lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ... lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
ljleGg p2]Zox? dWo] Pp6f p2]Zo eg]sf] ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo u/L Tof] ck/fwL :jo+nfO{ k'gM ck/fw ug{af6 /f]Sg'sf ;fy} Tof] ;hfosf] eo b]vfP/ c? JolStnfO{ klg ck/fw d'ns sfo{ ug{af6 /f]Sg' /x]sf] x'G5 . ;hfo k|bfg u/]/ ;hfosf] eoaf6 ck/fw /f]Sg] sfd ck/fwL lhljt /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq ;+ej x'G5 . ck/fw ug] { JolStsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] ck/fwLnfO{ sf/fuf/df /fvL ;hfo sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg] e} kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pSt p2]Zo k"lt{ gx'g] ePsf]n] ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfoaf6 d'St ul/G5 . xfd|f] sfg"gL k|0fnLn] of] s'/fnfO{ ck/fwL;+u} ck/fw klg d5{ eGg] l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG5 . kmf}Hbf/L d'2f nfu]sf] dflg;sf] d'2f km};nf eO{;s] kl5 lghsf] d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ nfu]sf] hl/jfgf s}b jf lazf} +b dfkmL x'g] s'/fsf] Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g b08 ;hfosf] # g+= df kfO{G5 eg] d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf s] x'g] eGg] s'/f d'n'sL P]g cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !&^ g+= df Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;f] gDa/df ePsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ æu}x| d'2fdf cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg; km};nf gx'b} d¥of] eg] ;f] dg] {nfO{ vtaft nfUb}g . ;sf/ u/]sf] d'2fdf klg ;sf/ ug] { JolStnfO{ ;f] ;sf/ u/]sf] gftfn] dfq ck/fwL 7x¥ofpg x'b}gÆ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G5 . k|:t't Joj:yfn] cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg;sf] d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ ;f] ck/fw u/] jfkt x'g ;Sg] s}b hl/jfgf gnfUg] tyf lghsf] d'2f ;sf/ ug] { JolStnfO{ ck/fwL 7x/ ug{ gldNg] tkm{ 262 c+s @ ;Dd O{ +lut u/]sf] xf] . cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg;sf] gfpFdf lghsf] d[To' eO{ ;s]sf] x'gfn] b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut ;Dd gsl;g] xf] . ck/fwsf] sf/0faf6 ;[lht b]jfgL bfloTjaf6 eg] lgh d[ts jf lghsf] xsbf/ eg] plDsg kfpg] cj:yf /xb}g . lgj]bssf klt hgs/fhnfO{ ;hfo gug'{sf k5fl8 klg oxL sf/0f /x]sf] xf] . lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] sf/0f ;hfo gePsf] xf]Og . zfxL g]kfn jfo" ;]jf lgudsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL @)#! sf] !!=#=$ -ª_ df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ lgj]bssf klt hgs/fh a:g]tn] lgh pk/ nfu]sf] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPdf dfq lghsf] lgnDag km's'jf e} lghn] kfpg' kg] { ;'ljwf kfpg] xf] . lghn] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] lgnDag km's'jf x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] lgj]lbsfsf] dfu cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] klg b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt cfwf/x?af6 lgj]lbsfsf] dfu cg';f/ cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg] { cj:yf gb]lv+bf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pSTf /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/L Olt ;Djt @)^% ;fn h]i7 dlxgf @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ================ Ohnf; clws[t– zf=c= lzlz//fh 9sfn
lg0f{o g+=&(#* g]=sf=k= @)^% g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s @ ;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;Fo'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/cnL cG;f/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb| |k|;fb sf]O/fnf ;Djt @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= –*(&^ km};nf ldltM @)^%.@.#!.^ d'2fM– df]xL nut s§f . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM df]/ª lhNnf uf]ljGbk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # 3/ eO{ xfn P]= s;]gL uf=lj=;=j8f g+=^ a:g] jnjxfb'/ j'9fyf]sL la?4 k|ToyL{ jfbLM df]/ª lhNnf 8f+uLxf6 uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % a:g] dlrGb| jxfb'/ lnDa' z'? lg0f{o ug] { e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L Zofd e08f/L k'g/fj]bg lg0f{o ug] {M df=Gof= uf]ljGb s'df/ >]i7 df=Gof= /f3jnfn j}B � ljz]if cbfnt P]g jf cGo s'g} ljz]if sfg"gdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb yfDg] ydfpg] :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] ca:yfdf ;fdfGo P]gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL jGbf]a:tsf] %( g+= cfslif{t x'Fb}g eGg' Gofo;+ut gePsf]n] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df c=j+= %( g+= cg';f/ yfDg kfpg] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] . -k|s/0f g+=%_ 263 � e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf %%-!_ adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb #% lbg / c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd yfDg kfpg] Dofb #) lbg u/L ^% lbg leq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/]sf] ca:yfdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbDofb leq} k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgnfO{ xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/ ePsf] eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=^_ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf eLdjxfb'/ 9sfn k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf df]lt/fh uf}td cjnlDjt ghL/M km};nf Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/LM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntjf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhd bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg e} k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M– d]/f gfd btf{sf] lhNnf df]/ª s;]gL uf= lj= ;= j8f g+= ^-v_ sf] ls= g+= #%@ sf] h= lj= )–&–% P]= P]= sf] ls= g+= &@ sf] h= lj= )–!)–!% P]= j8f g+= ^-3_ sf] ls= g+= *! sf] h= lj= )–!–!* À P]= P]= sf] ls= g+= *# sf] )–!@–!) P]= P]= sf] ls= g+= &$ sf] )–!^–% P]= P]= sf] ls= g+= $% sf] )–@–!) P]= P]= sf]
- Page 83 and 84: ;fy} k|:t't ljjfb s} ;DaGwdf o; k"j
- Page 85 and 86: o; cbfntdf sfg"g jdf]lhd k}m;nf ePs
- Page 87 and 88: ljkIfL sDkgLn] lgj]bs sDkgL ;dIf lg
- Page 89 and 90: ePsf]df ;f]xL ad]flhd / gePsf]df o;
- Page 91 and 92: Access to Justice af6 alGrt gxf];\
- Page 93 and 94: separability doctrine" in America a
- Page 95 and 96: e binding upon both such parties."
- Page 97 and 98: pQm k"jf{j:yfx? kfngf u/]sf] t/ pQm
- Page 99 and 100: yk s]xL s'/f pNn]v x'g cfjZos b]lvo
- Page 101 and 102: sf] lgod @#-!_ -u_ df pNn]v eP cg';
- Page 103 and 104: pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L rqm laqmd
- Page 105 and 106: appeal. Judicial review is directed
- Page 107 and 108: df ePsf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cGt/f{li6
- Page 109 and 110: pQm Convention nfu" x'g] specialize
- Page 111 and 112: which an opinion is required, and a
- Page 113 and 114: pGd'lQm k|fKt x'g'kg] { clwsf/Lsf]
- Page 115 and 116: lg0f{o g+=&(#% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;af] {
- Page 117 and 118: ;Demf}tf /2 u/]df clGtd e'StfgL ePs
- Page 119 and 120: Kof8df ldlt ;d]t pNn]v 5}g . olb ;f
- Page 121 and 122: ;L_ adf]lhd lakIfLnfO{ ! dlxgfsf] ;
- Page 123 and 124: lg0f{o g+=&(#^ g]=sf=k= @)^% ;af] {
- Page 125 and 126: naxfb'/ kf}8]n, x]daxfb'/ kf}8]n ;d
- Page 127 and 128: o;df jf/bftdf pkl:yt 7fn'dfg kf}8]n
- Page 129 and 130: v'kf{ h:tf] hf]lvdL wfl/nf] xltof/s
- Page 131 and 132: lgh d[ts jf lghsf] xsbf/ plDsg kfpg
- Page 133: d'2faf6 lgnDagdf k/]sf] xf] ;f] d'2
- Page 137 and 138: ;d]t lsQf hUufsf] @)%^ ;fnsf] s'tjf
- Page 139 and 140: g} oyfjt sfod /fvL df]xL lgisfzg ug
ljleGg p2]Zox? dWo] Pp6f p2]Zo<br />
eg]sf] ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo u/L Tof]<br />
ck/fwL :jo+nfO{ k'gM ck/fw ug{af6<br />
/f]Sg'sf ;fy} Tof] ;hfosf] eo b]vfP/<br />
c? JolStnfO{ klg ck/fw d'ns sfo{<br />
ug{af6 /f]Sg' /x]sf] x'G5 . ;hfo k|bfg<br />
u/]/ ;hfosf] eoaf6 ck/fw /f]Sg] sfd<br />
ck/fwL lhljt /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq<br />
;+ej x'G5 . ck/fw ug] { JolStsf] d[To'<br />
ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] ck/fwLnfO{<br />
sf/fuf/df /fvL ;hfo sfof{Gjog ug{<br />
g;lsg] e} kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pSt<br />
p2]Zo k"lt{ gx'g] ePsf]n] ck/fwLnfO{<br />
;hfoaf6 d'St ul/G5 . xfd|f] sfg"gL<br />
k|0fnLn] of] s'/fnfO{ ck/fwL;+u} ck/fw<br />
klg d5{ eGg] l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cjnDag<br />
u/]sf] kfOG5 . kmf}Hbf/L d'2f nfu]sf]<br />
dflg;sf] d'2f km};nf eO{;s] kl5 lghsf]<br />
d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ nfu]sf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf s}b<br />
<strong>jf</strong> lazf} +b dfkmL x'g] s'/fsf] Joj:yf<br />
d'n'sL P]g b08 ;hfosf] # g+= df kfO{G5<br />
eg] d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf d[To'<br />
ePsf] cj:yfdf s] x'g] eGg] s'/f d'n'sL<br />
P]g <strong>cbfnt</strong>L aGbf]a:tsf] !&^ g+= df<br />
Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;f] gDa/df<br />
ePsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ æu}x| d'2fdf cleof]u<br />
nfu]sf] dflg; km};nf gx'b} d¥of] eg] ;f]<br />
dg] {nfO{ vtaft nfUb}g . ;sf/ u/]sf]<br />
d'2fdf klg ;sf/ ug] { JolStnfO{ ;f]<br />
;sf/ u/]sf] gftfn] dfq ck/fwL<br />
7x¥ofpg x'b}gÆ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]<br />
kfO{G5 . k|:t't Joj:yfn] cleof]u<br />
nfu]sf] dflg;sf] d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ ;f]<br />
ck/fw u/] <strong>jf</strong>kt x'g ;Sg] s}b hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf<br />
gnfUg] tyf lghsf] d'2f ;sf/ ug] {<br />
JolStnfO{ ck/fwL 7x/ ug{ gldNg] tkm{<br />
262<br />
c+s @<br />
;Dd O{ +lut u/]sf] xf] . cleof]u nfu]sf]<br />
dflg;sf] gfpFdf lghsf] d[To' eO{ ;s]sf]<br />
x'gfn] b08 hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfsf] nut ;Dd<br />
gsl;g] xf] . ck/fwsf] sf/0faf6 ;[lht<br />
b]<strong>jf</strong>gL bfloTjaf6 eg] lgh d[ts <strong>jf</strong><br />
lghsf] xsbf/ eg] plDsg kfpg] cj:yf<br />
/xb}g . lgj]bssf klt hgs/fhnfO{<br />
;hfo gug'{sf<br />
k5fl8 klg oxL sf/0f<br />
/x]sf] xf] . lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6<br />
;kmfO{ kfPsf] sf/0f ;hfo gePsf] xf]Og<br />
. zfxL g]kfn <strong>jf</strong>o" ;]<strong>jf</strong> lgudsf<br />
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]<strong>jf</strong> zt{ lgodfjnL @)#!<br />
sf] !!=#=$ -ª_ df ePsf] Joj:yf<br />
cg';f/ lgj]bssf klt hgs/fh a:g]tn]<br />
lgh pk/ nfu]sf] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{<br />
kfPdf dfq lghsf] lgnDag km's'<strong>jf</strong> e}<br />
lghn] kfpg' kg] { ;'ljwf kfpg] xf] .<br />
lghn] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg]<br />
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] lgnDag<br />
km's'<strong>jf</strong> x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] lgj]lbsfsf]<br />
dfu cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] klg b]lvg<br />
cfPg . t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt<br />
cfwf/x?af6 lgj]lbsfsf] dfu cg';f/<br />
cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]<br />
{ cj:yf gb]lv+bf<br />
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bgsf]<br />
bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n<br />
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pSTf /fodf d ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/L<br />
Olt ;Djt @)<strong>^%</strong> ;fn h]i7 dlxgf @*<br />
ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ================<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[t– zf=c= lzlz//fh<br />
9sfn