![lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...](https://img.yumpu.com/6479513/132/500x640/lg0fo-g-amp-gsfk-jfrr-cbfnt-ljzif-ohnf-dfgglo-.jpg)
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ... lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
xf]Og eGg] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt xf] . bf]ifL k|dfl0ft ge} d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf d]/f] kltsf] lgnDag :jtM km's'jf ePsf] dflg lghn] kfpg] ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug'{kg] {df ;f] gubf{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !!- !_, !& cg';f/ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft k/]sf]n] ljkIfL lgudsf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%&.%.@^ sf] lg0f{o, tbg';f/ hf/L ePsf] @)%&.^.@ sf] kq tyf o; ;DaGwdf dnfO{ hfgsf/L glbO{ dnfO{ ljk/Lt c;/ kg] { ul/sg cGo s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ;d]t pTk| ]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbO{ d]/f] kltsf] ;]jf lgudaf6 g6'6];Ddsf] cjlwe/df lghn] kfpg] ljleGg ;'ljwfsf /sdx? k|bfg ug'{ egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufotsf cGo cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO cfkm} jf cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwåf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.!@.@ sf] cfb]z . l/6 lgj]bssf klt hgsaxfb'/ a:g]t o; zfxL g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud cGt/ut lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf lkog kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf nfu' cf}ifw r/]; lgsf;L 260 c+s @ ;d]tsf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] cleof]udf kqmfp e} o; sfof{noaf6 lgnDag ePsf] / sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] d[To' eO{ ;s]sf] b]lv+bf s]xL u/L /xg'k/]g egL sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] 5 . lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . zf=g]=jf=lg=sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL @)#! sf] lgod !!=3=$ -ª_ df lgnDagdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft x'g g;sL ;kmfO{ kfPdf lghn] kfPsf] tna eQf s§f u/L afFsL k'/} tna kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . lgj]bssf kltn] cbfntaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] / cGo lgh hgsaxfb'/ a:g]t ;+u} kqmfp k/]sf cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo ;d]t ePsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLsf] kltsf] tna ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg gldNg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud tyf ;f]= sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ;+o'St lnlvt hjfkm . @= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L l;tf/fd ltjf/Ln] tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lguddf lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t hgs a:g]t dfly nufOPsf] nfu' cf}ifw d'2f km};nf gx'b} lghsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yf 5 . cbfntaf6 pSt d'2f km};nf x'Fbf lghsf] d[To' e};s]sf] x'Fbf lghsf] xsdf lg0f{o ug'{k/]g egL pNn]v u/LPsf] 5 . cbfntaf6 :ki6 ?kdf cleof]u k|dfl0ft gePsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lgbf] {if dfGg'kg] { x'G5 . h'g
d'2faf6 lgnDagdf k/]sf] xf] ;f] d'2fdf lghsf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft gePkl5 lgnDag :jtMkm's'jf x'g] ePsf]n] lghn] kfpg' kg] { ;'ljwf /sd kfpg] g} x'gfn] lgj]bg bfjL cg';f/ l/6 hf/L x'g'k5{ egL / ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L k"0f{dfg zfSo tyf lg/Ghg kf08]n] lgj]bssf] klt hgs a:g]t pk/ nufOPsf] nfu' cf}ifw d'2fsf] cf/f]kaf6 lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg] s'/f km};nfaf6 b]lvb}g . :ki6 ?kdf ;kmfO{ gkfPsf] cj:yfdf lgnDag :jtM km's'jf x'g] xf]Og t;y{ /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . b'j} kIfsf] ax; ;'lg ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu bfjL cg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg] { gkg] { s] xf] < ;f] ;DaGWfdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg] { x'g cfof] . #= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ cfkm\gf] klt zfxL g]kfn afo';]jf lguddf lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t /x+bfsf cj:yfdf lgh lj?4 nfu' cf}ifw d'2f nufO{ cbfntdf cleof]u kq bfo/ u/]kl5 lgudsf] ;]jfaf6 :jtM lgnDag x'g'ePsf]df d'2f rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf km};nf gx'Fb} lghsf] d[To' ePsf] / kl5 km};nf x'Fbf d[To' e};s]sf]n] lg0f{o ug'{k/]g egL pNn]v e} lgh pk/ nufOPsf] cleof]u k'li6 gePsf]n] lghsf] lgnDag :jtM km's'jf x'g] cj:yf x'Fbf lghsf] hLjgsfndf zfxL g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudaf6 kfpg' kg] { ;'ljwf lbnfO{ kfpF egL lgj]bg lbPsLdf lgudaf6 ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] egL lg0f{o ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o ab/ u/L ;'ljwf lbnfO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bg ePsf]df lgj]bssf] kltn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s @ 261 cj:yf gb]lv+bf lgnDag :jtM km's'jf x'g] cj:yf gx'Fbf lghnfO{ ;'ljwf lbg ldNg] xf]Og eGg] ljkIfL zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf] kfOof] . lgj]bssf klt hgs/fh a:g]t tTsflng zfxL g]kfn afo';]jf lguddf lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t /x+bfsf cj:yfdf lgh ;d]t pk/ nfu' cf}ifw r/]; lgsf;L ;d]tsf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] egL sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntdf cleof]ukq bfo/ e} lghnfO{ d'2f k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf /flvPsf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)%&.!.! ut] lghsf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvG5 . lghsf] d[To' kZrft pSt d'2f sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt )%&.!.* df km};nf x'Fbf pSt cbfntn] lghsf] xsdf lg0f{o ug'{k/]g egL pNn]v u/]sf] / pSt d'2fdf ljleGg kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kbf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 @)^#.@.@! df sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfdf ab/ u/L k'gM lg0f{o ug{ sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntdf lkmtf{ k7fPsf]df sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntaf6 k'gM@)^$.%.@* df km};nf ePsf] kfOG5 . sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf x'Fbf pSt d'2fdf s'g} klg cleo'Stn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] b]lv+b}g eg] ;hfo tf]Sbf k|ltjfbL hgs/fh a:g]tsf] xsdf lgh k'k{Ifsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /x]s} cj:yf d[To' e} ;s]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] b]lv+bf lghnfO{ s'g} ;hfo u/L /xg' k/]g egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pSt km};nf x]bf{ hgs/fh a:g]tn] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] ge} lghn] ;hfo ;Dd gkfPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg' / ;hfo gx'g' eGg] s'/f km/s km/s s'/f x'g\ . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf
- Page 81 and 82: df}lns xs, sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
- Page 83 and 84: ;fy} k|:t't ljjfb s} ;DaGwdf o; k"j
- Page 85 and 86: o; cbfntdf sfg"g jdf]lhd k}m;nf ePs
- Page 87 and 88: ljkIfL sDkgLn] lgj]bs sDkgL ;dIf lg
- Page 89 and 90: ePsf]df ;f]xL ad]flhd / gePsf]df o;
- Page 91 and 92: Access to Justice af6 alGrt gxf];\
- Page 93 and 94: separability doctrine" in America a
- Page 95 and 96: e binding upon both such parties."
- Page 97 and 98: pQm k"jf{j:yfx? kfngf u/]sf] t/ pQm
- Page 99 and 100: yk s]xL s'/f pNn]v x'g cfjZos b]lvo
- Page 101 and 102: sf] lgod @#-!_ -u_ df pNn]v eP cg';
- Page 103 and 104: pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L rqm laqmd
- Page 105 and 106: appeal. Judicial review is directed
- Page 107 and 108: df ePsf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cGt/f{li6
- Page 109 and 110: pQm Convention nfu" x'g] specialize
- Page 111 and 112: which an opinion is required, and a
- Page 113 and 114: pGd'lQm k|fKt x'g'kg] { clwsf/Lsf]
- Page 115 and 116: lg0f{o g+=&(#% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;af] {
- Page 117 and 118: ;Demf}tf /2 u/]df clGtd e'StfgL ePs
- Page 119 and 120: Kof8df ldlt ;d]t pNn]v 5}g . olb ;f
- Page 121 and 122: ;L_ adf]lhd lakIfLnfO{ ! dlxgfsf] ;
- Page 123 and 124: lg0f{o g+=&(#^ g]=sf=k= @)^% ;af] {
- Page 125 and 126: naxfb'/ kf}8]n, x]daxfb'/ kf}8]n ;d
- Page 127 and 128: o;df jf/bftdf pkl:yt 7fn'dfg kf}8]n
- Page 129 and 130: v'kf{ h:tf] hf]lvdL wfl/nf] xltof/s
- Page 131: lgh d[ts jf lghsf] xsbf/ plDsg kfpg
- Page 135 and 136: lg0f{o g+=&(#* g]=sf=k= @)^% g] ]kf
- Page 137 and 138: ;d]t lsQf hUufsf] @)%^ ;fnsf] s'tjf
- Page 139 and 140: g} oyfjt sfod /fvL df]xL lgisfzg ug
xf]Og eGg] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cfwf/e"t<br />
l;4fGt xf] . bf]<strong>if</strong>L k|dfl0ft ge} d[To'<br />
ePsf] cj:yfdf d]/f] kltsf] lgnDag<br />
:jtM km's'<strong>jf</strong> ePsf] dflg lghn] kfpg]<br />
;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug'{kg]<br />
{df ;f] gubf{ g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !!-<br />
!_, !& cg';f/ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs<br />
xsdf cf3ft k/]sf]n] ljkIfL lgudsf]<br />
;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%&.%.@^ sf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o, tbg';f/ hf/L ePsf] @)%&.^.@<br />
sf] kq tyf o; ;DaGwdf dnfO{<br />
hfgsf/L glbO{ dnfO{ ljk/Lt c;/ kg] {<br />
ul/sg cGo s'g} <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] /x]5 eg]<br />
;f] ;d]t pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L<br />
lbO{ d]/f] kltsf] ;]<strong>jf</strong> lgudaf6<br />
g6'6];Ddsf] cjlwe/df lghn] kfpg]<br />
ljleGg ;'ljwfsf /sdx? k|bfg ug'{<br />
egL<br />
ljkIfLx?sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufotsf<br />
cGo cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6<br />
lgj]bg .<br />
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt<br />
ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%<br />
lbgleq lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km lnO cfkm} <strong>jf</strong><br />
cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwåf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL<br />
l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL<br />
ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{<br />
eGg]<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)%&.!@.@ sf]<br />
cfb]z .<br />
l/6 lgj]bssf klt hgsaxfb'/<br />
a:g]t o; zfxL g]kfn <strong>jf</strong>o' ;]<strong>jf</strong> lgud<br />
cGt/ut lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o<br />
ljdfg:yndf lkog kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf]<br />
cj:yfdf nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w r/]; lgsf;L<br />
260<br />
c+s @<br />
;d]tsf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] cleof]udf<br />
kqmfp e} o; sfof{noaf6 lgnDag<br />
ePsf] / sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;dIf<br />
d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] d[To'<br />
eO{ ;s]sf] b]lv+bf s]xL u/L /xg'k/]g egL<br />
sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 km};nf<br />
ePsf] 5 . lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] cj:yf<br />
5}g . zf=g]=<strong>jf</strong>=lg=sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]<strong>jf</strong><br />
zt{ lgodfjnL @)#! sf] lgod !!=3=$<br />
-ª_ df lgnDagdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]<br />
cleof]u k|dfl0ft x'g g;sL ;kmfO{<br />
kfPdf lghn] kfPsf] tna eQf s§f u/L<br />
afFsL k'/} tna kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .<br />
lgj]bssf kltn] <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ;kmfO{<br />
kfPsf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] / cGo lgh<br />
hgsaxfb'/ a:g]t ;+u} kqmfp k/]sf<br />
cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo ;d]t ePsf]<br />
cj:yfdf ljkIfLsf] kltsf] tna ;'ljwf<br />
pknJw u/fpg gldNg] x'Fbf<br />
l/6 lgj]bg<br />
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] zfxL g]kfn <strong>jf</strong>o';]<strong>jf</strong><br />
lgud tyf ;f]= sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf]<br />
;+o'St lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs<br />
k]zL ;"rLdf r9L o; <strong>Ohnf</strong>; ;dIf k]z<br />
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{af6<br />
pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L l;tf/fd<br />
lt<strong>jf</strong>/Ln] tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfn <strong>jf</strong>o';]<strong>jf</strong><br />
lguddf lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t<br />
hgs a:g]t dfly nufOPsf] nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w<br />
d'2f km};nf gx'b} lghsf] d[To' ePsf]<br />
cj:yf 5 . <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 pSt d'2f km};nf<br />
x'Fbf<br />
lghsf] d[To' e};s]sf] x'Fbf<br />
lghsf]<br />
xsdf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{k/]g<br />
egL pNn]v<br />
u/LPsf] 5 . <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 :ki6 ?kdf<br />
cleof]u k|dfl0ft gePsf] cj:yfdf<br />
lghnfO{ lgbf] {<strong>if</strong> dfGg'kg] { x'G5 . h'g
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