leq jfbLn] ph'/ ug{ ;Sg' kg] { lyof], ;f] eP u/]sf] 5}g . ctM z'? k}m;nf cGofok"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ pN6L u/L d]/f] df]xL xs oyfjt sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg . o;df hUufwgLn] df]xLjf6 ls= g+= #%@, &@, *!, *#, &$, $$, *!
;d]t lsQf hUufsf] @)%^ ;fnsf] s'tjfnL s;]gL uf= lj= ;= sf] /f]xj/df @)%^.!!.@@.! df j'emL lnPsf] / e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_-u_ adf]lhd df]xLn] hUuf hf]Tg 5f8]sf] ;"rgf ;d]t hUufwgLn] glbPsf] ca:yfdf #$.#% aif{ cl3 b]lv g} df]xLn] hf]Tg 5f8]sf] egL nut s§f ug] { u/]sf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªsf] O{G;fkm gldn]sf]n] c= j+= @)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod $& adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^!.#.!$.@ sf] cfb]z . o;df k'g/fj]bsn] o; d'2fdf cfslif{t gx'g] c= j+= %( g+= cg';f/ u'h| ]sf] Dofb ydfO{ k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ u/L sf/jfO{ rnfPsf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] yfdL kfPsf] Dofb ;d]t ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( adf]lhd yfDg kfpg] !% lbg eGbf a9Lsf] b]lvg cfPsf] ;d]t sf/0fjf6 btf{ g} x'g g;Sg] k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ x'g cfPsf] sf/0fn] k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ leq k|j]z u/L /xg k/]g . t;y{ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!^ sf] k}m;nf . e"ld ;DaGwL P]gdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df ydfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsf] ca:yfdf c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd Dofb ydfpg kfpg] k|rng /xL cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ljkIfL jfbLn] d pk/ s't lbnfO{ df]xL lgisfzg ul/kfpFm elg @)%( ;fndf d'2f bfo/ u/]jf6 ;d]t g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s @ 265 ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xL d ePsf] s'/f k'i6L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} pQm d'2fn] hUuf hf]Tg 5f8]sf] x'Fbf df]xLsf] nut s§f ul/kfpFm elg lbPsf] d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{o vl08t ePsf] ca:yf 5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf e"ld ;DaGwL P]gdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xL d /x] ePsf] / ljjflbt hUuf d}n] g} sdfO{ cfPsf]df s]jn ;h{ldgsf cfwf/df dfq df]xLsf] nut s§f ug{ ldNb}g . ctM ;Ddflgt ;jf] {Rr cbfntjf6 nvg d'lvof ljg lj?4 s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo -;= c= j'n]l6g @)%& aif{ ( cÍ !@, k[= !@_, s[i0fdfg >]i7 lj?4 lrgsf yf? -;= c= j'n]l6g @)%% cÍ &, k[= &_ ;d]tsf d'2fdf k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt Pj+ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @(-@_ v, @(s sf] b]xfo -v_ Pj+ d'n'sL P]g c= j+= #% g+= ljk/Lt ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] q'6Lk"0f{ k}m;nf ab/ u/L Gofo kfpF eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 o; cbfnt ;dIf k/]sf] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg . o;df e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Ln] df]xL nut s§f ;DaGwL d'2fdf u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd #) lbgsf] Dofb yfDg yfldg ;Sg] egL o; cbfntjf6 ;Dat @)%# ;fnsf] b]= k'= g+= #%!@ nvg d'lvof ljg lj?4 s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo ePsf] s't lbnfO{ df]xL lgisfzg d'2fdf k}m;nf e} l;4fGt sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 . -;= c= j'n]l6g @)%& cÍ !@ k[= !@_ pNn]lvt glh/ / c= j+= %( g+= sf] unt AofVof u/L k'g/fj]bg g}
- Page 85 and 86: o; cbfntdf sfg"g jdf]lhd k}m;nf ePs
- Page 87 and 88: ljkIfL sDkgLn] lgj]bs sDkgL ;dIf lg
- Page 89 and 90: ePsf]df ;f]xL ad]flhd / gePsf]df o;
- Page 91 and 92: Access to Justice af6 alGrt gxf];\
- Page 93 and 94: separability doctrine" in America a
- Page 95 and 96: e binding upon both such parties."
- Page 97 and 98: pQm k"jf{j:yfx? kfngf u/]sf] t/ pQm
- Page 99 and 100: yk s]xL s'/f pNn]v x'g cfjZos b]lvo
- Page 101 and 102: sf] lgod @#-!_ -u_ df pNn]v eP cg';
- Page 103 and 104: pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L rqm laqmd
- Page 105 and 106: appeal. Judicial review is directed
- Page 107 and 108: df ePsf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cGt/f{li6
- Page 109 and 110: pQm Convention nfu" x'g] specialize
- Page 111 and 112: which an opinion is required, and a
- Page 113 and 114: pGd'lQm k|fKt x'g'kg] { clwsf/Lsf]
- Page 115 and 116: lg0f{o g+=&(#% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;af] {
- Page 117 and 118: ;Demf}tf /2 u/]df clGtd e'StfgL ePs
- Page 119 and 120: Kof8df ldlt ;d]t pNn]v 5}g . olb ;f
- Page 121 and 122: ;L_ adf]lhd lakIfLnfO{ ! dlxgfsf] ;
- Page 123 and 124: lg0f{o g+=&(#^ g]=sf=k= @)^% ;af] {
- Page 125 and 126: naxfb'/ kf}8]n, x]daxfb'/ kf}8]n ;d
- Page 127 and 128: o;df jf/bftdf pkl:yt 7fn'dfg kf}8]n
- Page 129 and 130: v'kf{ h:tf] hf]lvdL wfl/nf] xltof/s
- Page 131 and 132: lgh d[ts jf lghsf] xsbf/ plDsg kfpg
- Page 133 and 134: d'2faf6 lgnDagdf k/]sf] xf] ;f] d'2
- Page 135: lg0f{o g+=&(#* g]=sf=k= @)^% g] ]kf
- Page 139 and 140: g} oyfjt sfod /fvL df]xL lgisfzg ug
ls= g+= &! sf] )–!@–) ;d]t hUufsf]<br />
df]xL dxndf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ljkIfL jn jxfb'/<br />
j'9fyf]sLsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] / lghn]<br />
pNn]lvt hUuf #).#$ a<strong>if</strong>{ cufl8 b]lv g}<br />
df]xLdf hf]t cf<strong>jf</strong>b ug{ 5f8L cGoq}<br />
uPsf] x'Fbf<br />
pQm hUuf d hUuf wgL<br />
cfk}mn] hf]t–cf<strong>jf</strong>b u/L cfPsf] x'Fbf<br />
e'=<br />
;+= P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_-u_ cg';f/<br />
df]xLsf] nut s§f ul/kfpFm eGg] <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
ph'/L lgj]bg .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf gfddf sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
hf/L ePsf] Dofb ldlt @)%&.!.!) df<br />
tfd]n eO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b gk/L z'? Dofb g}<br />
;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
z'? sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6 ldlt<br />
@)%&.@.% ut] :ynut ;h{ldg x'Fbf<br />
pNn]lvt hUuf #@.## a<strong>if</strong>{ cufl8 b]lv<br />
df]xLn] hf]t cf<strong>jf</strong>b ug{ 5f8L cGoq}<br />
uPsf] x'Fbf<br />
pQm hUuf h= w= cfk}mn] hf]t<br />
sdf]b u/L cfPsf] eGg] Ps} Joxf]/fsf]<br />
d'r'Nsf ;d]tsf cfwf/df o;<br />
sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6 ldlt @)%&.@.( df df]xLsf]<br />
nut s§f x'g] u/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o e} >]:tf<br />
k'hf{df ;d]t df]xLsf] gfd s§f e}<br />
uPsf]df pQm <strong>lg0f</strong>{o d}n] ldlt<br />
@)%&.$.!! df gSsn ;f/L ln+bf yfxf<br />
x'g uPsf] x'Fbf<br />
yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] ^<br />
dlxgf #% lbg leq cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf]<br />
cGofo lk/ dsf{ ;d]t v'nfO{ c= j+=<br />
@)* g+= adf]lhd k|ltpQ/ btf{ u/L<br />
sfo{<strong>jf</strong>xLdf j:g kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]<br />
k|ltpQ/ kq btf{ e} k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ;d]t<br />
tf/]vdf /x]sf] .<br />
df]xL nut s§f u/L lbg] u/L o;<br />
sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6 @)%&.@.( df ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
kZrft klg df]xL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] cfˆgf] /<br />
cfˆgf kl/<strong>jf</strong>/ tk{maf6 hUuf hf]t cf<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
264<br />
c+s @<br />
u/]sf] gb]lvPsf], df]xL nut e/]sf]<br />
cg';"lr ;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf], cfˆgf]<br />
st{Ao / bfloTj k'/f gu/L hUuf hf]Tg<br />
5f8L hUufwgL :jo+n] hUuf hf]lt cfPsf]<br />
b]lvPsf]n] df]xL nut s§f x'g] u/L ldlt<br />
@)%&.@.( df ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf kl/jt{g<br />
x'g ;Sg] cfwf/x? gb]lvPsf]n] df]xL<br />
nut s§f ug] { u/L ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
oyfl:yltdf /xg] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ul/ lbPsf] 5'<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? e"ld;'wf/<br />
sfof{no df]/ªsf] ldlt @)^).(.#.% sf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o .<br />
k|df0fsf] sfo{ljlwut k|s[of k'/f<br />
gu/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf], e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,<br />
@)@! sf] bkmf @^-u_ sf] unt AofVof<br />
u/]sf], #).#$ a<strong>if</strong>{ b]lv df]xL cGoq u}<br />
j]kQf ePsf] egL lkm/fb bfjL lnPsf]<br />
Psftk{m 5 eg] csf] { tk{m @)%( ;fnsf]<br />
s't<strong>jf</strong>nL lbPg, lbnfO{ kfpF egL csf] {<br />
lkm/fb klg lbPsf], To;tk{m s'g} Wofg<br />
lbOPsf] 5}g . <strong>jf</strong>bL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k|df0f Ps<br />
cfk;df ;'gfO{ c= j+= &* g+= sf] k|s[of<br />
k'/f ug'{kg]<br />
{df ;f] gu/]sf], @)%( ;fnsf]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>nL lbPg lbnfO{ kfpF egL <strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
lbPsf] d'2f lghs} lj?4 k|df0f nufpg'<br />
kg] {df ;f] tk{m ;d]t Wofg gk'¥ofPsf],<br />
olb d}n] bflj adf]lhd #).#% a<strong>if</strong>{ cufl8<br />
b]lv hUuf hf]Tg 5f8]sf] eP sfg"gsf]<br />
Dofb leq <strong>jf</strong>bLn] ph'/ ug{ ;Sg' kg] {<br />
lyof], ;f] eP u/]sf] 5}g . ctM z'?<br />
k}m;nf cGofok"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ pN6L u/L<br />
d]/f] df]xL xs oyfjt sfod ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg .<br />
o;df hUufwgLn] df]xL<strong>jf</strong>6 ls=<br />
g+= #%@, &@, *!, *#, &$, $$, *!