lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ... lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo ...
lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf] {Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn ;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=M )^#–ws- )))@, )))*, )))(, ))!) cfb]z ldltM @)^%.!.!@.% laifoM pTk| ]if0f ;d]t . + + + lgj]bsM sf7df8f} lhNnf sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= # sfof{no /x]sf] laZj lxGb' dxf;+3sf] ljwfg cGtu{t u7g ePsf] ljZj lxGb' dxf;+3 g]kfn /fli6«o ;ldltsf sfo{jfxs ;efklt >Lk|;fb pkfWofo lj?4 lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f} ;d]t lgj]bsM sfe| ]knf~rf]s lhNnf, v/]nyf]s uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s a:g] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]n lj?4 lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f} + ;d]t lgj]bsM sf=lh sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=!* j:g] clwjQmf cldtf >]i7 lj?4 g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s @ 129 lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f} + ;d]t lgj]bsM sf7df8f} + lhNnf sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @(, n}grf}/ a:g] c?0f ;'j]bL ;d]t lj?4 lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f} + ;d]t � k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# /fhg}lts 3f]if0ffsf] k|s[of /fhgLlts ePklg To;n] u|x0f u/]sf] ljifo sfg"gL ePkl5 To;nfO{ /fhgLlts ljifosf] ;+1f lbO{ ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf lglxt /x]sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/sf] kl/lwaf6} aflx/ kfg'{ Gofosf b[li6n] / c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL d"No, dfGotf / cjwf/0ff ;d]tn] prLt gx'bf k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# nfO{ /fhgLlts 3f]if0ff dfgL To;sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg g} ug{ gldNg] eGg] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+=&_ � jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd /fHo / Gofokflnsf ;d]t ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] l:yltdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n cbfntn] af]Ng ldNg] gx'Fbf ;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/:t x'g] u/L
- Page 2 and 3: o; cbfntn] cfb]z hf/L ug{ g;Sg] .
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- Page 16 and 17: lg0f{o g+=&(@^ g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf] {
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- Page 32 and 33: ut] /ftL d[To' ePsf]n] d'n'sL P]g H
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- Page 48 and 49: cfkm"n] s'g sfg"g cGtut{ clwsf/ k|f
- Page 50 and 51: lg0f{o g+=&(#! g]=sf=k= @)^% ;jf] {
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(<strong>@%</strong> g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh zdf{<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn<br />
;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=M )^#–ws-<br />
)))@, )))*, )))(, ))!)<br />
cfb]z ldltM @)<strong>^%</strong>.!.!@.%<br />
la<strong>if</strong>oM pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0f ;d]t .<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
lgj]bsM sf7df8f} lhNnf sf7df8f}<br />
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #<br />
sfof{no /x]sf] laZj lxGb'<br />
dxf;+3sf] ljwfg cGtu{t u7g<br />
ePsf] ljZj lxGb' dxf;+3 g]kfn<br />
/fli6«o ;ldltsf sfo{<strong>jf</strong>xs<br />
;efklt >Lk|;fb pkfWofo<br />
lj?4<br />
lakIfLM ;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL<br />
tyf dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{no,<br />
l;+xb/<strong>jf</strong>/, sf7df8f} ;d]t<br />
lgj]bsM sfe| ]knf~rf]s lhNnf, v/]nyf]s<br />
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s<br />
a:g] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]n<br />
lj?4<br />
lakIfLM ;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL<br />
tyf dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{no,<br />
l;+xb/<strong>jf</strong>/, sf7df8f} + ;d]t<br />
lgj]bsM sf=lh sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf<br />
j8f g+=!* j:g] clwjQmf cldtf<br />
>]i7<br />
lj?4<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
129<br />
lakIfLM ;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL<br />
tyf dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{no,<br />
l;+xb/<strong>jf</strong>/, sf7df8f} + ;d]t<br />
lgj]bsM sf7df8f} + lhNnf sf7df8f} +<br />
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @(,<br />
n}grf}/ a:g] c?0f ;'j]bL ;d]t<br />
lj?4<br />
lakIfLM ;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL<br />
tyf dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{no,<br />
l;+xb/<strong>jf</strong>/, sf7df8f} + ;d]t<br />
� k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^#<br />
/fhg}lts 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] k|s[of<br />
/fhgLlts ePklg To;n] u|x0f<br />
u/]sf] lj<strong>if</strong>o sfg"gL ePkl5<br />
To;nfO{ /fhgLlts lj<strong>if</strong>osf] ;+1f<br />
lbO{ ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>df lglxt<br />
/x]sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]<br />
clwsf/sf] kl/lwaf6} aflx/ kfg'{<br />
Gofosf b[li6n] / c;fwf/0f<br />
clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL d"No,<br />
dfGotf / cjwf/0ff ;d]tn]<br />
prLt gx'bf k|ltlglw;efsf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^# nfO{ /fhgLlts<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff dfgL To;sf] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg g} ug{ gldNg] eGg]<br />
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf<br />
gb]lvg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=&_<br />
� jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg<br />
jdf]lhd /fHo / Gofokflnsf<br />
;d]t ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf]<br />
l:yltdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf]<br />
k|lts"n <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] af]Ng ldNg]<br />
gx'Fbf<br />
;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/:t x'g] u/L
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfb]z hf/L ug{<br />
g;Sg] .<br />
� Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]<br />
clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] :jo+<br />
;+ljwfg g} x'g] x'Fbf<br />
To; clwsf/<br />
cGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf] GofoLs<br />
k/LIf0f x'g] geO{ sfg"gsf]<br />
;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ul/g] x'G5 .<br />
;+ljwfgsf] c+u alg;s]sf<br />
k|fawfgx?nfO{ lgis[o e};s]sf]<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf]<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t' dfgL To;sf] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ GofoLs<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL dfGo<br />
l;4fGtn] klg cg'dlt glbg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=!!_<br />
lgjb]s tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmfx?<br />
<strong>jf</strong>ns[i0f g]pkfg], cldtf >]i7 /<br />
cRo"tk|;fb v/]n<br />
ljkIfL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg gfoj<br />
dxfGofoflwjQmf g/]Gb|k|;fb<br />
kf7s, ;xGofoflwjQmf o'j/fh<br />
;'j]bL<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
cfb]z<br />
Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M tTsfnLg<br />
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]<br />
wf/f @# tyf **-!_-@_ cGtu{t o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't<br />
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;<br />
k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M<br />
l/6 lgj]bgx?sf] ;+lIfKt tYo<br />
!= l/6 g+= )))@<br />
130<br />
c+s @<br />
d lgj]bsn] lxGb' wd{nfO{ Pp6f<br />
/fli6«o klxrfgsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg]<br />
dg;fon] lxGb' wfld{s ultljlwdf cfj4<br />
;+3 ;+:yfx? ;~rfng ub} { cfO/x]sf] 5' .<br />
xfd|f] cfhsf] klxrfg lxhf]df cfwfl/t<br />
/x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6«n] cfkm\gf] klxrfg /<br />
rl/qsf] >f]t cfk\mgf] e"ldsf] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> u'0f,<br />
cfkm\gf hgtf, cfkm\gf] ;+:yf, cfkm\gf<br />
dfGotf / /Lltdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 .<br />
o:tf df}lns klxrfg <strong>jf</strong>]s]sf] cGo<br />
/fi6«sf] klxrfg eGbf k[ys ?kdf g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f $-<br />
!_ åf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] klxrfgsf]<br />
cfwf/df Ps ax'hftLo, jx'ef<strong>if</strong>Lo, lxGb'<br />
;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds clw/fHo<br />
klxrfgsf] cfwf/ /x]sf] 5 .<br />
@)^# ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] >L %<br />
dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb| lj/ljqmd<br />
zfxb]jsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffk"j{ :yflkt ;+;bn]<br />
@)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut] k|ltlglw;ef<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff–@)^# df ljleGg 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff u/L ;f]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] k|s/0f * df "g]kfn wd{<br />
lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5" egL ul/Psf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff<br />
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ -!_ / k|:tfjgfsf]<br />
efjgf k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 .<br />
;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgfsf]<br />
k|lts"n x'g] u/L s'g} ;+zf]wg gul/g]<br />
;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;+zf]wg<br />
ug] { lgsfon] h:tf];'s} cl;ldt zlQm<br />
k|of]u ubf{ klg cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs<br />
cfwf/nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g eGg]<br />
dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L @)^# ;fn<br />
a}zfv !@ ut] k'g:yf{lkt ;+;bsf ;Dk"0f{<br />
;b:ox?n] k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL,<br />
@)%$ sf] lgod %-@_ cGt{ut ;f] sf]<br />
cg';"rL–! adf]lhd g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& k|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/ /xL<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] ;b:osf] sfdsfh<br />
d'n'ssf] ;f]emf] lrtfO{ s;}sf] 8/ wfs<br />
gdfgL, kIfkft gu/L, v/fj efjgf glnO{<br />
OdfGbf/L;fy ug] {5' egL ;ky ;d]t lng'<br />
ePsf], ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;+;bLo<br />
zf;g k|0ffnL, ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq,<br />
jx'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{ cfwf/e"t<br />
;+/rgfsf ?kdf c+lusf/ ul/Psf] / wf/f<br />
$-!_ df lxGb' ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq<br />
;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ;d]t /x]sf]<br />
5 .<br />
lxGb' wd{ l;4fGt eGbf klg<br />
Jojxf/df j9L nrsbf/ /x]sf] tYon]<br />
s'g} ;Dk|bfo <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> nlIft xf]Og . of] t<br />
;gftg wd{k|lt nlIft 5 . ;gftg<br />
;Eotf, CUj]b;Dd k'/fgf] x'g'sf ;fy} w]/}<br />
eu<strong>jf</strong>gsf] k"hf / ljleGg bz{gnfO{<br />
cf:yfsf] ?kdf cjnDjg ug{ k'u]sf] 5 .<br />
of] wd{n] ljleGg l/ltl/<strong>jf</strong>h cy<strong>jf</strong><br />
k4tLsf] cg';/0f ub{5 . ;du|df eGbf<br />
lxGb'wd{ Pp6f hLjg k4tL xf] . ;gftg<br />
dfu{ xf], klxrfg xf] .<br />
wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] cjwf/0ff s'g}<br />
JolQm <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>sf] <strong>jf</strong>}l4s ljnf;sf] la<strong>if</strong>o<br />
x'g ;Sb}g . of] s'g} klg b]z, ;dfh <strong>jf</strong><br />
;Eotfsf] w/ftnLo oyfy{ ;fk]If /x]sf]<br />
x'G5 . xfn ;Dd hlGdg;s]sf / g]kfnsf]<br />
eljio eGg'kg] { s/f} +8f} + g]kfnLnfO{<br />
ztflAbof} +b]lv pgsf k"j{hx?n] <strong>jf</strong>]s]/<br />
cfPsf] klxrfg<strong>jf</strong>6 j+lrt u/L<br />
lghx?nfO{ u'dgfd cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg]<br />
clwsf/ jt{dfg k':tfnfO{ 5}g .<br />
wd{ lg/k]Iftf / wd{ ;fk]Iftf<br />
eGbf klg /fi6« / ;dfhsf] klxrfgnfO{<br />
d"t{tf lbg] tYo ;/f]sf/sf] la<strong>if</strong>o xf] .<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
131<br />
g]kfn clw/fHonfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fHo<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ug'{<br />
eg]sf] g]kfn /fi6«sf] ?kdf<br />
klxrfg u'dfpg'sf ;fy} wfld{s /<br />
;fDk|bflos lx+;f lgDTofpg' xf], h'g<br />
/fi6«sf] enf] lrtfpg] s'g} klg ;+3<br />
;+:yf, /fhg}lts bn <strong>jf</strong> JolQmsf] kIfdf<br />
x'g ;Sb}g .<br />
@)^#.!.!! df k'g:yflkt<br />
k|ltlglw;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf /<br />
wf/f !!^-!_ eGbf aflx/ uP/ s'g}<br />
;zf]wg / 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ug{ ;Sb}g .<br />
;+ljwfgåf/f k|Tofe"t ;+j}wflgs<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tfdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] j}wflgs<br />
lgsfo ;+ljwfg;ef dfq x'g ;Sb5 .<br />
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ +ljwfg, @)$& sf]<br />
wf/f $-!_ sf] tfTko{ g]kfn Ps v'nf<br />
;dfhsf] bz{gdf cfwfl/t ;gftgL lxGb'<br />
dfGotf<strong>jf</strong>6 lgb] {lzt /fHosf] klxrfg xf] .<br />
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f <strong>@%</strong> -!_ / #^ -@_ n]<br />
;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ sfod<br />
/fVg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf lgb] {zs<br />
l;4fGt / df}lns xssf] ;lDd>0f g}<br />
gful/ssf clwsf/sf] d'Vo >f]t xf] .<br />
b]zdf ;+j}wflgs ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tf /x]sf] oyfy{<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] dfGb} cfPsf] ljleGg<br />
km};nf<strong>jf</strong>6 k|ltljlDjt x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]<br />
wf/f **-!_ / wf/f !!^ -!_ k|ltlglw;ef<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffn] vf/]h gug'{sf<br />
cnf<strong>jf</strong> of]uL<br />
g/x/Lgfy lj?4 ;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfgdGqL<br />
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ePsf] l/6 g+=<br />
^!@&, l/6 g+= @#$^ / cfb]z ldlt<br />
@)%#.!.!& ;d]tn] /fHosf gLlt lgb] {zs<br />
l;4fGtsf] pk]Iff ug{ gldNg] eGg]<br />
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt lakl/t tyf<br />
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $ ;Fu <strong>jf</strong>lemPsf]<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] k|s/0f -*_ df
x]sf] æg]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5Æ<br />
eGg] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg<br />
@)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf wf/f **-!_-@_<br />
cGtu{t pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0f, k/dfb]z nufot cGo<br />
pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z <strong>jf</strong> k"lh{ hf/L u/L<br />
jb/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
lgj]bs >Lk|;fb pkfWofosf] lgj]bgkq .<br />
@= l/6 g+= )))*<br />
d l/6 lgj]bs ;+j}wflgs<br />
/fhtGqk|lt cf:yf, jx'bnLo k|hftGqk|lt<br />
lgi7f / dft[e"ldnfO{ dfof ug] { sfg"g<br />
Joj;foL eO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g, k|ultlzn,<br />
;';+:s[t / k|hftflGqs /fHosf lrgf/Lx?<br />
x'g\ eGg] dfGotfdf ljZ<strong>jf</strong>; /fVb5' .<br />
@)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut] k|ltlglw;efsf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffdf Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{<br />
clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efn] k|of]u ug] {, g]kfn<br />
/fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efn]<br />
k|of]u ug] {, g]kfn /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{<br />
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>bdf lglxt<br />
/xg], >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ca pk|fGt<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/ elgg], zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]<br />
gfd g]kfnL ;]gf /xg], /fhkl/<strong>if</strong>bsf]<br />
vf/]hL, g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g] tyf<br />
/fhu2Lsf] pQ/flwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g<br />
jgfpg], ;+zf]wg ug] { / vf/]h ug] {<br />
clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efdf /xg], >L % sf]<br />
lghL ;DklQ / cfodfly sfg"g cg';f/<br />
s/ nfUg], >L % <strong>jf</strong>6 u/]sf sfdsf]<br />
k|ltlglw;ef / <strong>cbfnt</strong>df k|Zg p7fpg<br />
;lsg], /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/<strong>if</strong>bsf] clxn]sf]<br />
Joj:yf vf/]h ug] {, ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f,<br />
k|of]u / kl/rfng k|wfgdGqLsf]<br />
cWoIftfdf u7g x'g] Ps /fli6«o ;'/Iff<br />
kl/<strong>if</strong>b\n] ug] { eGg] ;d]tsf] pNn]v<br />
132<br />
c+s @<br />
ul/Psf] 5, ;f] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu clwsf+z aflemPsf]<br />
x'Fbf<br />
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] d"n sfg"g<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff u/]sf] pQm ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^# ;+ljwfgs}<br />
wf/f **-!_-@_ cg';f/ jb/ ul/kfpFm .<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ;+ljwfgsf]<br />
k|:tfjgf lakl/t xf], g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|ltlglw;efnfO{<br />
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg gdfgL g]kfnL<br />
hgtfdf ;fj{ef}d;Qf lglxt u/]sf] 5 .<br />
;+j}wflgs ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tf c+ufn]sf] pSt<br />
;+ljwfgsf] ljk/Lt k|ltlglw;efn]<br />
cfkm"nfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg ePsf] /<br />
/fHozlQmsf] k|of]u k|ltlglw;ef dfkm{t<br />
x'g] egL u/]sf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] k|i6 5 .<br />
o;sf ;fy} k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^#<br />
sf] bkmf ( sf] v08 -u_ df o;<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff;Fu <strong>jf</strong>lemg] g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& / k|rlnt cGo sfg"gsf<br />
Joj:yfx? aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo<br />
x'g]5g\ egL ;+ljwfgeGbf ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> x}l;ot<br />
k|bfg u/L k|ltlglw;efn] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff u/]sf] 5<br />
. k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^# sf] s'g}<br />
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL x}l;ot x'g g;Sg]<br />
ePsfn] <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffTds cfb]zåf/f<br />
jb/ 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t ul/kfpFm . ;fy}<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^# sf<br />
clwsf+z Joj:yfx? c;+j}wflgs /<br />
u}/sfg"gL x'g'sf ;fy} g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf<br />
To:tf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff sfof{Gjog ePdf sfg"gsf]<br />
zf;gsf] pkxf; x'g] x'Fbf<br />
k|:t't l/6<br />
lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf]<br />
gnfu];Dd pQm<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg' egL lakIfL ;D<strong>dfggLo</strong><br />
k|wfgdGqL ;d]tsf gfddf cGtl/d<br />
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]nsf]<br />
lgj]bgkq .<br />
#= l/6 g+= )))(<br />
d lgj]bs nfdf] ;dob]lv sfg"g<br />
Joj;fodf ;+nUg /xL b]zdf sfg"gsf]<br />
zf;g x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg]<br />
g]kfnL gful/s x'F<br />
. ldlt @)^#.!.!! df<br />
>L % af6 ePsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffn] tTsflng<br />
k|wfgdGqLn] ldlt @)%(.@.* ut] lj36g<br />
ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM jxfnL;Dd<br />
u/]sf], lj36g x'Fbf<br />
h'g clwsf/ /<br />
x}l;ot k|ltlglw;efsf] lyof] k'gM :yflkt<br />
x'Fbf<br />
Tof] eGbf c? yk clwsf/ kfpg]<br />
s'g} ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g .<br />
k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;ef / of]<br />
k|ltlglw;ef<strong>jf</strong>6 u7g ePsf] ;j{bnLo<br />
;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd sfd ug'{kg]<br />
{df<br />
;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / Joj:yf lakl/t<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^# hf/L ePsf]<br />
5, pQm 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu <strong>jf</strong>lemPsf] x'Fbf<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffdf pNn]lvt ;j} j'Fbf<br />
jb/ u/L<br />
kfpg ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf]<br />
xsb}of cGtu{t ;+ljwfg / jx'bnLo<br />
zf;g k|0ffnLsf] /Iffsf] nflu ;Ddflgt<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q u'xfg{<br />
cfPsL 5' .<br />
@)^#.!.!! df >L % af6 ePsf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0fdf /fHo zlQmsf] >f]t g]kfnL hgtf<br />
ePsf] / g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf<br />
/fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
133<br />
pNn]v ePsf] tyf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # /<br />
k|:tfjgf lakl/t hf/L ePsf] pQm<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ;+j}wflgs ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tf lakl/t<br />
/x]sf] 5 .<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^# sf]<br />
k|:tfjgfdf ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t /fHosf]<br />
k'gM ;+/rgf ug] { eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]<br />
;Gbe{df ;j} s'/f ;+ljwfg;ef<strong>jf</strong>6 jGg]<br />
;+ljwfgdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug] {<br />
hgk|ltlglwn] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug] { s'/f xf] .<br />
;/sf/nfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ eGg] ls<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/, wd{lg/k]If eGg]sL lxGb'<br />
/fHo, d'l:nd /fHo <strong>jf</strong> lqmlZrog /fHo<br />
ls <strong>jf</strong>}4 /fHo x'g], ;+ljwfgdf >L % sf]<br />
x}l;ot s] x'g], ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf s:tf<br />
lgsfo /fVg] ;j} <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug] { clwsf/<br />
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfn] ;+ljwfg;ef<br />
dfkm{t ug] { s'/f x'g\ .<br />
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,<br />
@)$& sf ljleGg wf/f lak/Lt<br />
@)^#.@.$ df hf/L e} ;f]xL lbg kfl/t<br />
ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f] ]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^# /<br />
k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# ;d]t<br />
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-!_ -@_ jdf]lhd<br />
pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] cfb]zn] k|f/Deb]lv g} jb/,<br />
cdfGo / lgliso 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff u/L cj pk|fGt<br />
;+ljwfg lakl/tsf sfd, sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL /<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff gug'{<br />
gu/fpg' eGg] cfb]z <strong>jf</strong><br />
cGo hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z <strong>jf</strong> k"hL{<br />
;d]t hf/L u/L ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf<br />
cldtf >]i7sf] lgj]bgkq .<br />
$= l/6 g+= ))!)
xfdL lgj]bsx? ;+j}wflgs<br />
/fhtGq / jx'bnLo k|hftGq k|lt lgi7f /<br />
hgtfdf lglxt ;fjef}dQf Pj+ sfg"gsf]<br />
zf;gdf ljZ<strong>jf</strong>; /fV5f} + . g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;+;bLo<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tfnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf]df @)^#<br />
;fn j}zfv !! ut] >L % <strong>jf</strong>6 k'g:yf{lkt<br />
;+;b / ;+ljwfg k|lt jkmfbf/ /xg]<br />
s'/fsf] ;ky lnPsf k|ltlglw;efsf]<br />
;b:ox?<strong>jf</strong>6 ;+;bLo ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tf ljk/Lt<br />
x'g] u/L u/]sf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^#<br />
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]<br />
wf/f ! / wf/f !!^ -!_ sf] k|lts"n<br />
/x]sf]n] jb/ efuL 5 .<br />
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/<br />
dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>bdf /xg], ;+;bsf] ;b:o<br />
g/x]sf] JolQm dGqL x'g ;Sg],<br />
Joj:yflksfsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/<br />
k|ltlglw;efn] ug] {, >L % af6 eP u/]sf<br />
sfo{ pk/ <strong>cbfnt</strong> / k|ltlglw;efdf k|Zg<br />
p7fpg ;lsg], /fli6«o ufg nfO{ kl/jt{g<br />
ug] {, g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]<br />
nufotsf k|fjwfg ;+j}wflgs ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tf<br />
/ ljlwsf] zf;gsf lakl/t ePsf]n] jb/<br />
ul/kfpFm .<br />
k'gM:yflkt ;+;bn] ;+ljwfgsf]<br />
;+/If0f <strong>jf</strong> kfngf ug] { st{Jo jxg ug] {<br />
;Dd xf], To;sf] pk]Iff ug] { xf]Og .<br />
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg <strong>jf</strong> vf/]hL ug] { clwsf/<br />
k|ltlglw;efnfO{ geO{ hglg<strong>jf</strong>{lrt<br />
;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ dfq ePsf] / ;+j}wflgs<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tf cjnDjg u/]sf] g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] k|:tfjgf<br />
/ wf/f !!^ -!_ ;Fu k|ltlglw;efsf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^# sf] k|s/0f -*_ df /x]sf]<br />
"g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5" eGg]<br />
134<br />
c+s @<br />
Joj:yf aflemPsf] x'Fbf<br />
jb/ ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bs c?0f<br />
;'j]bL, jb|L k|wfg / s]zjk|;fb<br />
;fksf]6fsf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bgkq .<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ePsf cfb]zx?<br />
!= l/6 g+= )))@<br />
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf<br />
;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
dufO{ cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> calw gf3]kl5 k]z<br />
ug'{<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
Ps GofofwLzsf] <strong>Ohnf</strong>;af6 ldlt<br />
@)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .<br />
@= l/6 g+= )))*<br />
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf<br />
;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
dufO{ cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> calw gf3]kl5 k]z<br />
ug'{<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
Ps GofofwLzsf] <strong>Ohnf</strong>;af6 ldlt<br />
@)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .<br />
#= l/6 g+= )))(<br />
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf<br />
;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
dufO{ cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> calw gf3]kl5 k]z<br />
ug'{<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
Ps GofofwLzsf] <strong>Ohnf</strong>;af6 ldlt<br />
@)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .
$= l/6 g+= ))!)<br />
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf<br />
;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
dufO{ cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> calw gf3]kl5 k]z<br />
ug'{<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
Ps GofofwLzsf] <strong>Ohnf</strong>;af6 ldlt<br />
@)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .<br />
ljkIfLx?af6 k]z x'g cfPsf lnlvt<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>kmx?<br />
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf<br />
dGqfnoM<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff @)^# g]kfnL<br />
hgtfsf] jnLbfg / hLjg pT;u{ ub} {<br />
;DkGg ePsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm<br />
hgcfGbf]ngsf] an<strong>jf</strong>6 @)^# ;fn<br />
a}zfv !! ut]sf] /fhfsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff cg'?k<br />
;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] dfu{ lrq jdf]lhd<br />
b]zsf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug{ / ;ft bn,<br />
g]=s=kf= -dfcf]<strong>jf</strong>bL_ jLrsf] <strong>jf</strong>x|a'Fb]<br />
;dembf/L cg'?k ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t<br />
gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L nf]stGq,<br />
/fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL<br />
/fHo Joj:yf / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf<br />
nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] lbPsf] hgfb]znfO{<br />
k"/f ug] { tkm{sf] b[9 ;+sNk ePsf] tYo<br />
pSt 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkqsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} :ki6 5<br />
. /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]t hgtf g} ePsf] /<br />
g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ToIf lg<strong>jf</strong>{rgåf/f u7g<br />
ePsf / ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] jnn]<br />
/fhfsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff dfkm{t k'gM:yflkt ePsf]<br />
;+;b h:tf] /fhg}lts lgsfon] /fhg}lts<br />
k|Zgdf u/]sf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff cGtu{t /x]sf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
g]kfn wd{lg/k]If /fHo x'g] eGg] k|fjwfg<br />
Gofoof]Uo Justiciable la<strong>if</strong>o jGg g;Sg]<br />
ePsfn] o; la<strong>if</strong>odf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] k|j]z ug{<br />
ldNg] xf]Og .<br />
wd{lg/k]If eg]sf] /fHon] s'g}<br />
vf; wd{ <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>sf] kIf glng], ;j} wd{n]<br />
;dfg cj;/ kfpg] eGg] g} xf] . o;n]<br />
wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;n]<br />
/fli6«o hLjgsf ;j} If]qdf Gofok"0f{<br />
Joj:yf sfod ug] { / ljleGg wd{<br />
;Dk|bfo / ef<strong>if</strong>fef<strong>if</strong>Lsf jLr :j:y /<br />
;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L<br />
/fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug] { x'gfn] ;f]<br />
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f <strong>@%</strong>-!_ / @^-@_<br />
cg'?k ePsfn] <strong>jf</strong>lemPsf] b]lv+b}g . wf/f<br />
!!^ -!_, wf/f $ -!_ df lxGb' zAb /x]sf]<br />
ePtfklg wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffn]<br />
lxGb'wd{fjnDaLx?nfO{ k/Dk/fb]vL<br />
rlncfPsf] cfkmgf] wfld{s lqmofsnfk<br />
ug{ k"0f{ xs / :jtGqtf lbPsf] x'Fbf<br />
wf/f<br />
!( sf] wd{ ;DaGwL xsnfO{ s'g} kl/jt{g<br />
/ c;/ ;d]t gk/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
lgj]bg vf/]h<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g,<br />
Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf<br />
tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
135<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf ;efd'v ;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> >L<br />
;'ef<strong>if</strong> g]D<strong>jf</strong>Ë tyf k|ltlglw;efM<br />
s'g} qmflGt hgcfGbf]ng tyf<br />
hgljb|f]x<strong>jf</strong>6 :yflkt hgfb]z Goflos<br />
k/LIf0fsf] la<strong>if</strong>o x'g ;Sb}g .<br />
hgcfGbf]ngsf] jndf @)^#.!.!! ut]<br />
zfxL 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff dfkm{t k'g:yf{lkt<br />
k|ltlglw;efn] hgpQ/bfoL ;j{bnLo<br />
;/sf/sf] u7g dfkm{t åGåsf] ;dfwfg<br />
u/L ;+ljwfg ;ef;Dd d''n'snfO{<br />
k'¥ofpg'
x]sf] 5 . ;fj{ef}d ;+;bn] ;j{;DdtLn]<br />
hf/L ePsf] ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> /fhgLlts b:tfj]h<br />
ePsf] pQm 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff <strong>ljz</strong>'4 /fhgLlts k|Zg<br />
ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6 Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg dfkm{t kl/If0f ug{ ;lsg]<br />
Goflos lg?k0f of]Uo gePsf] x'Fbf<br />
k|yd<br />
b[li6d} vf/]h ul/kfpFm .<br />
k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;ef<br />
;+j}wflgs ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tf / sfg"gsf] zf;gsf]<br />
l;4fGtk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4 5 . oL l;4fGtx?<br />
k"0f{ nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf dxTjk"0f{<br />
w/f]x/ klg x'g\ . nf]stflGqs /fHo<br />
Joj:yfdf cd"s /fhsLo wd{ x'Fb}g<br />
.<br />
jx'hflto, jx'wfld{s / jx';f+:s[lts<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>tfo'Qm nf]stflGqs /fHodf wfld{s<br />
:jtGqtf / wd{sf] dfdnfdf /fHosf]<br />
t6:ytfsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt /xG5 . Tof] g}<br />
wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] d"n dd{ klg xf] . wd{<br />
lg/k]Iftf ;lxtsf] k"0f{ nf]stflGqs<br />
zf;g Joj:yfsf] d"n dfunfO{ cufl8<br />
;f/]/ P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf<br />
g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf cg'?k ePsf]<br />
pSt 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !,$,&,<br />
#$,#% sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_-#_-$_-%_-^_<br />
wf/f #^,#* sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z,<br />
wf/f $$, $%, $^, %@, %#, %$, ^#,<br />
^$, ^(, &), &!, **-!_ / !!^-!_ ;Fu<br />
aflemPsf] s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f gx'Fbf<br />
l/6<br />
lgj]bg vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltlglw;ef / P]=sf ;efd'v<br />
;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> >L ;'ef<strong>if</strong> g]D<strong>jf</strong>Ësf tkm{af6<br />
k]z x'g cfPsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] k[ys k[ys<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb<br />
sf]O/fnfM<br />
136<br />
c+s @<br />
hg cfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]z cg'?k<br />
/fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] dfu{ k|:t't u/]sf]<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkq /fhg}lts<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ePsfn] Gofo of]Uo -Justiciable_<br />
gx'Fbf<br />
o;sf] Goflos lg?k0f x'g ;Sb}g<br />
. wd{ lg/k]If /fHosf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ;+j}wflgs<br />
;+/rgf<strong>jf</strong>6 lg:t[t gePsf] x'gfn] Goflos<br />
k/LIf0f x'g ;Sg] la<strong>if</strong>o xf]Og . d'n's wd{<br />
lg/k]If 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t x'Fb}df<br />
d'n'sdf<br />
gful/sx?sf] wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt nf]k x'g<br />
gx'g] / To;n] wfld{s :jtGqtfnfO{ c;/<br />
gkfg] { x'gfn] o;<strong>jf</strong>6 lakIfL nufot ;j}<br />
wdf{jnDjLn] ;dfg ;+/If0f / /fli6«o<br />
klxrfg kfpg] g} x'Fbf<br />
l/6 vf/]h u/L<br />
kfpF .<br />
hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf cg'?k<br />
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg k|ltlglw;efn]<br />
tTsfn /fhg}lts / ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/sf]<br />
sfd ug'{kg]<br />
{ /fhg}lts cfjZostfsf]<br />
l;4fGt -Doctrine of Political Necessity_<br />
sf cfwf/df ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff,<br />
@)^# n] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL dfGotf<br />
:yflkt u/L;s]sf] / ljgf cj/f]w<br />
sfof{Gjog e} ;s]sf] la<strong>if</strong>odf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf dfWodaf6<br />
x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] / l/6 lgj]bg cfkm} +df<br />
c;fGble{s / sfg"g c;Ddt ePsfn]<br />
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/ kfpF eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] ;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfgdGqL >L<br />
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf tkm{af6 k]z x'g<br />
cfPsf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
@= lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g<br />
cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf l/6<br />
lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg<br />
clwjQmf >L afns[i0f g]pkfg]n] cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg hf/L ePtfklg lgj]bgdf
p7fOPsf] lj<strong>if</strong>odf Gofo lg?k0f ug{ afwf<br />
x'Fb}g,<br />
;+ljwfgnfO{ g} k|of]hgxLg agfpg]<br />
u/L 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff hf/L ug{ ldNb}g / To:tf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffnfO{ j}wflgs dfGg klg ;lsFb}g,<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf cfwf/df<br />
Gofo lg?k0f ug'{<br />
kb{5 egL jx; k|:t't<br />
ug'{eof]<br />
. To;}u/L lgj]bs clwjQmf >L<br />
cldtf >]i7n] l/6 lgj]bg ;+j}wflgs<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tf / sfg"gL /fHosf] kIfdf 5,<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffn] ;+j}wflgs<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong>tfnfO{ nTofPsf] 5, ;fdflhs<br />
;+/rgfsf ;fy} ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfnfO{<br />
vNaNofpg] clwsf/ s;}nfO{ klg 5}g,<br />
t/ k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffn] To;nfO{<br />
vNaNofpg] sf]lz; u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]<br />
clGtd JofVoftf <strong>cbfnt</strong> xf], <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
To:tf] k|j[lQ k'g/fj[lQ x'g gkfcf];\ eGg]<br />
b[li6sf]0fn] klg cj}wflgs k|ltlglw;ef<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff jb/ 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t ul/g'k5{ egL / csf{<br />
lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo'tk|;fb v/]nn]<br />
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sfod}<br />
/x]sf] ;dodf k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff hf/L<br />
ul/Psf] / ;f] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffn] ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf<br />
eTsfpg] k|of; ug'{sf<br />
;fy}<br />
k|ltlglw;efn] cfkm"nfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf<br />
;DkGg /x]sf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ;d]t u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
;f]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff jb/ ul/g' k5{ egL jx; k|:t't<br />
ug'{eof]<br />
. ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf<br />
dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf tkm{af6<br />
pkl:yt ljåfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf<br />
>L g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7sn] l/6 lgj]bgdf<br />
p7fO{Psf lj<strong>if</strong>ox? oltv]/ c;fGble{s<br />
e};s]sf 5g\. h'g ;+ljwfgnfO{ cfwf/<br />
agfP/ lgj]bg ul/Psf] 5 xfn ;f]<br />
;+ljwfg g} cl:tTjdf g/x]sf] x'Fbf<br />
To;df<br />
Gofo lg?k0f ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g, xfn<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
sfod /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg<br />
@)^# sf] wf/f !^$ n] k|ltlglw;efåf/f<br />
eP u/]sf sfo{x?dWo] ;+ljwfg;Fu<br />
gaflemPsf] xb;Dd dfGo x'g] Joj:yf<br />
u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgn] g} :jLsf/<br />
u/]sf] lj<strong>if</strong>onfO{ c;+j}wflgs 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ug{<br />
;lsg] x'Fb}g,<br />
;+ljwfg cGtu{t ag]sf<br />
sfg"g ;+ljwfg cg'?k 5g\ <strong>jf</strong> 5}gg\ egL<br />
hfFRg] ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t<br />
;+ljwfg :jo+ g} l7s <strong>jf</strong> j]l7s eGg]<br />
k|Zgdf k|j]z ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g<br />
egL / ;x–<br />
GofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bLn]<br />
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff tTsfnLg<br />
cfjZostfsf cfwf/df hf/L ePsf] xf],<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L e};s]sf] jt{dfg<br />
cj:yfdf ;f] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkqsf] cl:tTj g}<br />
sfod /x]sf] 5}g, /fhgLlts ;xdtLsf]<br />
cfwf/df ePsf] sfo{nfO{ Goflos<br />
lg?k0fsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o agfpg x'Fb}g,<br />
l/6 hf/L<br />
x'g'kg] { cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf g} gePsf]<br />
cj:yfdf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 egL<br />
jx; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
#= plNnlvt jx; ;d]t<br />
;'gL lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L<br />
x]bf{ ldlt @)^#.!.!! df >L % af6<br />
ul/Psf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffaf6 k'g:yf{lkt x'g k'u]sf]<br />
k|ltlglw;efn] @)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut]<br />
u/]sf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff -k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff<br />
@)^#_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,<br />
@)$& sf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgf, ;+ljwfgn]<br />
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf /<br />
;+ljwfg<strong>jf</strong>bsf] cjwf/0ff ;d]tsf] k|lts"n<br />
/x]sf] x'Fbf<br />
;+ljwfg ljk/Ltsf] ;f]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf<br />
dfWodaf6 jb/ 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t ul/kfpFm eGg]<br />
d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]df hg<br />
137
cfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]z cg'?k /fhg}lts<br />
kl/jt{gsf] dfu{ k|:t't u/]sf]<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkqdf cGt/lglxt<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t' /fhg}lts ePsfn] Goflos<br />
lg?k0fsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o aGg g;Sg], d'n's wd{<br />
lg/k]If 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t x'Fb}df<br />
gful/sx?sf] wd{<br />
tyf ;+:s[lt nf]k gx'g] / To;n] wfld{s<br />
:jtGqtfnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] c;/<br />
gkfg] { cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf] {tkm{<br />
k|ltlglw;efn] tTsfn /fhg}lts /<br />
;+j}wflgs ;'wf/sf] sfd ug'{kg]<br />
{ /fhg}lts<br />
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff<br />
ul/Psf] x'Fbf<br />
To:tf lj<strong>if</strong>odf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf dfWodaf6<br />
x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] egL lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
k|:t't x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
$= pko{ 'Qmfg';f/sf] lgj]bg<br />
lhsL/, lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km / ljåfg sfg"g<br />
Joj:ffoLx?af6 k|:t't ePsf ax; a'Fbf<br />
;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o tkm{<br />
ljrf/ ubf{ o; lgj]bgdf d'ntM b]xfosf<br />
k|Zgx?df s]Gb|Lt e} ljj]rgf x'g'kg] {<br />
b]lvG5 .<br />
!= k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^#<br />
/fhg}lts 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ePsfn] To;df<br />
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg]<br />
eGg] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
k|:t'tstf{x?sf] egfO{ /x]sf]<br />
;Gbe{df ;f] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o<br />
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o x'g<br />
;S5 <strong>jf</strong> ;Sb}g <<br />
@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#<br />
n] c+lusf/ ul/;s]sf<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu<br />
aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos<br />
138<br />
c+s @<br />
{ {<br />
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o agfpg<br />
#=<br />
ldN5 <strong>jf</strong> ldNb}g <<br />
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z<br />
hf/L x'g kg] gkg] s] xf] <<br />
%= plNnlvt k|Zgx?sf]<br />
ljj]rgf ug'{<br />
cl3 ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs<br />
k|fawfgx?sf] cWoog ul/g' ;fGble{s x'g]<br />
b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] d"ntM g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]<br />
k|:tfjgf, wf/f !, $, !!^-!_ ;d]tsf<br />
cfwf/df k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^#<br />
jb/efuL /x]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]<br />
;Gbe{df tL ;+j}wflgs k|fawfgx?nfO{<br />
oxfF oyfjt\ ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M<br />
wf/f != ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"gM<br />
-!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g<br />
xf] . o; ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] sfg"g<br />
aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 .<br />
-@_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] kfng ug'{<br />
k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .<br />
wf/f $= clw/fHoM<br />
-!_ g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo,<br />
ax'efl<strong>if</strong>s, k|hftflGqs, :jtGq,<br />
cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, lxGb",<br />
;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds clw/fHo xf] .<br />
wf/f !!^= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM<br />
-!_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf]<br />
efjgfsf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ;+ljwfgsf]<br />
s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg <strong>jf</strong> vf/]h ug] {<br />
ljw]os ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgdf k|:t't ug{
;lsg]5 . t/ of] wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/g]<br />
5}g .<br />
{<br />
^= plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs<br />
k|fawfg;Fu aflemPsf] elgPsf]<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^# df /x]sf<br />
Joj:yfx?nfO{ x]bf{ k|ltlglw;efsf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf csf]<br />
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf geP;Dd eGg]<br />
Joj:yf /fvL To; kl5 d"ntM b]xfo<br />
jdf]lhdsf ( a'Fbfx?<br />
pNn]v ePsf]<br />
kfOG5M<br />
!= Joj:yflksfsf ;DaGwdf<br />
o; cGtu{t Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL<br />
clwsf/sf] k|of]u, k|ltlglw;efsf] cfX<strong>jf</strong>g<br />
/ cGTosf] k|s[of, lgodfjnL agfpg]<br />
clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf 5g\ .<br />
@= sfo{sfl/0fLsf ;DaGwdf<br />
o; cGtu{t sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/<br />
dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\df lglxt x'g] s'/f,<br />
dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] pQ/bfloTj, ;/sf/sf]<br />
sfo{ljefhg / sfo{;Dkfbg lgodfjnL<br />
;DaGwL Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ .<br />
#= ;]gfsf ;DaGwdf<br />
o; cGtu{t zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]<br />
gfd kl/jt{g u/L g]kfnL ;]gf /xg],<br />
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, k|of]u /<br />
kl/rfng, k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm,<br />
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;+u7g ;dfj]zL / /fli6«o<br />
:j?ksf] x'g] nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf<br />
5g\ .<br />
$= /fhkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf ;DaGwdf<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
139<br />
o; cGtu{t /fhkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] vf/]hLsf]<br />
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .<br />
%= /fhb/af/ ;DaGwdf<br />
o; cGtu{t /fhu2L pQ/flwsf/<br />
;DaGwL sfg"g agfpg], ;+zf]wg ug] { /<br />
vf/]h ug] { clwsf/, >L % sf] vr{,<br />
;'ljwf / ;DklQdfly s/, /fhk|f;fb<br />
;]<strong>jf</strong>sf] Joj:yfkg, /fhb/af/sf] ;'/Iff<br />
k|aGw nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ .<br />
^= d'n'sdf /x]sf] gful/stfsf]<br />
;d:ofnfO{ zL3| ;dfwfg ul/g] .<br />
&= k|rngdf /x]sf] /fli6«o ufgnfO{<br />
j}slNks Joj:yf u/L kl/jt{g ul/g]<br />
.<br />
*= g]kfn wd{lg/k]If /fHo x'g] .<br />
(= ljljw<br />
o; cGtu{t /fHosf ;a} c+u /<br />
lgsfo k|ltlglw;efk|lt lgi7f<strong>jf</strong>g /xL<br />
cf–cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]<br />
{,<br />
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug] { kbflwsf/Lx?n]<br />
k|ltlglw;efaf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf<br />
tf]lsPsf] zky lng' kg] {, 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff;Fu<br />
aflemg] g]kfn ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yf aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]<br />
nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ .<br />
&= k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff,<br />
@)^# df cGt/lglxt k|fawfgx?sf]<br />
pNn]vg kl5 ca dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf<br />
k|Zgx?dWo]sf] klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/<br />
ug'kg] { ePsf] 5 . k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff,<br />
@)^# /fhg}lts 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ePsfn] To;df<br />
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg] eGg]<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km k|:t'tstf{x?sf] egfO{
x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffdf<br />
cGt/lglxt lj<strong>if</strong>ox?nfO{ s]nfpFbf To;n]<br />
Joj:yflksfsf] clwsf/, sfg"g lgdf{0f<br />
k|s[of, clwj]zgsf] cfX<strong>jf</strong>g / cGTo,<br />
d'n'ssf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/, g]kfnL<br />
;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng,<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff;Fu aflemg] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yfx?sf] x}l;ot ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf<br />
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL Joj:yfx?<br />
k|ltlglw;efåf/f /fhg}lts 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf<br />
dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ePtfklg<br />
ltgLx?sf] /fhgLlts dxTj dfq ge}<br />
sfg"gL dxTj klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] k|s[of /fhgLlts ePklg<br />
To;n] u|x0f u/]sf] lj<strong>if</strong>o sfg"gL ePkl5<br />
To;nfO{ /fhgLlts lj<strong>if</strong>osf] ;+1f lbO{<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>df lglxt /x]sf] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/sf] kl/lwaf6}<br />
aflx/ kfg'{<br />
Gofosf b[li6n] / c;fwf/0f<br />
clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL d"No, dfGotf /<br />
cjwf/0ff ;d]tn] prLt x'Fb}g<br />
. t;y{<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^# nfO{<br />
/fhgLlts 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff dfgL To;sf] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg g} ug{ gldNg] eGg]<br />
ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km Joxf]/f /<br />
jx; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf<br />
b]lvPg .<br />
*= 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffdf cGt/lglxt<br />
sfg"gL lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t'x?dWo] s] s'g lj<strong>if</strong>o<br />
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] s]<br />
s'g k|fawfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg]<br />
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{<br />
cl3 g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h e}<br />
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L e}<br />
;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yflt/ klg Wofg lbg'<br />
cfjZos x'G5 . ldlt @)^# ;fn df3<br />
140<br />
c+s @<br />
! ut]b]lv k|f/De ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !^& cg';f/<br />
;f]xL ldltb]lv g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
o;/L Psflt/ h'g ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/df<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ug'{kg]<br />
{ xf]<br />
;f] ;+ljwfg g} xfn cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]<br />
cj:yf b]lvG5 eg] csf] {tkm{ ;f] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf]<br />
cl:tTj klg csf] { ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf<br />
kl5 :jtM z"Godf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 .<br />
h;nfO{ 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] k|:tfjgfdf /x]sf] csf] {<br />
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf geP;Dd eGg]<br />
afSof+zn] g} k'i6L u/]sf] 5 . ;du|<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] cWoog ubf{ klg ;f] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff<br />
;b}j sfod /xg] k|s[ltsf] ge} cGtl/d<br />
k|s[ltsf] g} b]lvG5 / To;sf] cl:tTj<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|f/De;Fu} ;dfKt<br />
e};s]sf] eGg] s'/fdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b x'g ;Sb}g .<br />
h'g 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffnfO{ c;+j}wflgs elgPsf] xf]<br />
;f] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff xfn cl:tTjdf g} g/x]sf] /<br />
To;sf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0fsf nflu<br />
pNn]v ul/Psf] tTsflng ;+ljwfg ;d]t<br />
csf] { ;+ljwfgåf/f vf/]h e};s]sf]<br />
cj:yfdf s] s'g lj<strong>if</strong>osf] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg s'g ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf<br />
cfwf/df ug] { eGg] hl6n cj:yf pTkGg<br />
x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o; l:yltdf ca ;f]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffdf ;d]l6Psf s] slt lj<strong>if</strong>ox?nfO{<br />
jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#<br />
n] c+lusf/ u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf<br />
cWoog u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/<br />
ul/;s]sf lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu<br />
aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o agfpg ldN5 <strong>jf</strong><br />
ldNb}g < eGg] k|Zgsf] h<strong>jf</strong>km vf]Hg'<br />
;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .
(= dfly k|ltlglw;efsf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^# df /x]sf] Joj:yfx?nfO{<br />
lj:tf/df pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 .<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffdf /x]sf plNnlvt Joj:yfx?dWo]<br />
a'Fbf<br />
! df /x]sf] Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu ^<br />
df Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf<br />
;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] a'Fbf<br />
@ df /x]sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;DaGwL<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ df<br />
sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z<br />
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] a'Fbf<br />
# df /x]sf] ;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{<br />
;+ljwfgsf] efu @) df ;]gf ;DaGwL<br />
Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 eg]<br />
a'Fbf<br />
$ df /x]sf] /fhkl/<strong>if</strong>b\ ;DaGwL<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v g} gug'{sf<br />
;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df<br />
;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t wf/f<br />
!^#-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6<br />
/fhkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] vf/]hLnfO{ ;+ljwfgn]<br />
cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] a'Fbf<br />
% df /x]sf] /fhb/af/ ;DaGwL<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df<br />
;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t<br />
;Daf]wg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf] a'Fbf<br />
^ df /x]sf] gful/stf ;DaGwL<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ sf]<br />
gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfn], a'Fbf<br />
& df<br />
/x]sf] /fli6«o ufg ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{<br />
;+ljwfgsf] efu ! cGtu{tsf] wf/f & sf]<br />
Joj:yfn] / a'Fbf<br />
* df /x]sf]<br />
wd{lg/k]Iftf ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{<br />
;+ljwfgsf] efu ! cGtu{tsf] wf/f $ sf]<br />
Joj:yfn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
To;}u/L a'Fbf<br />
( df /x]sf] ljljw<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df<br />
;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t wf/f<br />
!^@ / !^# ;d]tsf Joj:yfåf/f ;Daf]wg<br />
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|ltlglw;efsf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^# df ;d]l6Psf ;a}h;f]<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>onfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg<br />
@)^# n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOPsf]<br />
;Gbe{df ca cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/<br />
ul/;s]sf lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu<br />
aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o agfpg ldN5 <strong>jf</strong><br />
ldNb}g < eGg] bf];|f] k|Zgsf] ljj]rgf<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ b]lvof] .<br />
!)= o;df g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& ldlt @)^#.!).! df<br />
vf/]h e} ;s]sf] 5 / ;f]xL ldlt b]lv<br />
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# nfu"<br />
ePsf] b]lvG5 . oltv]/ o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg @)^# g} xf] . cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n<br />
sfg"gsf] ;+1f lbFb} ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{<br />
;a}sf] st{Jo tf]s]sf] 5 . To;}u/L efu<br />
@# df ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf<br />
cGtu{tsf] wf/f !^@-!_ n] of] ;+ljwfg<br />
k|f/De x'Fbfsf<br />
avt sfod /x]sf ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>, k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> / lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>x? o;} ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd :yfkgf<br />
ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5<br />
eg] To;}sf] pkwf/f -@_ n] of] ;+ljwfg<br />
k|f/De ePkl5 ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> / lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>x?df jxfn<br />
/x]sf GofofwLzx?n] of] ;+ljwfgk|lt<br />
k|lta4tfsf] zky === u|x0f ug'{kg]<br />
{5 eGg]<br />
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs<br />
k|fawfg jdf]lhd klg ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
141
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 5 .<br />
oyfy{df eGg' kbf{ ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{<br />
k|fKt x'g] Goflos clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]s}<br />
clxn]sf ;Gbe{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#<br />
xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& n]<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] clwsf/ If]q lgwf{/0f<br />
u/]sf] 5 . h; cGtu{t pkwf/f -!_ n]<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{ Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|bfg<br />
u/]sf] 5 . o; cl3 g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ df klg<br />
o:t} Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . oL<br />
lgj]bsx?n] ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] oxL<br />
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/<br />
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
o;/L jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtu{t<br />
g} o; <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;d]t ;~rflnt ePsf]<br />
cj:yf x'Fbf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> ;dIf cfpg] s'g}<br />
klg lj<strong>jf</strong>bnfO{ ;f]xL ;+ljwfg cg';f/ g}<br />
x]l/g' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b x'g ;Sb}g .<br />
oL l/6 lgj]bsx?n] p7fPsf] k|Zg eg]sf]<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] g}<br />
/x]sf] x'Fbf<br />
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] elgPsf<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yf tTsfnLg g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu <strong>jf</strong><br />
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] s]<br />
xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf k/LIf0f ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'g<br />
cfpF5 . t/ lgj]bsx?n] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]<br />
{ cfwf/sf ?kdf<br />
b]vfPsf] tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& / ;f] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg]<br />
u/L 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff ul/Psf] elgPsf]<br />
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff, @)^# b'a}sf]<br />
cl:tTj xfn sfod g/x]sf], pQm<br />
;+ljwfgsf] vf/]hL ub} { gofF cGtl/d<br />
142<br />
c+s @<br />
;+ljwfg nfu" eO{ ;~rfngdf ;d]t<br />
cfO{;s]sf] / k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffdf<br />
cGt/lglxt ;a}h;f] lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t'nfO{<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;+af]wg u/L<br />
;+j}wflgs k|fawfgsf ?kdf u|x0f ;d]t<br />
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf @)$& ;fnsf]<br />
;+ljwfg;Fu k|ltlglw;ef 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff aflemP<br />
gaflePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf Goflos<br />
k/LIf0f ul//xg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /<br />
;fGble{stf b]lvFb}g .<br />
!!= o;/L ldlt @)^#.!).! df<br />
nfu" eO{ cfhsf ldlt;Dd tLg k6s<br />
;+zf]wg ;d]t ePsf] jt{dfg cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg jdf]lhd /fHo / Gofokflnsf<br />
;d]t ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] l:yltdf<br />
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
af]Ng ldNg] x'Fb}g<br />
. ;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/:t x'g]<br />
u/L of] <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfb]z hf/L ug{ klg<br />
;Sb}g . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]<br />
clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] :jo+ ;+ljwfg g}<br />
x'g] x'Fbf<br />
To; clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf]<br />
Goflos k/LIf0f x'g] geO{ sfg"gsf]<br />
;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ul/g] x'G5 .<br />
;+ljwfgsf] c+u alg;s]sf k|fawfgx?nfO{<br />
lgis[o e};s]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffsf]<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t' dfgL To;sf] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg<br />
;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGtn] klg cg'dlt<br />
lbFb}g . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg :jo+ klg<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .<br />
g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfg s:tf] x'g] <strong>jf</strong><br />
x'g'kg] { eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug] { clwsf/<br />
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ dfq /x]sf] / To:tf]<br />
clwsf/ k|fKt ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lg<strong>jf</strong>{rg<br />
;d]t ;DkGg e} ;s]sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf<br />
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# eGbf
aflx/ uP/ Gofo lg?k0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf<br />
gx'Fbf<br />
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgx? vf/]h x'g]<br />
7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;nx?<br />
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f} + .<br />
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7<br />
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn<br />
Olt ;Dat\ @)<strong>^%</strong> ;fn j}zfv !@ ut]<br />
/f]h % z'ed\ ========<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
143
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(@^ g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb<br />
zfx<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofowLz >L uf}/L 9sfn<br />
;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=M )^#–WS–<br />
))$%<br />
cfb]z ldltM @)^$.!@.!$.%<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>oM– pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0f ;d]t .<br />
lgj]bsM sfe| ]knf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s<br />
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s<br />
j:g] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]n<br />
lj?4<br />
lakIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf]<br />
sfof{no, ;+xb/<strong>jf</strong>/, sf7df8f} +<br />
;d]t<br />
� s'g} klg sfg"gsf] cy{ / JofVof<br />
ubf{ ;xh / :<strong>jf</strong>efljs cy{<strong>jf</strong>]w<br />
x'g] u/L ;sf/fTds ?kdf cy{<br />
nufO{ JofVof ug'{kg]<br />
{ .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=$_<br />
� ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yfdWo]<br />
aLraf6 Ps b'O{j6f zAb l6k]/<br />
;du| sfg"gL ;+/rgf / s'g}<br />
bkmfsf] unt cy{<strong>jf</strong>]w / efj lbg]<br />
u/L unt cy{ / JofVof ug{<br />
gx'g] .<br />
� lgj]bsn] s'g} klg sfg"gL k|Zgdf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]<br />
{df<br />
;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{<br />
144<br />
c+s @<br />
;du|tfdf gx]/L To;leqsf]<br />
�<br />
lglZrt c+z dfq p4[t u/L<br />
To;sf] cfkm"v'zL cy{ nufO{<br />
;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] egL<br />
cdfGo / jb/ 3f]l<strong>if</strong>tsf] dfu ug{<br />
g;Sg] .<br />
j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= n]<br />
oftgfnfO{ b08gLo agfPsf] /<br />
oftgf lbg]<strong>jf</strong>6 c;"n ePsf]<br />
hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfaf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{<br />
pknAw u/fOg] Joj:yf u/]sf]<br />
x'Fbf<br />
;f] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @^ åf/f<br />
k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xssf ;fy}<br />
g]kfn kIf /x]sf gful/s tyf<br />
/fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL<br />
cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq / oftgf<br />
tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo <strong>jf</strong><br />
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ <strong>jf</strong> b08<br />
lj?4sf] dxf;lGw ;d]tsf]<br />
k|lts"n /x] ePsf] eGg gldNg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=%_<br />
lgj]bs tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
cRo"tk|;fb v/]n<br />
ljkIfL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg gfoj<br />
dxfGofoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k|;fb<br />
kf7s<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
cfb]z<br />
Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_<br />
/ -@_ jdf]lhd o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df bfo/ e}<br />
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]<br />
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf]<br />
dxndf cGgkfgL aGb u/L y'Gg], y'Gbf<br />
g]n rdf]6 xfnL <strong>jf</strong> l7+u'/f 7f]sL y'Gg],<br />
xts8L Pj+ unkmGbL xfnL y'Gg] h:tf<br />
oftgfk"0f{, cdfgjLo Pj+ qm'/ k|s[ltsf]<br />
Jojxf/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] la<strong>if</strong>o<br />
agfO{ b08gLo u/fOPsf] ePtfklg pQm<br />
oftgfk"0f{ tyf cdfgjLo Pj+ qm'/<br />
k|s[ltsf] Jojxf/af6 kLl8t ePsf]<br />
JolQmn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] s'/fsf] pNn]v}<br />
gu/L pQm a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^<br />
g+= df y'Gg]<strong>jf</strong>6 c;'n ePsf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfsf]<br />
cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg<br />
v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{<br />
y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{<br />
lbg' k5{ egL Psflt/ cGgkfgL vfg<br />
glbO{ y'Gg] h:tf] oftgfk"0f{, q''m/<br />
Pj+<br />
cdfgjLo Jojxf/<strong>jf</strong>6 kLl8t ePsf]<br />
JolQmn] kL8saf6 cyf{t\ oftgfk"0f{<br />
tj/n] y'gfdf /fVg]<strong>jf</strong>6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{<br />
lng kfpg] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] 5 eg]<br />
csf] {lt/ l;4fGttM kLl8tn] kL8s<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] kmf}hbf/L<br />
Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ k"0f{tM OGsf/<br />
ub} { y'Gg]<strong>jf</strong>6 c;'n ePsf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf y'gfO{<br />
dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ eGg] crDdsf]<br />
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu<br />
y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= sf] pQm Joj:yf g]kfn kIf<br />
e} g]kfnsf] ;+;b<strong>jf</strong>6 cg'df]bg ePsf]<br />
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL<br />
cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq -ICCPR_ sf] wf/f<br />
(-%_ / oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo<br />
<strong>jf</strong> ckdfghgs Jojxf/ <strong>jf</strong> b08 lj?4sf]<br />
dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ sf ;fy}<br />
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
@^-!_-@_ åf/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf]<br />
xs;Fu ;d]t aflemPsf] 5 .<br />
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/<br />
;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq -ICCPR_<br />
sf] wf/f ( df :j]R5frf/L kqmfp <strong>jf</strong> y'gf<br />
/ u}/sfg"gL y'gf lj?4sf] xssf<br />
;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f (-%_<br />
df u}/sfg"gL kqmfp <strong>jf</strong> y'gfaf6 kLl8t<br />
ePsf] JolQmn] Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg]<br />
xs ;'lglZrt ub} { elgPsf] 5– “<br />
u}/sfg"gL kqmfp <strong>jf</strong> y'gfaf6 kLl8t<br />
ePsf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf]<br />
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/ x'g]5 -<br />
Anyone who has been the victim of<br />
unlawful arrest or detention shall have<br />
an enforceable right to compensation_ .<br />
To;}u/L oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo<br />
<strong>jf</strong> ckdfghgs Jojxf/ <strong>jf</strong> b08 lj?4sf]<br />
dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ df o:tf]<br />
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5M<br />
145<br />
-!_ k|To]s kIf /fi6«n] oftgfsf]<br />
sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmn] p4f/<br />
kfpg] tyf ;+ej eP;Dd ;f]<br />
JolQmsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] pkfox?<br />
nufot prLt tyf kof{Kt<br />
@=<br />
Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug{ nfu" u/fpg<br />
;lsg] clwsf/ k|fKt u5{ eGg]<br />
s'/f cfkm\gf] sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf<br />
;'lglZrt ug] {5g\ . oftgfsf]<br />
kmn:j?k kLl8t ePsf] JolQmsf]<br />
d[To" ePdf p;sf cfl>tx?nfO{<br />
Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .<br />
o; wf/fsf] s'g} klg s'/fn]<br />
kLl8t <strong>jf</strong> cGo JolQmx?n]<br />
Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] /fli6«o sfg"g
{<br />
cGtu{t ljBdfg s'g} klg<br />
clwsf/nfO{ k|efj kfg] 5}g .<br />
o;/L oftgf tyf cGo qm'/,<br />
cdfgjLo, ckdfghgs Jojxf/ <strong>jf</strong> b08<br />
lj?4sf] dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ n]<br />
:ki6 ?kdf oftgfaf6 kLl8t ePsf]<br />
JolQmsf] k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ lghn] Ifltk"lt{<br />
e/fO{ lng kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf<br />
:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .<br />
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#<br />
sf] wf/f @^-!_ -@_ åf/f k|bQ oftgf<br />
lj?4sf] xsdf cg';Gwfg, txlssft <strong>jf</strong><br />
k"k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf <strong>jf</strong> c? s'g} lsl;dn]<br />
y'gfdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s<br />
<strong>jf</strong> dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] <strong>jf</strong> lgh;Fu<br />
lgd{d, cdfgjLo <strong>jf</strong> ckdfghgs<br />
Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5<br />
eg] wf/f @^-@_ df pkwf/f -!_<br />
jdf]lhdsf] sfo{ b08gLo x'g] / To:tf]<br />
Jojxf/ ul/Psf]df sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]<br />
adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 eGg] pNn]v<br />
ul/Psf] 5 .<br />
o;/L j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^<br />
g+= df y'Gg]af6 c;'n ePsf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfsf]<br />
cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg<br />
v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{<br />
y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{<br />
lbg' k5{ eGg] Joj:yf kL8saf6 kLl8tn]<br />
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] kmf}hbf/L<br />
Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] lak/Lt<br />
x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfn kIf e} g]kfnsf]<br />
;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ePsf] gful/s tyf<br />
/fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o<br />
k|lt1fkq -International covenant on<br />
Civil and Political Right, 1966_ sf] wf/f<br />
146<br />
c+s @<br />
(-%_ / oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo<br />
<strong>jf</strong> ckdfghgs Jojxf/ <strong>jf</strong> b08 lj?4sf]<br />
dxf;lGw -Convention against Torture<br />
and other cruel, Inhuman or Degrading<br />
Treatment or Punishment, 1984_ sf]<br />
wf/f !$ sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @^-!_-@_ åf/f<br />
k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs;Fu <strong>jf</strong>lemPsf]n]<br />
pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L ;f]<br />
dxndf u}/sfg"gL y'gf <strong>jf</strong> oftgfk"0f{<br />
y'gfaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmn] u}/sfg"gL<br />
?kdf <strong>jf</strong> oftgfk"0f{ tj/n] y'gfdf<br />
/fVg]af6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg]<br />
Joj:yf cljnDj ug'{<br />
egL pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fo'Qm<br />
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]<br />
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .<br />
o;df s] s;]f ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g' gkg] { xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf<br />
ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km dufO{<br />
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong> Ps GofofwLzsf] <strong>Ohnf</strong>;af6<br />
ldlt @)^$.#.! df ePsf] cfb]z .<br />
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs<br />
clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] xf], To;sf] :ki6<br />
lhsL/ glnO{ ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f o;<br />
sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbOPsf]<br />
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5, s] s:tf] P]g<br />
lgdf{0f <strong>jf</strong> ;+zf]wg ug] { eGg] s'/f<br />
ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/ If]q -<br />
Exclusive Power_ leq kg] { lj<strong>if</strong>o ePsf]<br />
/ To:tf] lj<strong>if</strong>o o; sfof{non] lgoldt<br />
ug] { lj<strong>if</strong>o gePsf]n] o; sfof{nonfO{<br />
ljkIfL agfpg' kg] { s'g} sf/0f 5}g,<br />
d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] oftgf lbg] sfo{nfO{<br />
u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] /<br />
;f] dxnsf] ^ g+= n] kL8saf6 k|fKt<br />
ePsf] /sd kLl8tnfO{ e/fO{lbg' kg] {<br />
Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
kmf}hbf/L Gofosf]<br />
dfGo l;4fGt k|lts"n g/x]sf]n] lg/fwf/<br />
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf]<br />
sfof{nosf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
sfg"g lgdf{0f ug] { <strong>jf</strong> eO/x]sf<br />
sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg <strong>jf</strong> kl/dfh{g ug] {<br />
;Gbe{df Joj:yflksf ;+;b cfkm} + cu|;/<br />
/xg] cj:yf gx'Fbf<br />
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]<br />
;+j}wflgs bfloTjnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ gu/L<br />
k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg Joj:yflksf<br />
;+;b ;lr<strong>jf</strong>nosf] xsdf k"0f{tM<br />
c;fGble{s / cf}lrToxLg x'Fbf<br />
vf/]h<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lr<strong>jf</strong>nosf] lnlvt<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
lgj]bsn] cf} +Nofpg' ePsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o<br />
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df<br />
ePsf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf<br />
g/x]sf] / k|rlnt sfg"gdf ePsf]<br />
Joj:yf jdf]lhd x'g] sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLnfO{<br />
lnP/ o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'kg] {<br />
s'g} sf/0f gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf<br />
lg/fwf/ l/6<br />
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] u[x dGqfnosf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf y'Gg] JolQmnfO{<br />
ul/Psf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf<br />
y'lgPsf] JolQmnfO{ e/fO{lbg] Joj:yf<br />
j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= n] u/]sf]<br />
;Gbe{df s'g} k|sf/sf oftgfnfO{ sfg"gL<br />
dfGotf k|bfg gu/]sf] tyf g]kfnsf]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;+emf}tfx? ;d]t;Fu gaflemPsf]n]<br />
lgj]bssf] dfubfjL cy{xLg /x]sf] 5,<br />
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf<br />
dGqfnosf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g<br />
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs<br />
clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn]<br />
d'n'sL P]g, a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^<br />
g+= n] cGof}n l;h{gf u/]sf] 5, ;f]<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ kLl8tsf] tkm{af6<br />
kL8snfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg'kg] { h:tf] efj<br />
lbPsf] x'Fbf<br />
jb/ 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t u/L ;':ki6<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ egL / g]kfn<br />
;/sf/sf tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6 /xg' ePsf lj4fg<br />
gfoj dxfGoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k|;fb<br />
kf7sn] lgj]bgdf r'gf}tL lbOPsf]<br />
a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= n]<br />
kL8saf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k<br />
hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfsf] /sd e/fO{lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf]<br />
/ ;f] Joj:yf :ki6 /x]sf] x'Fbf<br />
x'Fb}<br />
To:tf]<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ c:ki6 egL k/]sf] l/6<br />
lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL ug'{<br />
ePsf]<br />
jx; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] .<br />
#= l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf]<br />
;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L ljåfg sfg"g<br />
Joj;foLx?sf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d'n'sL P]g a]l/t;Fu<br />
y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+ df /x]sf] sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yfdf kL8snfO{ kLl8tsf] tkm{af6<br />
Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg' kg] { h:tf] a'lemg] u/L<br />
zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
To:tf] Joj:yf<br />
;+ljwfg k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs<br />
k|lts"n x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfn kIf /x]sf]<br />
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL<br />
cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq / oftgf tyf cGo<br />
147
qm'/, cdfgjLo <strong>jf</strong> ckdfghgs Jojxf/<br />
<strong>jf</strong> b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGwdf /x]sf<br />
k|fjwfgx?sf] ;d]t k|lts"n /x]sf] x'Fbf<br />
cdfGo 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t ul/g' k5{ eGg] d'Vo<br />
lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf]df lgj]bg bfjLdf<br />
plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfn] kLl8t<br />
kIfnfO{ kL8s<strong>jf</strong>6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] eGg]<br />
g} cy{<strong>jf</strong>]w u/fpg] x'Fbf<br />
;+ljwfg k|lts"n<br />
/x]sf] 5}g egL lnlvt k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b ul/Psf]<br />
kfOG5 . lgj]bg n]vaf6 / lgj]bs<br />
clwjQmfsf] jx;<strong>jf</strong>6 ;d]t j]l/t;Fu<br />
y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= sf] sfg"gL<br />
Joj:Yffsf] <strong>jf</strong>:tljs p2]Zo, To;n] u|x0f<br />
u/]sf] <strong>jf</strong>:tljs cy{ / To; ;DaGwL<br />
Goflos cEof;af6 k|fKt kl/0ffd eGbf<br />
klg lgj]bssf] a'emfO{ / lgj]bsn] u/]sf]<br />
cy{sf cfwf/df ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf]<br />
eGg] egfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljBdfg<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfkm\gf] j'emfO{sf<br />
cfwf/df u|x0f u/L ;+ljwfg Pj+ g]kfn<br />
kIf /x]sf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;+emf}tf<br />
k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf]<br />
;Gbe{df pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] zflAbs<br />
Pj+ ;du| JofVofsf ;fy} ;f] ;DaGwdf<br />
x'Fb}<br />
cfPsf] Goflos cEof;sf] /f]xdf<br />
To;nfO{ x]g'{kg]<br />
{ b]lvof] . To;sf nflu<br />
;j{k|yd j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= df /x]sf]<br />
Joj:yf s] /x]5 egL x]g'{<br />
;fGble{s x'g<br />
cfpF5, hf] b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5M<br />
Æy'Gg]<strong>jf</strong>6 c;"n ePsf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfsf]<br />
cGg kfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg<br />
v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg<br />
glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{<br />
e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .Æ<br />
148<br />
c+s @<br />
$= plNnlvt k|fjwfgsf]<br />
zflAbs JofVof ubf{ y'Gg]<strong>jf</strong>6 c;"n<br />
ePsf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg]<br />
eGg] g} x'G5 . oxfF y'Gg] eGgfn] y'Gg<br />
nufpg] / y'gfO{ dfUg] eGgfn] y'lgg] eGg]<br />
a'lemG5 . o;nfO{ c? lj:t[t ?kdf<br />
ljj]rgf ubf{ j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxn g}<br />
u}/sfg"gL y'gfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{sf<br />
nflu jg]sf] eGg] s'/f ;f] dxnsf cGo<br />
gDa/x?df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f] dxnsf] ! g+= n]<br />
sfg"gL y'gf / u}/sfg"gL y'gfsf] kl/ef<strong>if</strong>f<br />
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 eg] @ g+= n] cGgkfgL<br />
vfg glbO{ y'g]sf] cj:yfdf dflg; dg{<br />
uPdf Hofgdf/f 7xg] { ;Ddsf] Joj:yf<br />
u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L P]= # g+ += n] Hofg<br />
gd/]sf] cj:yfdf klg y'Gg]nfO{ hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf<br />
/ s}b x'g] u/L ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5<br />
eg] $ g+= n] sfg"gtM y'gfdf /fVg gx'g]<br />
cj:yfdf vfgkLg ug{ lbO{ y'g]df ;d]t<br />
hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf / s}b x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .<br />
To;}u/L % g+= n] d'2f k/L sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLsf]<br />
l;nl;nfdf P]gn] y'Gg'kg] { b]vL c;n<br />
lgotn] y'g]sf]df aft gnfUg] eGg]<br />
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L j]l/t;Fu<br />
y'Gbfsf] dxnsf ;a} k|fjwfgx? u}/sfg"gL<br />
y'gfsf] lj?4df /x]sf / To;af6<br />
u}/sfg"gL y'gfnfO{ b08gLo agfOPsf]<br />
kfOG5 . j]l/t;Fu y'Gg]nfO{ hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf<br />
;d]t x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] / To:tf]<br />
y'Gg]af6 c;"n ePsf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfsf]<br />
/sdaf6} Ifltk"lt{ :j?ksf] /sd e/fO{<br />
lbg' kg] { ^ g+= sf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] eGg]<br />
:ki6 ?kdf b]lvG5 . y'Gg]af6 c;"n<br />
ePsf] /sdaf6} e/fpg' kg] { Joj:yf<br />
ePkl5 kLl8taf6 kL8snfO{ e/fOg]
cy{<strong>jf</strong>]w x'g ;Sg] g} x'Fb}g<br />
. j]l/t;Fu<br />
y'Gg]af6 c;"n ePsf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf dWo] s]xL<br />
c+z cyf{t cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP<br />
tLg v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg<br />
glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{<br />
e/fO{lbg] eGg] ^ g+ += sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;f]<br />
dxnsf cGo k|fjwfg<strong>jf</strong>6 k"0f{tM cnu<br />
/fvL dgf]ut ?kdf cy{ nufO{ l/6<br />
lgj]bg k/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>;<strong>jf</strong>6 ;f] ;DaGwL Goflos cEof;<br />
s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < / slxF st} kLl8tn]<br />
kL8snfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg' k/]sf] b[i6fGt<br />
k]z ug{ ;lsG5 < egL /flvPsf]<br />
lh1f;fdf lgj]bsn] To:tf] b[i6fGt<br />
cfkm"n] ge]6]sf] egL cleJolQm lbPaf6<br />
klg lgj]bs :jo+n] ;f] k|fjwfgdf k|o'Qm<br />
æy'gfO{ dfUg]Æ zAbfjnLsf] unt cy{<br />
nufO{ l/6 lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] eGg] :ki6<br />
x'G5 . ;f] k|fjwfgsf] lakl/t cy{ nfuL<br />
s'g} JolQm Ifltk"lt{ kfpgaf6 jl~rt<br />
ePsf] <strong>jf</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] unt cy{ nufPsf]<br />
eGg] b[i6fGt ;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf]<br />
cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] j:t'ut cfwf/df ge}<br />
dgf]ut cfwf/df cfkm} +n] sfg"gsf] unt<br />
cy{ nufO{ lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf]<br />
eGg] b]lvG5 .<br />
%= s'g} klg sfg"gsf] cy{ /<br />
JofVof ubf{ ;xh / :<strong>jf</strong>efljs cy{<strong>jf</strong>]w<br />
x'g] u/L ;sf/fTds ?kdf cy{ nufO{<br />
JofVof ug'{<br />
kb{5 . ;du| sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yfdWo] aLraf6 Ps b'O{j6f zAb<br />
l6k]/ ;du| sfg"gL ;+/rgf / s'g} bkmfsf]<br />
unt cy{<strong>jf</strong>]w / efj lbg] u/L jnft\ cy{<br />
/ JofVof ug'{<br />
x'Fb}g<br />
. cfkm" :jo+ klg<br />
clwjQmf /xg' ePsf lgj]bsn] s'g} klg<br />
sfg"gL k|Zgdf <strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{ ;xof]u<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{df ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;du|tfdf gx]/L To;leqsf] lglZrt c+z<br />
dfq p4[t u/L To;sf] cfkm"v'zL cy{<br />
nufO{ ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] egL cdfGo<br />
/ jb/ 3f]l<strong>if</strong>tsf] dfu ug'{nfO{<br />
:jefljs<br />
dfGg ;ls+b}g . s'g} klg cfwf/xLg /<br />
c;fGble{s la<strong>if</strong>o p7fO{ <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
dxTjk"0f{ ;do j<strong>jf</strong>{b ug] { sfd s;}n]<br />
klg ug'{<br />
x'+b}g<br />
. To;df klg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
;xof]uL, <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] clws[t -Officer of<br />
the court_ / <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldqsf ?kdf<br />
/xg] lgj]bs h:tf sfg"g Joj;foL<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
To:tf] ck]Iff ul/+b}g . o;tkm{ lgj]bs<br />
;hu / ;r]t /xg] ljZ<strong>jf</strong>; <strong>Ohnf</strong>;n]<br />
lnPsf] 5 .<br />
^= ca lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd<br />
cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg] { xf] <strong>jf</strong> xf]Og eGg]<br />
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^<br />
g+= n] oftgfnfO{ b08gLo agfPsf] /<br />
oftgf lbg]<strong>jf</strong>6 c;"n ePsf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfaf6<br />
kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fOg]<br />
Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
;f] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @^ åf/f<br />
k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xssf ;fy} g]kfn<br />
kIf /x]sf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts<br />
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq /<br />
oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo <strong>jf</strong><br />
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ <strong>jf</strong> b08 lj?4sf]<br />
dxf;lGw ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x] ePsf] eGg<br />
ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg<br />
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L<br />
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f} + .<br />
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfx<br />
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn<br />
Olt;Dat\ @)^$ ;fn r}q !$ ut] /f]h<br />
% z'ed\ ======<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf<br />
149
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(@& g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>{ ]<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, ;+o'Qm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfg GofofwLz<br />
>L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7<br />
;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=====(@$(<br />
km};nf ldltM@)^$.!!.!(.!<br />
d'2f M– km};nf gfd;f/L btf{ ab/ .<br />
k'g/fj]bs÷<strong>jf</strong>bLM tfKn]h'ª lhNnf, km"ªlnª<br />
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ $ 3/ eO{ xfn<br />
emfkf lhNnf eb|k'/ g=kf= j8f g+=<br />
^ a:g] nIdL b]jL rfkfufO{<br />
lj?4<br />
k|ToyL{÷k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLM tfKn]h'ª lhNnf,<br />
km"ªlnª uf=lj=;=j8f g+=$ a:g]<br />
gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]t<br />
z'? <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug] {M<br />
lh=Gof=>L k|sfzrGb| uh'/]n<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug] {M—<br />
df=Gof= >L led]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{<br />
df=Gof=>L b'uf{k|;fb pk| ]tL<br />
]<br />
]<br />
� c=j+= *^ g+= sf] ;xf/f lnO{<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df k|j]z ug{ JolQm cl3<br />
rn]sf] d'2fsf] kIf ljkIf geO{<br />
s'g} t]>f] kIf /x]sf] x'g'kg{<br />
tTjnfO{ ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] d"n<br />
?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] b]lvg] .<br />
� s'g} b'O{ kIf ldnL t]>f] kIfsf]<br />
xs hfg] u/L km};nf ;d]t<br />
u/fPsf] cj:yfdf k|efljt<br />
150<br />
c+s @<br />
{<br />
}<br />
]<br />
�<br />
kIfnfO{ yfxf gx'g] ePsf] sf/0f<br />
cfkm"n] yfxf kfPkl5 cfˆgf]<br />
u'd]s]f xs sfod u/fpg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
k|j]z ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf<br />
:jo+df af]wuDo / :ki6 x'+bf<br />
To;df cndn ul//xg' gkg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=&_<br />
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sL cfdf pk/<br />
k/]sf] d'2f xf/lht eO{ km};nf<br />
ePkl5 ;uf]ndf /xs} gf<strong>jf</strong>ns<br />
5f]/fx?n] pd]/ k'u]kl5 c=j+= *^<br />
g+= sf] cfwf/df d'2f ub{ hfg<br />
kfpg] xf] eg] lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lg?k0f<br />
slxNo} cGt gx'g] ;d]t eO{<br />
d'2fsf] clGtd x'g] l;4fGtsf]<br />
k|lts"n x'g] x'Fbf<br />
3/sf] d'Von]<br />
u/]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= *^ g+=<br />
cfs{l<strong>if</strong>t gx'g] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=*_<br />
� Psf;uf]nsf] klt k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL eO{<br />
rn]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= !!) g+=<br />
ljk/Lt Dofb tfd]n eO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
ug{ gkfPsf]n] km};nf ab/<br />
ul/kfpFm egL c=j+= @)* g+=sf]<br />
sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ kl/Tofu u/L<br />
c=j+= *^ g+= c+ufnL cfPsf]<br />
d'2fsf] lkm/fb vf/]h ug{ 'kg{ .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=(_<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6Mljåfg jl/i7<br />
clwjQmf /fw]Zofd clwsf/L<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong>@)%*, c+s &,<br />
*, <strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+= &)@@, k[i7 $$)
km};nf<br />
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M Gofo k|zf;g<br />
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> Onfdsf] ldlt<br />
@)^).%.<strong>@%</strong> sf] km};nf pk/ lrQ<br />
ga'emfO{ k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
;dIf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]<br />
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M–<br />
o;df !(%) ;fn hf+rdf y'd<br />
tfKn]h'Ë d]Nn'Ësf /fO ;'= Zofd|fxfª<br />
lnDa'sf] gfp+df lsk6Lof lt/fdf bfv]n<br />
btf{ ePsf] hUufdWo] d]/} <strong>jf</strong>/L ;f+wb]lv<br />
k"j{ eg]sf] bftf x<strong>if</strong>{k|;fbsf] ;f+wb]lv k"j{,<br />
;f<strong>jf</strong>]skf b]lv tf]Sdf cfpg] hfg]<br />
af6f]b]lv klZrd, 7f8f] 8f+8f pQ/,<br />
s[i0fk|;fbsf] ;f+wb]lv blIf0f olt -rf/_<br />
$ lsNnf leqsf] km'ªlnª uf=lj=;=<strong>jf</strong>8{<br />
g+= $ df kg{ ] n't] cfxfn dflysf<br />
cfOt<strong>jf</strong>/] kfvf] <strong>jf</strong>/L gfdn] lrGg] lsk6<br />
uf]Z<strong>jf</strong>/L hUuf btf{<strong>jf</strong>nfn] ef]uL cfp+b}df<br />
lghsf 5f]/f gflt ;d]t d/L k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
gf/fo0f l;+xsf lktf x<strong>if</strong>{k|;fbdf Psnf}6L<br />
hUufsf] xs cfO{ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,<br />
@)@! cg';f/ !.&.!$ g+= nut qmd<br />
;+Vof !* df e/]sf] pQm hUuf hUufwgL<br />
x<strong>if</strong>{k|;fbn] cfh}sf ldltb]lv as; hfgL<br />
vfg' egL d]/f klt b]jLk|;fbnfO{<br />
@)$).!@.@( ut] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL gf/fo0f l;+x<br />
;d]t cGt/ ;fIfL a;L P] ldltdf<br />
df=kf]=sf= tfKn]h'Ëaf6 /=g+= !&@@ df<br />
kf/Lt eO{ :j= klt b]jLk|;fb / d}n] efuL<br />
cfp+b}df pQm hUuf dWo] blIf0f tkm{ $%<br />
xft hUuf cfˆg} ;'kmt /fvL af+sL pQ/<br />
tkm{sf] hUuf k|=gf/fo0f l;+nfO{<br />
@)$$.#.@$ df d]/f] ktL :j= b]jLk|;fbn]<br />
/fhLgfdf kf; u/L lbPkl5 af+sL $%<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
151<br />
xft hUuf ;e{<br />
] gfkLsf ;dodf km'ªlnª<br />
uf=lj=;=<strong>jf</strong>8{ g+= $ ls=g+= !)* / #$@<br />
sfod u/fO{ @ lsQf kf/L :j=klt<br />
b]jLk|;fbsf] gfp+df btf{ eO{ h=w= k|df0f<br />
k"hf{ k|fKt hUuf km'ªlnª uf=lj=;=<strong>jf</strong>8{ g+=<br />
@ a:g] d]/} dflg; a'l4;fu/ e§/fO{nfO{<br />
x]/rf/ /]vb]v u/Llbg egL xfd|f]<br />
;kl/<strong>jf</strong>/} lhNnf emfkf eb|k'/ gu/kflnsf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>8{ g+= ^ df uO{ a;]sf]df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?<br />
ldnL d]/f klt b]jLk|;fb pk/ pQm ls=g+=<br />
!)*, #$@ sf] hUufnfO{ d]/f] hUuf xf]<br />
egL btf{ u/]5g\ . ;f] btf{ ab/ u/L d]/f]<br />
gfp+df btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] @)%^.$.!&<br />
ut] lkm/fb bfo/ u/L ;DdfgLt<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 d]/f kltsf] gfddf hf/L<br />
ePsf] tfd]nL Dofb xfd|f] s'g} 3/ kl/<strong>jf</strong>/<br />
gePsf] jtgdf 3/ 9f]sfdf 6f+; u/L<br />
lbPsf] egL @)%^.$.<strong>@%</strong> df hfn;fh k"0f{<br />
tj/n] Dofb tfd]n u/L xfdLx?sf]<br />
k|ltpQ/ lkm/fpg] xsflwsf/af6 g}<br />
alGrt u/L @)%^.$.<strong>@%</strong> ut] tfd]n<br />
ePsf] #) lbg] Dofb leq k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
k|ltpQ/ g} glbO{ u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvgfn]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL adf]lhd ls=g+= !)*,#$@ sf]<br />
hUufsf] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] gfddf ePsf] btf{<br />
ab/ eO{ <strong>jf</strong>bLsf gfp+df btf{ sfod x'g]<br />
7x/L @)%&.@.!) ut] PstkmL{ ePsf]<br />
km};nf cg';f/ pQm hUuf k|= gf/fo0fsf<br />
gfp+df @)%&.#.!# ut] gfd;f/L u/L<br />
pQm hUuf dWo] ls=g+= !)* sf] hUuf k|=<br />
lji0f'dfof ;fD;f]xf+ªaf6 ?= !,)),))).–<br />
lnP lbP h:tf] u/L @)%&.&.@ ut]<br />
hfn;fhL /fhLgdf v8f u/L ;f]xL<br />
ldltdf /=g+= !&# af6 kf/Lt eO{ bf=vf=<br />
u/L h=w= k|df0f k"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf]n]<br />
@)%&.@.!) ut]sf] km};nf / @)%&.&.@
ut] hfn;fhL k"0f{ /fhLgfdf lnvt<br />
;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx? ab/ u/L<br />
pQm ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufx? d]/f]<br />
gfp+df btf{ u/L daf6 /x]sf] sf]6{ lkm<br />
b:t'/ ;d]t k|=x?af6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpF<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ] lkm/fb kq .<br />
lkm/fbLsf] dfu bfjLsf] hUuf<br />
ljkIfLn] ldlt @)$$.#.@$ ut] d<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ /fhLgfdf u/L lbPsf] $<br />
lsNnf leqsf] hUuf xf], pQm hUufnfO{<br />
ljkIfLn] ls=g+= !)*,#$@, ;d]t @ lsQf<br />
sfod u/L ljkIfLsf kltsf] xs} gk'Ug]<br />
hUufnfO{ gfkgS;f u/L laqmL ljt/0f<br />
ug{nfO{ vf]Hbf dfq dnfO{ yfxf eof] .<br />
ljkIfLsf klt pk/ b]=g+= &( ldlt<br />
@)%^.$.!& ut] gfkL btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm<br />
egL lkm/fb btf{ u/L sf<strong>jf</strong>{xL eO{<br />
;DdfgLt <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 gS;f x'+bf<br />
;d]t<br />
ljkIfLsf kltn] dnfO{ /flhgfdf u/L<br />
lbPsf] $ lsNnf leqsf] hUuf ljkIfLn]<br />
cfˆgf] gfddf gfk gS;f u/]sf] s'/f k'li6<br />
eO{ ldlt @)%&.@.!) ut] ;DdfgLt<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 gfkL btf{ ab/ eO{ d]/f]<br />
gfp+df btf{ x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] xf] .<br />
o;/L d]/f] /fhLgfdfsf] cfwf/df km};nf<br />
adf]lhd ePsf] bf=vf= gfd;f/L hUuf<br />
wgL btf{ k|df0f k"hf{ ;b/ /fvL lkm/fbLsf]<br />
em'7f dfu bfjLaf6 cnu kmf;f{ u/fO{<br />
km};nf u/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]tsf]<br />
k|ltpQ/ kq .<br />
o;df <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjLsf] af+sL /fv]sf]<br />
$% xft hUuf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL afx]s cGo s'g<br />
s'g JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] 5 <<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLaf6 v'nfO{ To:tf JolQmnfO{ c=j+=<br />
152<br />
c+s @<br />
!#( g+= adf]lhd a'‰g] eGg] z'? lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] cfb]z .<br />
o;df <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjLsf] $% xft<br />
hUuf d ;d]tn] km'ªlnª uf=lj=;=<strong>jf</strong>8{ g+=<br />
$ ls=g+= !!)# df uf]Z<strong>jf</strong>/L gfkL btf{<br />
u/]sf] geO{ ;fljsdf hUufwgL btf{<strong>jf</strong>n<br />
oL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dWo]sf gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]gsf<br />
gfddf btf{ /x]sf km'ªlnª uf=lj=;=<strong>jf</strong>8{<br />
g+= $ ls=g+= !)(, (%!, !))% ;d]t #<br />
lsQfaf6 hDdf % /f]kgL ( cfgf hUuf<br />
?= #,(),))).–df )%!.!.@! ut] d<br />
8Da/axfb'/, lbk]Gb| ;]GbfË, anaxfb'/<br />
tfdfª, lutfb]jL ;]D<strong>jf</strong>u / bndfof<br />
tfdfª ;d]t % hgfn] uf]Z<strong>jf</strong>/L btf{<br />
/fhLgfdf u/L lnPsf] hUuf xf] o;<br />
hUufleq <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjLsf] $% xft eg]sf]<br />
hUuf kb{ }g eGg] Ps} Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsf<br />
anaxfb'/ tfdfª, lbk]Gb| ;]Gbfª /<br />
8Da/axfb'/ /fO{sf] ldl;n ;+nUg ljleGg<br />
ldltsf] aofg .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn]<br />
b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{af6 ldlt @)$$.#.<strong>@%</strong><br />
df /flhgfdf kfl/t u/L ln+bf ;f<strong>jf</strong> kf<br />
af6 tf]Sdf cfpg] af6f] pwf], klZrd<br />
x<strong>if</strong>{k|;fb dfb]gsf] <strong>jf</strong>/L ;f+w k"j{ d<br />
l/gLsf ;f+w $% xft afx]ssf] pQ/sf]<br />
hUuf ;Dd kfl/t u/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
kfl/t lnvtaf6 <strong>jf</strong>bLsf :j= klt<br />
b]jLk|;fbsf] xsdf $% xft hUuf af+sL<br />
/x]s]f b]lvG5 . ;f] s'/fnfO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
:jLsf/ u/]sf], <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] $% xft hUuf<br />
s;n] btf{ u/fPsf x'g\ egL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
sfuh u/fp+bf anaxfb'/ tfdfª ;d]tsf<br />
JolQmn] btf{ u/fPsf x'g\ eGg] lhls/<br />
lnPtfklg anaxfb'/ ;d]tsf JolQmnfO{<br />
c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'‰bf pQm hUuf
gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gaf6 xfdLn] lnPsf xf} +<br />
egL aofg u/]af6 k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] lnPsf]<br />
lhls/ k'li6 x'g cfPg . ldlt<br />
@)$$.#.<strong>@%</strong> sf] kfl/t lnvtsf] lsNnfn]<br />
afbLsf] hUuf ldlt )%*.^.<strong>@%</strong> df e}<br />
cfPsf] g=g+= !% / !^ sf] ls=g+= !)* /<br />
#$@ sf] hUuf b]lvPsf] x'+bf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
xssf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufnfO{<br />
gfkL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|=<br />
gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn] d'2f bfo/ u/L<br />
@)%&.@.!) df gfkL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ x'g]<br />
7x/L o;} <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 km};nf ePsf], ;f]<br />
km};nf cg';f/ ePsf] btf{ / ldlt<br />
@)%&.&.@ df gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn]<br />
lji0f'dfofnfO{ ls=g+= !)* sf] hUuf<br />
kfl/t u/L lbPsf] lnvt / bf=vf=<br />
gfd;f/L sfg"g ;+ut gb]lv+bf ab/ e}<br />
ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUuf <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
gfddf btf{ u/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x5{ eGg]<br />
;d]t z'? tfKn]h'Ë lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
ldlt @)%(.@.@! sf] km};nf .<br />
ljkIfLn] d]/f] /fhLgfdfsf] $<br />
lsNnf leqsf] hUuf cfkm} + /fhLgfdf u/L<br />
lbg] / cfkm} + cfˆgf gfddf b'l<strong>if</strong>t btf{ ug{ ]<br />
u/L gfkL btf{ u/] pk/ b]=g+= &( df<br />
ljkIfL pk/ lkm/fb btf{ u/L sf<strong>jf</strong>{xL x'g]<br />
qmddf ljkIfLsf] 7]ufgfdf c=j+= !!)<br />
g+=sf] /Ltk"j{s tfd]n ePsf]df Dofb<br />
hfn;fh u/] egL 5'§} hfn;fhdf ph"/<br />
ug{ ] qmddf Dofb tfd]n ug{ ] tfd]Nbf/<br />
pk/ ph"/ ug{ g;sL sfNklgs<br />
Joxf]/fsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)%&.@.!) sf]<br />
km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ph"/ u/L<br />
;f]xL cfwf/df d]/f] xs ef]usf] 7x/L<br />
ePsf] km};nfnfO{ lagf cfwf/ k|df0f ab/<br />
x'g] 7x¥ofO{ z'?af6 ePsf] km};nf ab/<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
u/L k|ltpQ/ lhls/ adf]lhd ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .<br />
o;} nufpsf] kmf}=g+=%) sf]<br />
hfn;fh d'2fdf emul8of lemsfpg]<br />
cfb]z ePsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf klg<br />
5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfL lemsfO{<br />
lgodfg';f/ ug{ ' eGg] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
Onfdsf] ldlt @)%(.*.!& sf] cfb]z .<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] klt b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{<br />
pk/ @)%^.$.!& df bfo/ eO{ lghs}<br />
hLjgsfndf )%&.@.!) df km};nf ePsf]<br />
gfkL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ d'2fdf kltsf] gfddf<br />
tfd]n ePsf] k|ltpQ/ ug{ ] Dofb l/t<br />
k"j{s tfd]n gePsf]n] km};nf ab/<br />
ul/kfpFm egL ldlt @)%&.$.@* df c=j+=<br />
@)* g+= ljk/Lt k|:t't km};nf ab/<br />
d'2fsf] lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . c=j+=<br />
*^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf d'2fdf kIfnfO{ k|fKt x'g]<br />
ge} kIf afx]ssf km};nfn] k|ToIf c;/<br />
kfg{ ] JolQmnfO{ dfq k|fKt x'g ;Sg]<br />
cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fsf<br />
lkm/fbLn] lghsf] kltsf] gfddf d'2f bfo/<br />
eO{ km};nf ePkl5 kltsf] d[To' ePsf]<br />
sf/0fn] xs<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] x}l;otn] k|:t't d'2f<br />
bfo/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf lghsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot<br />
d'2fsf kIf ;/xsf] x'+bf<br />
lghnfO{ pQm<br />
c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] b]lvb}g .<br />
nufpsf] hfn;fh d'2fdf z'?sf] km};nf<br />
pN6L eO{ bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/L km};nf<br />
ePsf] cfwf/ ;d]taf6 z'?sf] km};nf<br />
ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pN6L x'g] / <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL<br />
k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> Onfdsf] ldlt<br />
@)^).%.<strong>@%</strong> sf] km};nf .<br />
153
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] pQm<br />
km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt ls=g+=<br />
!)* / #$@ hUuf d]/f kltsf]<br />
gfdbtf{sf] ePsf]df lj<strong>jf</strong>b 5}g . bIfL0f<br />
tkm{ $% xft af+sL /fvL pQ/ tkm{af6<br />
s]xL hUuf ljkIfLnfO{ ldlt @)$$.#.@$<br />
df lbPsf]af6 klg ;f] tYo k"li6 x'G5 .<br />
ljkIfLx?n] hfn;fh k"j{s em'7f] Joxf]/f<br />
n]vL <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 hf/L ePsf] Dofb ;d]t<br />
3/ g} gePsf] cj:yfdf 3/ b}nfdf<br />
tfd]n u/fPsf] egL u'kr'k /fvL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
ug{ kfpg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt<br />
ljk/Lt km};nf u/fPsf] k|i6 5 . kltsf]<br />
@)%&.$.& df k/nf]s ePsf]n] ;f] hUuf<br />
gfd;f/L u/fpg hf+bf @)%&.&.@) df<br />
dfq ;f] s'/f hfgsf/L eof] . kltsf] d[To'<br />
eO{ ;s]sf]n] c=j+= @)* sf] k|s[of<br />
cjnDag ug{ ] cj:yf gePsf]n] c=j+= *^<br />
g+=sf] Dofb leq} ;f] km};nf ab/df lkm/fb<br />
u/]sf] xf] . pQm d'2fdf dnfO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
gagfPsf] / To;df d]/f] s'g} ;+nUgtf<br />
g/x+bf g/x+b} d'2fsf] kIf ;/x dfgL c=j+=<br />
*^ g+=sf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ug{ ] u/L<br />
ePsf] km};nf sfg"gsf] unt JofVof u/L<br />
ePsf] x'+bf<br />
;f] km};nf pN6L u/L z'?sf]<br />
km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .<br />
o;df km"ªlnª uf=lj=;=j8f g+=$<br />
sf] ls=g+= #$@ / !)* sf] btf{ ;DaGwdf<br />
gfkLaf6 ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o gfkL zfvf<br />
tfKn]h'ªaf6 lemsfO{ nufpsf] kmf}=k'=g+=<br />
#$(& sf] d'2f ;d]t ;fy} k]z ug{ ' eGg]<br />
;d]t o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)^#.^.@# sf]<br />
cfb]z .<br />
154<br />
c+s @<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g<br />
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7<br />
clwjQmf >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/Ln] $%<br />
xft blIf0f tkm{sf] hUuf af+sL /fvL pQ/<br />
tkm{sf] hUuf dfq )$$ ;fndf laqmL<br />
u/]sf] xf] . )$% ;fndf 3/af6 a]rL<br />
j;fO{ ;/L emfkfdf a;f]<strong>jf</strong>; u/]sf]<br />
JolQmsf] km'ªlnªsf] 3/ b}nfdf Dofb<br />
tfd]n x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . c=j+= *^<br />
g+= dfq} pNn]v u/]/ cfPsf] xf]Og . c=j+=<br />
@)* kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf nfUb}g . hfn;fhL<br />
d'2faf6} klg hfn;fhL 7x/ x'g ;Sg]<br />
cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . k|:t't d'2fnfO{ dfq<br />
Psf+sL ?kdf x]/L <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL gk'Ug]<br />
7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf<br />
pN6L eO{ z'? lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] OG;fkm<br />
;b/ ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't<br />
ug{ ' eof] .<br />
#= k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf sfg"g<br />
Joj;foLsf] plNnlvt jx; lhls/ dgg\<br />
u/L k'g/fj]bg kq ;lxtsf] z'? / /]s8{<br />
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5,, 5}g < /<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug<br />
;Sg] xf] <strong>jf</strong> xf]Og < eGg] ;DaGwdf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
lbg' kg{ ] b]lvg cfof] .<br />
$= <strong>lg0f</strong>{o tkm{ larf/ ubf{<br />
d]/f klt b]jLk|;fbsf] gfpFdf gfkL btf{<br />
ePsf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufsf]<br />
gfkL btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL<br />
gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]t <strong>jf</strong>bL eO{ lbPsf]<br />
d'2fdf k'mªlnªaf6 3/<strong>jf</strong>/ a]rL emfkf<br />
a;fO{ ;/]sf kltsf] ;fljs 3/ b}nfdf<br />
j]kQ] Dofb tfd]n u/fO{ gfkL btf{ ab/<br />
x'g] u/L )%&.@.!) df ePsf] km};nfn]
d]/f] xs uPsf]n] c=j+= *^ g+=adf]lhd ;f]<br />
km};nf / )%&.&.@ sf] /flhgfdf ab/<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
d'Vo lkm/fb bfjLdf em'7f jtgdf Dofb<br />
tfd]n u/]sf] xf]Og . <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] kltn] )$$<br />
;fndf /flhgfdf ul/lbPsf] $ lsNnf<br />
leqsf] hUuf k'gMlghn] gfkL btf{<br />
u/fPsf]n] ;f] ab/df d]/f] lkm/fb k/L<br />
ePsf] km};nf ab/ x'g' kg{ ] xf]Og eGg]<br />
;d]t k|ltpQ/ lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
z'?n] <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL adf]lhd ldlt<br />
@)%&.@.!) sf] km};nf / ldlt @)%&.&.@<br />
sf] kfl/t /flhgfdf lnvt ;d]t ab/ x'g]<br />
7x/fPsf] km};nf pN6L u/L <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL<br />
gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k|:t't<br />
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] kfOG5 . lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf<br />
d]/f :j=kltsf gfp+ btf{sf] eGg]df lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
5}g . 3/<strong>jf</strong>; laqmL u/L a;fO{ ;/L uPsf]<br />
JolQmsf] 3/ b}nf]df hfn;fhL k"j{s Dofb<br />
tfd]n u/L PstkmL{ ?kdf u/]sf] km};nf<br />
ab/ u/L d]/f] xs sfod ug{ ' kg{ ]df <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf<br />
ab/ u/L<br />
z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] g}<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL kIfsf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg<br />
lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
%= o:df <strong>jf</strong>bL log} k|ToyL{<br />
gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]g / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL k'g/fj]bs<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] klt b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{ ePsf]<br />
;+jt\ @)%^ ;fnsf] b]=bf=g+= &( sf] gfkL<br />
btf{ ab/ d'2fdf kltsf gfpFdf a]kQ]<br />
Dofb tfd]n u/fO{ tfKn]h'ª lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ldlt @)%&.@.!) ut] ePsf]<br />
km};nfn] cfˆgf] xs uPsf]n] c=j+= *^ g+=<br />
adf]lhd ;f] km};nf tyf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
155<br />
gf/fo0f l;+xn] csf{ ] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL lji0f'<br />
dfFofnfO{ ldlt @)%&.&.@ df kfl/t ul/<br />
lbPsf] /flhgfdf lnvt ;d]t ab/<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] g} <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lkm/fb bfjL<br />
/x]sf] 5 . k|df0fdf cfPsf] pQm b]=bf=g+=<br />
&( sf] gfkL btf{ ab/ d'2fsf] ldl;n x]bf{<br />
ldlt @)%^.$.!& lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvG5<br />
eg] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{sf<br />
gfp+sf] Dofb lkm/fbdf n]lvPsf] lgh<br />
k|=sf] jtg k'mªlnª uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $<br />
l:yt lghs} 3/ b}nf]df 6f+; ul/Psf]<br />
eGg] b]lvg cfp+5 . Dofb leq k|ltpQ/<br />
gk/]kl5 z'? <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUufsf] ;e] { gS;f, btf{ >]:tf ;d]tsf<br />
;a"b k|df0f lemsfO{ gfk gS;f ;d]t<br />
u/fO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLaf6 <strong>jf</strong>bLn] @)$$.#.<strong>@%</strong> df<br />
kfPsf] kfl/t /flhgfdfsf] $ lsNnf /<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufsf] $ lsNnf ldNg le8\g<br />
cfPsf] b]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/df<br />
bfjLsf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufsf]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL b]jLk|;fbn] u/fPsf] gfkL btf{<br />
ab/ u/L <strong>jf</strong>bL gf/fo0f l;+xsf gfp+df<br />
btf{ x'g] 7x/fO{ ldlt @)%&.@.!) df<br />
km};nf u/]sf] b]lvof] .<br />
^= pQm km};nf eO{ ;s]<br />
kZrft ldlt @)%&.$.& df klt<br />
b]jLk|;fbsf] d[To' ePsf] / ldlt<br />
@)%&.&.!* ut] ;f] s'/f yfxf kfPsf]<br />
egL ldlt @)%&.&.@* df <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] c=j+=<br />
*^ g+= cGtu{t k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb<br />
k/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . d'n'sL P]g<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>lt aGbf]j:tsf] @)* g+=df ===<br />
æ;dfJxfg Otnfogfdf tfd]n ubf{ o;}<br />
dxnsf] !!) g+= adf]lhd /Lt gk'¥ofO{<br />
tfd]n u/]sf]n] yfxf kfpg g;sL<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL lbg gkfO{ Dofb u'h| ]sf] eGg]
ph"/L ;fy km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf<br />
leqdf yfxf kfPsf] k} +tL; lbg leq<br />
emul8ofn] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL n]vL lbg Nofof] eg]<br />
klxn] ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] tfd]nL<br />
;dfJxfg x]/L l/tk"j{s tfd]n ePsf]<br />
b]lvg cfPg eg] ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] krf{<br />
n]vL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL btf{ u/L P]g adf]lhd<br />
a'‰g' kg{ ] k|df0f a'emL d'2f km};nf ug{ '<br />
k5{ . /Lt k'uL tfd]n ePsf] b]lvPdf<br />
;f]xL Joxf]/f vf]nL ph"/ nfUg ;St}g<br />
egL b/kL7 u/L lkmtf{ lbg'k5{Æ eGg]<br />
;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . e} /x]sf]<br />
pQm sfg'gL k|fjwfgaf6 c=j+= !!) g+=<br />
adf]lhd l/tk"j{s Dofb tfd]n gePsf]<br />
sf/0faf6 k|ltpQ/ lbg gkfpg] JolQmn]<br />
km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf leq yfxf kfPsf]<br />
#% lbgleq ;f] s'/fsf] ph"/L ;fy<br />
k|ltpQ/ lbg kfpg] cj:yf ljBdfg<br />
/x]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . ldlt @)%&.@.!)<br />
df ePsf] km};nf ldlt @)%&.$.& df<br />
yfxf kfPsf] egL ldlt @)%&.&.@* df<br />
km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf leq} <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvPaf6 ;f]<br />
sfg"gL dfu{ cjnDag ug{ k'g/fj]bs<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ s'g} <strong>jf</strong>wf cj/f]w k/]sf] eGg]<br />
l:ylt klg b]lvb}g . k'g/fj]bssf] kltsf]<br />
@)%&.$.& df d[To' eO{ ;s]sf] sf/0fn]<br />
klg nf]Ug]sf] ;DklQdf xs vfg]<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ d'2f ;sf/ u/L ph"/L<br />
;fy k|ltpQ/ lbg s'g} sfg"gn] /f]s]sf]<br />
kfOb}g . o:tf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eO{<br />
/x]sf] ;'ud dfu{ kl/Tofu u/L c=j+=<br />
@)* g+= ljk/Lt k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL c=j+=*^<br />
g+=sf] ;xf/f lnO{ <strong>cbfnt</strong> k|j]z u/]sf]<br />
b]lvof] .<br />
156<br />
c+s @<br />
&= ca, k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{<br />
d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= *^ g+=sf] sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yfn] d2t ug{ ;Sg] g;Sg] s] /x]5<br />
egL k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] 7x/ a" +bfsf<br />
;DaGwdf ljZn]<strong>if</strong>0f ug'{<br />
cl3 ;f] sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yf bli6ut ug{ ' <strong>jf</strong>~5gLo x'g]<br />
b]lvG5 . To; tkm{ x]bf{ d'n'sL P]g c=j+=<br />
*^ g+=df Ækm};nf l8;ld; ldnfkq<br />
vf/]h ePsf d'2fdf ;f] km};nf l8;ld;<br />
ldnfkq vf/]h ePsfn] csf{sf] xs ;d]t<br />
hfg] ePsf] /x]5 eg] h;sf] xs hfg]5<br />
To;}n] yfxf kfPsf k} +lt; lbgleq o;df<br />
xfd|f] klg xs nfU5 . o;n] dfq xf/L <strong>jf</strong><br />
l8;ld; vf/]h ldnfkq u/fPsf]n] xfd|f]<br />
xs hfg] xf]Og egL cfˆgf] xs hfltdf<br />
emul8ofsf gfp+df gfn]; lbP OG;fkm<br />
u/L lbg' k5{ .Æ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf<br />
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;f] sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yfsf] ds;b b'O{ kIf aLr d'2f rnL<br />
km};nf, l8;ld;, ldnfkq <strong>jf</strong> vf/]h<br />
ePsf] Joxf]/fn] s'g} csf{ ] kIfsf] xs<br />
uPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] xs hfg] JolQmn]<br />
cl3af6 ePsf] km};nf, l8;ld;, ldnfkq<br />
of vf/]h ab/ u/fpg yfxf kfPsf] #%<br />
lbgleq cfpg kfp5 eGg] g} /x]sf]<br />
b]lvG5 . cyf{t c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;xf/f<br />
lnO{ <strong>cbfnt</strong>df k|j]z ug{ ] JolQm cl3<br />
rn]sf] d'2fsf] kIf ljkIfL geO{ s'g} t]>f]<br />
kIf /x]sf] x'g' kg{ ] tTjnfO{ ;f] sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yfn] d"n ?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf]<br />
b]lvg cfp+5 . s'g} b'O{ kIf ldln t]>f]<br />
kIfsf] xs hfg] u/L km};nf ;d]t<br />
u/fPsf] cj:yfdf k|efljt kIfnfO{ yfxf<br />
gx'g] ePsf] sf/0f cfkm"n] yfxf kfPkl5<br />
cfˆgf] u'd]s]f xs sfod u/fpg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
k|j]z ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf :jo+df
af]w uDo / :ki6 klg x'+bf<br />
To;df<br />
cndn u/L /xg' kg{ ] cj:yf 5}g . cl3<br />
rn]sf] d'2fdf g} <strong>jf</strong>bL <strong>jf</strong> k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL s'g}<br />
?kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] JolQmn] kl5af6<br />
km};nf ab/df cfpg kfp+5 eGg] xf] eg]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{on] slxNo} klg clGtdtf<br />
gkfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . <strong>lg0f</strong>{o clGtdtf -<br />
finality of decisions_ sf] l;4fGt ;d]tn]<br />
o:tf] sfo{nfO{ /f]Sb5 .<br />
*= k|:t't lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf k|ToyL{<br />
gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g <strong>jf</strong>bL / k'g/fj]bssf<br />
klt b]jLk|;fb k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL eO{ rn]sf] gfkL<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ d'2fsf] km};nfaf6 kltsf gfp<br />
btf{sf] hUufsf] xs uPsf] egL pg}<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] >Ldltn] k|:t't lkm/fb lbPsf]<br />
cj:yf 5 . klt;+u 5'l§ leGg e} a;]sf]n]<br />
cfˆgf] xs lx:;f hlt sfod x'g' kg{ ]<br />
eGg] bfjL klg 5}g . kltsf] xs vfg]<br />
xsbf/sf] ?kdf kltsf] d[To'kl5 cfkm"nfO{<br />
k|:t't ug{ ] k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ lghsf]<br />
klt eGbf k[ys x}l;otsf] t];|f] kIfsf<br />
?kdf dfgL c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf kfpg]<br />
cy{ ug{ ] xf] eg] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o clGtdtfsf]<br />
l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'g k'uL c=j+= *^ g+=sf]<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] unt JofVof sfod<br />
x'g hfG5 . o;} sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] JofVof<br />
ub{ } k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL czf]s sfhL agLof<br />
lj?4 l5l/ª lkmG5f]s ;d]t k|ToyL{<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%# ;fnsf]<br />
b]=k'=O{=g+=!)# sf] xs sfod <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/<br />
d'2fdf o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] k"0f{ Ohhf;af6<br />
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sL cfdf pk/ k/]sf] d'2f<br />
xf/lht eO{ km};nf ePkl5 ;uf]ndf<br />
/xs} gf<strong>jf</strong>ns 5f]/fx?n] pd]/ k'u]kl5<br />
c=j+= *^ g+= sf] cfwf/df d'2f ub{ } hfg<br />
kfpg] xf] eg] lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lg?k0f slxNo}<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
157<br />
cGt gx'g] ;d]t eO{ d'2fsf] clGtd x'g]<br />
l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n x'G5 . 3/sf] d'Von]<br />
u/]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= *^ g+= cfs{l<strong>if</strong>t x'+b}g<br />
eGg] ;d]t l;4fGt -g]sfk=@)%* c+s<br />
&,*, k[i7 $$) lg=g+= &)@@ k|ltkflbt<br />
ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
(= t;y{ plNnlvt sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]<br />
ljZn]<strong>if</strong>0ffTds cfwf/ k|df0faf6<br />
Psf;uf]nsf] klt k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL eO{ rn]sf]<br />
gfkL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ d'2fdf c=j+= !!) g+=<br />
ljk/Lt Dofb tfd]n eO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b ug{<br />
gkfPsf]n] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL<br />
c=j+= @)* g+=sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{<br />
kl/Tofu u/L c=j+= *^ g+= c+ufnL cfPsf]<br />
k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb vf/]h ug{ ' kg{ ]df<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL k'Ug] 7x/fPsf] z'? tfKn]h'ª<br />
lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf pN6L u/L <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
Onfdsf] ldlt @)^).%.<strong>@%</strong> sf] km};nfsf]<br />
kl/0ffddf tflTjs leGgtf gx'g] x'+bf<br />
;b/ eO{ ;f] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug<br />
g;Sg] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L<br />
a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .<br />
k|=Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'j]bL<br />
Olt ;+jt\ @)^$ ;fn kmfu'g !( ut]<br />
/f]h ! z'ed\ ===============
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(@* g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>{ ]<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, ;+o'Qm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
;D<strong>dfggLo</strong> k|wfg GofofwLz >L<br />
s]bf/k|;fb lu/L<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/<br />
;Djt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$%@<br />
km};nf ldltM @)^$.!@.@$.!<br />
d'2fM st{Jo Hofg .<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLM lji0f's'df/L bhL{sf]<br />
hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/<br />
lj?4<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLM <strong>jf</strong>Un'ª lhNnf xl6of<br />
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # j:g]<br />
ldgaxfb'/ bhL{<br />
cl3 km};nf ug] {M<br />
df=lh=Gof=>L s?0fflglw zdf{<br />
k'g/fj]bs km};nf ug] {M<br />
sf=d'=d'=Gof=>L tflx/cln cG;f/L<br />
Gof=>L uf]kfn k/fh'nL<br />
� dflg;sf] d[To'sf] ;DaGwdf ;f]<br />
;DaGwL lj<strong>if</strong>out <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>1tf<br />
xfl;n u/]sf <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>1x?åf/f<br />
ul/Psf] k/LIf0f / To;sf<br />
cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] /fosf]<br />
k|fdfl0fs dxTj /xg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=#_<br />
� ;fdfGo s'6lk6sf] lj<strong>if</strong>onfO{<br />
dg;fo;lxtsf] cfk/flws<br />
sfo{sf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] .<br />
158<br />
c+s @<br />
� Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+=<br />
jdf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] dfu bfjL<br />
lng] <strong>jf</strong>bL kIfn] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLaf6<br />
Hofg dfg] { lgotsf ;fy To:tf]<br />
cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] xf] eGg]<br />
k'i6L ug{ ;Sg'kg] { .<br />
� s]an hfx]/L b/vf:t /<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] egfO{nfO{ dfq<br />
cfwf/ agfP/ st{Jo Hofg h:tf]<br />
u+eL/ d'2fdf lgis<strong>if</strong>{df k'Ug<br />
gx'g] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=$_<br />
� cg'dfg, cfz+sf / ;+efjgf h:tf<br />
dgf]ut cfwf/df s'g} klg<br />
cfk/flws sfo{df dg;fo tTjsf]<br />
ljBdfgtf 5 g} egL lgis<strong>if</strong>{<br />
lgsfNg' Gofof]lrt gx'g], dg;fo<br />
tTjsf] ljBdfgtf k|df0fx?af6 g}<br />
b]lvg' kg] { / To:tf] k|df0f h'6fpg]<br />
bfloTj <strong>jf</strong>bL kIfn] g} jxg<br />
ug{ 'kg] { .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=%_<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6Mljåfg<br />
pkGofoflwjQmf z/b v8\sf<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
km};nf<br />
Gof=tkjxfb'/ du/M Gofo k|zf;g<br />
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cg';f/ o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf]<br />
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;<br />
k|sf/ 5M<br />
dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] 5ljnfn<br />
bhL{nfO{ ldlt @)^!.#.#! ut] /ftL 3/sf]
lk+9Ldf ;'lt/fv]sf] jvt nfQL / d'Ssfn]<br />
z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lxsf{O{ 3fOt]<br />
agfPsf]df cf}<strong>if</strong>wL pkrf/ u/fpFb} u/]sf]<br />
jvt ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] lgh 5ljnfn<br />
bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
lji0f' s'df/L bhL{sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .<br />
5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf]<br />
eGg] vj/ kfO{ s] ePsf] /x]5 egL<br />
5ljnfn bhL{sf] 3/df uO{ lghnfO{ a'‰bf<br />
lxhf] /ftL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] c+z ;DaGwL<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>odf lgx'F<br />
lems]/ dnfO{ s'6lk6<br />
u/]sfn] z/L/ b'vL /x]sf] 5 . Z<strong>jf</strong>; km]g{<br />
cK7\of/f] ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ arfp, d]/f]<br />
cf}<strong>if</strong>wL pkrf/ u/fO{ b]p egL 5ljnfn<br />
bhL{n] e]nf hDdf ePsf] dflg;nfO{<br />
eg]kl5 dLgaxfb'/ bhL{ ;d]tnfO{ ;f]wk'5<br />
ubf{ 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ d}n] s'6lk6<br />
u/]sf] xf], csf{ ] lbgklg 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{<br />
df/LlbG5' egL wfs wDsL lbPsf] lyof] .<br />
c+z ;DaGwL lgx'F<br />
vf]hL 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{<br />
dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] nfQL d'Ssfn] k|xf/ u/L<br />
3fOt] agfO{ ;f]xL rf]6 k6ssf sf/0fn]<br />
5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]df k"0f{<br />
ljZ<strong>jf</strong>; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
df}sfdf a'lemPsf z]/axfb'/ bhL{,<br />
rGb|axfb'/ e08f/L, l6sf kl/of/,<br />
lhtaxfb'/ dNn, z'naxfb'/ bhL{,<br />
dLgaxfb'/ bhL{, s0f{axfb'/ bhL{n]<br />
ul/lbPsf] sl/j Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'§f 5'§}<br />
sfuh .<br />
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] jvtdf<br />
hUuf ;DaGwL c+zsf] s'/f ug{ ] larf/<br />
p7L 5ljnfn;Fu d]/f] efudf hUuf hldg<br />
sd k/]sf] 5 lbg'k5{ egL eGbf lghn]<br />
dnfO{ nf}/f] / xFl;ofn] k|xf/ u/]sfn] nf}/f]<br />
/ xFl;of+ d}n] lghsf] xftaf6 vf];L kmfnL<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
159<br />
lbPF . c+z dfUbf dnfO{ lk6\g vf]h]sf]n]<br />
dnfO{ klg l/; p7L afh]sf] lgwf/df<br />
tyf sf]vfdf ;d]t d'Ssf k|xf/ ubf{ afh]<br />
9Ng uPsf] xf], afh] 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{<br />
d}n] g} s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n]<br />
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf]<br />
aofg sfuh .<br />
£of/ £of/sf] cf<strong>jf</strong>h ;'g]kl5<br />
lgGb|faf6 p7L cfdf afh]nfO{ s] eof]<br />
p7\g'xf]; egL s/fO{ cfdf ;d]t p7L x]bf{<br />
5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n]<br />
s'6lk6 ub{ } u/]sf] b]v]sf] x'F,<br />
dLgaxfb'/<br />
bhL{n] s'6lk6 u/]sf] rf]6 k6ssf]<br />
sf/0faf6 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]df<br />
k"0f{ ljZ<strong>jf</strong>; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
rZdbLb u<strong>jf</strong>x lagf bhL{n] ul/lbPsf]<br />
sfuh .<br />
dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] 5ljnfn<br />
bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf]df ;f]xL<br />
rf]6k6ssf] sf/0f 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To'<br />
ePsf]df ljZ<strong>jf</strong>; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] d}sfdf a'lemPsf h'g] bhL{,<br />
s[i0f bhL{, 6]saxfb'/ v8\sf, l;nfu] bhL{<br />
;d]tsf JolQmx?n] ul/lbPsf] Ps}<br />
ldnfgsf] 5'§f 5'§} sfuh .<br />
d[To'sf] sf/0fdf undetermined<br />
eGg] pNn]v u/L k|fKt ePsf] lhNnf<br />
:<strong>jf</strong>:Yo sfof{no <strong>jf</strong>Un'ªsf d]l8sn<br />
clws[tn] u/]sf] kf]i6 df6{d l/kf]6{ .<br />
cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/n] kLl8t<br />
5ljnfnsf] Hofg lng] p2]Zoaf6 /S;L<br />
vfO{ df/f} + eGg] lgotn] s'6lk6 u/]sf] /<br />
s'6lk6 u/]sf] # lbgleq cgj/t ?kdf<br />
ynfk/L pkrf/ ubf{ub{ } s'6lk6sf<br />
rf]6lk/n] p7\g g;sL ldlt @)^!.$.@
ut] /ftL d[To' ePsf]n] d'n'sL P]g Hofg<br />
;DaGwLsf] !÷( gDa/sf] s;"/ ck/fwdf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+=<br />
adf]lhd ;hfoF ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .<br />
ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf a]n'sL (<br />
ah]sf] ;dodf xh'/a'af 5ljnfn;Fu c+z<br />
<strong>jf</strong>/]df s'/f rNbf xh'/a'afn] dnfO{ nf}/fn]<br />
xfGg' eof] . d}n] nf}/f] vf];L kmfnL lbPF,<br />
To;kl5 xFl;ofn] xfGg yfNg' eof], d}n]<br />
xFl;of vf];L kmfnL lbPF / d d]/f] 3/lt/<br />
cfPF, d}n] xh'/a'afnfO{ xfg]sf], s'6lk6<br />
u/]sf] xf]Og . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 xh'/a'af<br />
klxn]b]lv g} vf]sL bdsf] lj/fdL x'g'<br />
ePsf]n] d}n] cf}<strong>if</strong>wL k;naf6 ?=()).–<br />
sf] cf}<strong>if</strong>wL nuL xh'/a'afnfO{ lbPsf] x'F<br />
.<br />
ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] ljxfgb]lv<br />
xh'/a'afnfO{ kvnf ;d]t nfu]sf]n]<br />
cfdfn] hLjghn ;d]t nlulbg' ePsf]<br />
xf], ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] /ftL xh'/a'afsf]<br />
d[To' eP5 . d[To' x'g] a]nfdf xh'/a'af<br />
vf6af6 e'O{df v:g' ePsf] xf], d[To'<br />
lj/fdLsf sf/0f <strong>jf</strong> vf6af6 n8\gfsf<br />
sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .<br />
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf aofg lbFbf<br />
d]/f] :<strong>jf</strong>:Yo Tolt l7s lyPg, tfklg d}n]<br />
xh'/a'afnfO{ xfg]sf] eg]sf] xf]Og . ;f]<br />
afx]s c? ;a} Joxf]/f xf] . xfg]sf] eGg]<br />
s;/L n]lvof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d}n] xh'/<br />
a'afnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] df/]sf] gx'Fbf<br />
cleof]u bfjL cg';f/ ;hfoF kfpg' kg{ ]<br />
xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] z'? <strong>cbfnt</strong>df u/]sf]<br />
aofg .<br />
d}n] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf<br />
lbPsf] hfx]/Lsf] Joxf]/f tyf To;df<br />
160<br />
c+s @<br />
ePsf] ;xL d]/f] xf] . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
s'6lk6af6} ;;'/f 5ljnnfnsf] d[To'<br />
ePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf<br />
lji0f' s'df/L bhL{n] u/]sf] askq .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] s'6fO{af6} xh'/<strong>jf</strong>sf]<br />
d[To' ePsf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
kIfsf ;fIfL lagf bhL{, l6sf kl/of/,<br />
s0f{axfb'/ bhL{, z'naxfb'/ bhL{,<br />
rGb|axfb'/ e08f/L ;d]tn] ul/lbPsf]<br />
askq .<br />
5lj<strong>jf</strong>nsf] d[To' s'6lk6af6 eof]<br />
eGg] xNnf ;'gL dnfd uPsf] x'F<br />
egL<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL kIfsf u<strong>jf</strong>x dLgaxfb'/ bhL{ /<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] lk6]/ df/] h:tf] nfUb}g egL<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL kIfs} u<strong>jf</strong>x z]/axfb'/ bhL{n] z'?<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df u/]sf] askq .<br />
s'6lk6 eof] xf]nf, t/ d}n] b]lvg<br />
egL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf ;fIfL k|wfg lj=s= n],<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] s'6lk6 u/] xf]nf h:tf] nfUb}g<br />
egL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf ;fIfL s[i0faxfb'/ dNnn]<br />
/ gfltn] s'6lk6 u¥of] egL d[tsn]<br />
eg]sf lyP egL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLs} ;fIfL<br />
OGb|axfb'/ e08f/Ln] u/]sf] askq .<br />
klxnf b]lvg} em} emu8f ul//xg]<br />
gflt dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] s'6]sf] s'6fO{af6<br />
ynfk/L d[ts 5ljnfnsf] d[To' ePsf]<br />
eGg] k|ToIfbzL{, hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf lji0f'<br />
s'df/Lsf] ls6fgL hfx]/L, k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/ /xL<br />
aofg u/]tfklg d[ts;Fu k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] ;f]<br />
lbg emu8f ePsf] tYodf ;fljt /x]sf]<br />
tyf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
aofg ubf{ 3l6 c+z lbPsf] l/;df d[ts<br />
xh'/<strong>jf</strong><strong>jf</strong>nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] / ;f]xL<br />
s'6lk6af6 ynfk/L d[To' ePsf] eGg]<br />
pNn]v u/L ;fljtL aofg ;d]t
ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . <strong>jf</strong>/bftsf] k|ToIfbzL{<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf Pjd oL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] cg';Gwfg<br />
clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg Ps csf{df<br />
ldNg le8\g cfPsf] 5 eg] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLs}<br />
;fIfL OGb|axfb'/ dNnn] askq ubf{<br />
d[tsn] dg{ ' eGbf klxnf JoQm u/]sf] s'/f<br />
pNn]v ub{ } gfltn] s'6lk6 u¥of] eGby],<br />
c+z ;DaGwdf xf]nf dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg<br />
u/L emu8f ub{y] egL askq u/]sf]<br />
b]lvg cfPaf6 cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n]<br />
cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd d'n'sL P]g,<br />
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / ( g+=sf] s;"/<br />
ck/fw u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
lghnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwL<br />
dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j ;lxt<br />
hGds}b x'g] 7x5{ eGg] z'? afUn'ª lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)^!.*.@*.@ sf]<br />
km};nf .<br />
d}n] &^ jl<strong>if</strong>{o a[4 xh' '/a'<strong>jf</strong>nfO{<br />
s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf]Og . xh'/a'af bd /<br />
vf]sLsf] lj/fdL x'g'x'GYof] . d[ts<br />
xh'/a'afn] d]/f] a'afnfO{ c+z yf]/} lbg'<br />
ePsf]df c+z yf]/} lbg' eof] egL d}n]<br />
eGg' :<strong>jf</strong>efljs} xf], To;nfO{ l/; Oljsf]<br />
?kdf u|x0f ug{ ldNb}g . d}n]<br />
xh'/a'afnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] / ;f]xL<br />
rf]6lk8faf6 xh'/a'afsf] d[To' ePsf] egL<br />
d}n] slxF st} aofg u/]sf] ;d]t 5}g .<br />
36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf, nfz hfFr<br />
k|s[lt d'r'Nsf, ;fIfLx?sf] askq<br />
;d]taf6 d]/f] rf]6 lk8faf6 d[ts<br />
xh'/a'afsf] d[To' x'g uPsf] eGg] b]lvFb}g .<br />
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx?sf] j:t'k/s<br />
9+uaf6 cWoog / ljZn]<strong>if</strong>0f gu/L s]jn<br />
cfTdk/s 9+uaf6 cg'dfgsf] e/df<br />
JofVof / ljZn]<strong>if</strong>0f u/L Hofg h:tf]<br />
uDeL/ d'2fdf s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofO{ afUn'ª<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
161<br />
lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] dnfO{ ;j{:j ;lxt<br />
hGds}b ug{ ] u/]sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{<br />
ePsfn] pQm km};nf ab/ u/L d}n]<br />
cleof]u bfjLaf6 k"0f{ ?kdf ;kmfO{ kfpF<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf/fuf/ zfvf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>Un'ª dfkm{t k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>df u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
kq .<br />
o;df zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg<br />
;d]tsf] kl/k| ]Iodf z'? afUn'ª lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf larf/0fLo b]lvFbf<br />
c=j+=@)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod $& ;d]t<br />
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn<br />
sfof{no <strong>jf</strong>Un'ªnfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{<br />
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{ ' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> <strong>jf</strong>Un'ªsf] ldlt<br />
@)^@.!.* sf] cfb]z .<br />
o;df /Iff lzIff ug] { afx]ssf] oL<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{sf] s'6lk6af6<br />
d[ts 5lanfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf] xf]<br />
eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nL<br />
lji0f's'df/L bhL{ ;d]tsf dflg;x?sf]<br />
jofg tyf jskqaf6 k'i6L ePsf] /<br />
d[tsnfO{ oL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dLgaxfb'/n] Hofg<br />
lng] Oljnfu <strong>jf</strong> dg;fo ge} c+z<br />
36La9L eof] a/fa/L ul/lbg' xf];\ eGg]<br />
s'/fdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b e} d[tssf] rf]6af6<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ xftdf 3fp ;d]t x'g uO{<br />
cfk;L s'6lk6 x'g uO{ eljtJoaf6 d[ts<br />
5ljnfnsf] d[To' x'g uPsf] b]lvFbf Hofg<br />
;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= sf] s;"/df P]= sf]<br />
^ g+= sf] b]xfo $ jdf]lhd Ps j<strong>if</strong>{ ^<br />
dlxgf s}b / kfFr;o ?k}ofF hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf u/L<br />
eljtJosf] s;"/ 7x/ ug'{kg]<br />
{df Hofg<br />
;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd
;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b x'g] 7x¥ofPsf]<br />
ldlt @)^!.*.@* sf] afUn'ª lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf]n]<br />
pN6L e} k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ Ps j<strong>if</strong>{ ^ dlxgf<br />
s}b tyf ?=%)).– hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf x'g] 7x5{<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
afUn'ªsf] ldlt @)^@.#.!# sf] km};nf .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] d[ts 5ljnfn<br />
bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] s'/fdf clwsf/<br />
k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ;fljt /x]sf], Pp6}<br />
kl/<strong>jf</strong>/sf afh] d[ts / gftL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
/x]sf / c+z ;DaGwL lj<strong>jf</strong>b pTkGg e}<br />
ldlt @)^!.#.#! ut] afh]nfO{ s'6lk6<br />
ubf{ ;f]xL rf]6sf sf/0faf6 lghsf] d[To'<br />
ePsf] eGg] s'/f hfx]/L b/vf:t /<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfx?sf] jskq ;d]taf6 v'Ng<br />
cfPsf], nfz k|s[lt d'r'Nsfdf <strong>jf</strong>ofF<br />
5ftLdf sf]tl/Psf] 3fp /x]sf] eGg]<br />
kfOPsf], a[4 cj:yfsf afh]nfO{ h<strong>jf</strong>g<br />
cj:yfsf gfltn] nfQL d'Ssf cflbn]<br />
k|xf/ ubf{ d[To' x'g' :<strong>jf</strong>efljs /x]sf] x'Fbf<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> <strong>jf</strong>Un'ªsf] km};nf<br />
q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] x'Fbf<br />
pN6L u/L cleof]u<br />
bfjL jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] <strong>jf</strong>bL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6<br />
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .<br />
@= lgod jdf]lhd <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf<br />
k'g/fj]bs÷<strong>jf</strong>bL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6<br />
pkl:yt ljåfg pk–GofoflwjQmf >L z/b<br />
v8\sfn] ug'{<br />
ePsf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]t<br />
;'lgof] . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dLgaxfb'/n] kLl8t<br />
5ljnfnnfO{ Hofg lng] dg;fo ;lxt<br />
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L s'6lk6 u/]sf] /<br />
;f]xL rf]6af6 ynf k/L kLl8tsf] d[To'<br />
ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf]<br />
162<br />
c+s @<br />
!#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]<br />
cleof]u bfjL /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] <strong>cbfnt</strong>;dIfsf] jofgdf<br />
afh];Fu c+z ;DaGwL s'/f rln/x]sf]<br />
cj:yfdf afh]n] cfkm"nfO{ nf}/f] /<br />
xFl;ofn] k|xf/ ug'{ePsf]<br />
xf], cfkm"n]<br />
afh]nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] 5}g, vf]sL /<br />
bdsf] lj/fdL /xg'ePsf afh]nfO{ cfkm} +n]<br />
cf}<strong>if</strong>wL lsg]/ lbPsf], ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut]<br />
ljxfg b]lv kvfnf ;d]t nfu]sf] /<br />
To;}lbg /ftL jxfFsf] d[To' eof], cfkm"n]<br />
s'6lk6 gu/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
;hfo kfpg'kg] {<br />
xf]Og egL lhsL/ lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . z'?<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 cleof]u dfubfjL jdf]lhd<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofO{ Hofg<br />
;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;j{:j;lxt<br />
hGds}b x'g] 7x¥ofP pk/ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
<strong>jf</strong>Un'ªaf6 k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] d[tsnfO{ df/f} eGg]<br />
dg;fo k| ]l/t e} k|xf/ u/]sf] cj:yf<br />
gb]lvPsf] / zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6<br />
klg d[To'sf] sf/0f Undetermined egL<br />
pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwLsf]<br />
!#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{<br />
Gofof]lrt<br />
gx'g] eGg] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{<br />
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= sf] s;"/df<br />
P]= ^-$_ g+= jdf]lhd ! j<strong>if</strong>{ ^ dlxgf s}b<br />
/ ?=%)).– hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf x'g] 7x¥ofO{ km};nf<br />
ePsf] 5 . ;f] pk/ <strong>jf</strong>bL g]kfn ;/sf/sf<br />
tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] x'Fbf<br />
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ x]/L k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
<strong>jf</strong>Un'ªsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5<br />
eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg'kg] {<br />
ePsf] 5 .<br />
#= <strong>lg0f</strong>{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{<br />
d[ts 5ljnfn / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dLgaxfb'/ Ps}
kl/<strong>jf</strong>/sf xh/a'<strong>jf</strong> / gflt gftfsf<br />
JolQmx? /x]sf] / ldlt @)^!.#.@! ut]<br />
/ftL oL b'O{ hgfsf aLrdf c+z ;DaGwL<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>odf lj<strong>jf</strong>b ePsf] eGg] ;Ddsf]<br />
tYodf lj<strong>jf</strong>b b]lvFb}g . 36gf x'Fbfsf<br />
jvt cfkm\g} 3/sf] lkF9Ldf ;'lt/fv]sf<br />
xh'/a'<strong>jf</strong>nfO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] nfQL d'Ssfn]<br />
z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lxsf{O{ 3fOt]<br />
agfPsf] / pkrf/ x'Fbf<br />
x'Fb}<br />
ldlt<br />
@)^!.$.@ ut]sf lbg lghsf] d[To' ePsf]<br />
eGg] hfx]/L b/vf:t /x]sf] / hfx]/L<br />
Joxf]/fnfO{ ;dy{g ub} { hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfn]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>;dIf jskq ;d]t ul/lbPsf]<br />
b]lvG5 . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] clwsf/ k|fKt<br />
clwsf/L ;dIfsf] jofgdf c+z ;DaGwL<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b e} xh'/a'<strong>jf</strong>n] cfkm"nfO{ nf}/f] /<br />
xFl;ofn] k|xf/ u/]sfn] cfkm"n] klg<br />
d'Ssfn] k|xf/ u/]sf] egL s'6lk6 u/]sf]<br />
s'/f;DdnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]df<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>;dIf pkl:yt e} jofg ubf{<br />
cfkm"n] s'6lk6 gu/]sf] egL OGsf/L jofg<br />
u/]sf 5g\ . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] u/]sf] s'6lk6sf]<br />
rf]6af6 ynf k/L ;f]xL sf/0faf6<br />
d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] g} cleof]u<br />
bfjLdf cfwf/ agfO{Psf] x'Fbf<br />
d[tssf]<br />
d[To'sf] sf/0fsf ;DaGwdf zj k/LIf0f<br />
k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt Joxf]/fn] dxTj<br />
/fVg] x'G5 . <strong>jf</strong>Un'ª c:ktfnaf6 ePsf]<br />
zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf d[To'sf] sf/0f<br />
Undetermined egL pNn]v ul/Psf]<br />
kfOG5 . k|ltj]bgsf] External<br />
Examination, Internal Examination /<br />
Special Examination sf] dxndf klg<br />
d[tssf] z/L/sf] aflx/L tyf leqL<br />
efudf pNn]Vo rf]6k6s nfu]sf]<br />
gkfOPsf] cj:yf b]vfOPsf] 5 .<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
dflg;sf] d[To'sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;DaGwL<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>out <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>1tf xfl;n u/]sf<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>1x?åf/f ul/Psf] k/LIf0f / To;sf<br />
cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] /fosf] k|fdfl0fs<br />
dxTj /xG5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf<br />
@# df <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>1sf] /fonfO{ k|df0fdf lng<br />
x'G5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf klg ul/Psf]<br />
kfOG5 .<br />
$= nf7f 9'+uf<br />
/ ;fgfltgf<br />
xftxltof/n] s'6L, xfgL, /f]kL, 3f]rL <strong>jf</strong><br />
c? Hofg dg] { u}x| s'/f u/L Hofg d/]df<br />
To:tf] sfo{ ug] { dflg; Hofgdf/f 7x5{<br />
eGg] Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= sf]<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ To;df dg;fo<br />
tTjnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
cfk/flws sfo{ / cfk/flws dg;fo<br />
ck/fwsf k|d'v b'O{ tTj x'g\ . ;fdfGo<br />
s'6lk6sf] lj<strong>if</strong>onfO{ dg;fo;lxtsf]<br />
cfk/flws sfo{sf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] x'Fb}g<br />
.<br />
Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhdsf]<br />
;hfosf] dfu bfjL lng] <strong>jf</strong>bL kIfn]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLaf6 Hofg dfg] { lgotsf ;fy<br />
To:tf] cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] xf] eGg] klg<br />
k'i6L ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . s]an hfx]/L<br />
b/vf:t / hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] egfO{nfO{ dfq<br />
cfwf/ agfP/ st{Jo Hofg h:tf] u+eL/<br />
d'2fdf lgis<strong>if</strong>{df k'Ug x'Fb}g<br />
. k|:t't<br />
d'2fdf hfx]/L b/vf:t / cleo'Qmsf]<br />
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf]<br />
jofgnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfP/ cleof]u<br />
nufO{Psf] b]lvG5 eg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df<br />
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf klg <strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{af6 ltg}<br />
b'O{ lj<strong>if</strong>onfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] kfOG5 .<br />
t/ tL b'a} cfwf/nfO{ k'i6L ug] { u/L cGo<br />
:jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0fx? k]z x'g<br />
;s]sf] eg] ldl;naf6 b]lvFb}g . hfx]/L<br />
163
vf:t, hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] jskq / clwsf/<br />
k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] cleo'Qmsf]<br />
jofgaf6 klg b'a}kIfaLr s'6lk6 ePsf]<br />
eGg] ;Ddsf] tYo phfu/ x'G5, dfg] {<br />
dg;fo ;lxt s'6lk6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/f<br />
To;af6 klg k'i6L x'g] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .<br />
%= dfly ul/Psf]<br />
ljZn]<strong>if</strong>0faf6 d[ts / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLaLr c+z<br />
;DaGwL lj<strong>if</strong>odf lj<strong>jf</strong>b pTkGg e} tTsfn}<br />
b'a}tkm{af6 s'6lk6 ePsf] / ;f] 36gfsf]<br />
s]xL lbgleq} 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]<br />
eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] Hofg<br />
lng];Ddsf] Oljnfu <strong>jf</strong> dg;fo ;lxt<br />
s'6lk6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg<br />
k|df0fx?af6 b]lvFb}g / <strong>jf</strong>bL kIfaf6 To;<br />
;DaGwdf :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0fx?<br />
h'6fpg ;s]sf] klg kfO{ +b}g . cg'dfg,<br />
cfz+sf / ;+efjgf h:tf dgf]ut<br />
cfwf/df s'g} klg cfk/flws sfo{df<br />
dg;fo tTjsf] ljBdfgtf 5 g} egL<br />
lgis<strong>if</strong>{ lgsfNg' Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g,<br />
dg;fo<br />
tTjsf] ljBdfgtf k|df0fx?af6 g} b]lvg'<br />
k5{ / To:tf] k|df0f h'6fpg] bfloTj <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
kIfn] g} jxg ug{ ' k5{ . Hofg lng]<br />
Oljnfu <strong>jf</strong> dg;fo ge} s;}n] cfkm"n]<br />
u/]sf] st{Jon] dflg; dnf{ eGg] h:tf]<br />
gb]lvPsf] s'g} sfd s'/f ubf{ To;}åf/f<br />
s]xL e} s'g} dflg; dg{ uPsf] eljtJo<br />
7x5{ eGg] d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwLsf] %<br />
164<br />
c+s @<br />
g+= df / To;/L eljtJo e} dflg;sf]<br />
Hofg d/]sf]df /Iff lzIff ug] { afx]s c?<br />
s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'6lk6 ubf{ eljtJo<br />
k/]sf]df kfFr;o ?k}of;Dd hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf <strong>jf</strong><br />
b'O{ j<strong>if</strong>{;Dd s}b <strong>jf</strong> b'a} ;hfo x'G5 eGg]<br />
Hofg ;DaGwLsf] ^ g+= sf] b]xfo -$_ df<br />
/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k| ]Ifdf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{af6 d[ts<br />
5ljnfn bhL{dfly ePsf] s'6lk6nfO{<br />
dg;fo k| ]l/t xTofsf] ;+1f lbg ldNg]<br />
cj:yf b]lvPg . t;y{ eljtJosf] s;"/<br />
7x¥ofO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{nfO{ !<br />
j<strong>if</strong>{ ^ dlxgf s}b / ?=%)).– hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf<br />
x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
<strong>jf</strong>Un'ªsf] ldlt @)^@.#.!# sf] km};nf<br />
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . <strong>jf</strong>bL g]kfn<br />
;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .<br />
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L<br />
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .<br />
k|=Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L<br />
Olt;Dat\ @)^$ ;fn r}q @$ ut] /f]h<br />
! z'ed\ ===========<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(@( g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;+o'Qm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/<br />
/fodfemL<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{<br />
;Dj\t @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ======(&!^<br />
km};nf ldltM @)^$.*.#.@<br />
d'2f M– <strong>lg0f</strong>{o btf{ ab/ xs sfod .<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+<br />
k'g/fj]bs<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLM sf7df8f} lhNnf sf7df8f}<br />
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @)<br />
led;]g:yfg<br />
/fhe08f/L<br />
lj?4<br />
a:g] s[i0fdfg<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLM sf7df8f} lhNnf<br />
sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=<br />
@# a:g] ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/L<br />
;d]t<br />
z'? <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug{ ]M<br />
df=Gof=>L /d]z kf]v/]n<br />
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{ ]M<br />
df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb k|hfktL<br />
df=Gof=>L led]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{<br />
� lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{ 6fO{ksf] e"n<br />
ePsf] eP k|ltpQ/ kg{ ' cufl8g}<br />
lgj]bg lbg'kg{ ] .<br />
� k|ltpQ/ btf{ e};s]kl5 OG;fkmdf<br />
g} c;/ kg{ ] u/L 6fO{ksf] e"n<br />
;'wfg{ ;lsg] cj:yf gx'g] .<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
165<br />
� lkm/fb xbDofb leq k/]sf] 5, 5}g<br />
egL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug{nfO{ d'2f ug'{<br />
k/]sf] sf/0f slxn] l;h{gf ePsf<br />
xf] Plsg ug'{kg{<br />
] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=*_<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
j<strong>Rr</strong>'l;+x v8\sf<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg jl/i7<br />
clwjQmf >Lxl/ cof{n / ljåfg<br />
clwjQmf x]ds'df/ >]i7<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
km};nf<br />
Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemLM<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gaf6 ldlt<br />
@)%*.!!.!# df ePsf] km};nf pk/ lrQ<br />
ga'emL <strong>jf</strong>bL kIfaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g,<br />
@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]<br />
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M–<br />
ljkIfLx? ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/L /<br />
k|sfz /fh df:s] Ps cfk;df ldnL<br />
ldn]dtf] u/L k"0f{ ?kdf gfkL uf]Z<strong>jf</strong>/f<br />
;d]tnfO{ em'Sofgdf kf/L sf7df8f} +<br />
lhNnf sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=<br />
@# ls=g+= $@) v08 -3_ If]qkmn )–!–<br />
)–! sf] 3/ hUuf ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf<br />
xfd|f] xs d]6fpg] p2]Zon] ldlt<br />
@)#*.&.@$ df :j<strong>jf</strong>;L ;"rgf cg';f/<br />
b'l<strong>if</strong>t ?kn] btf{ u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
:j<strong>jf</strong>;L<br />
;"rgf cg';f/ elg ul/Psf] b'l<strong>if</strong>t btf{<br />
ab/ u/L xs sfod u/L rng ;d]t<br />
rnfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb<br />
bfjL .
ld>LgfgLn] lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf ldlt<br />
@)#%.^.* ut]sf] @! lbg] :j<strong>jf</strong>;L ;"rgf<br />
cg';f/ j8f g+= @# sf] ls=g+= $@) sf]<br />
3/ hUuf cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ u/L hUuf<br />
wgL k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt u/L Psnf}6L xs<br />
ef]u u/L cfpg' ePsf] lyof] .<br />
ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf btf{ x'g cfPsf]<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf lkm/fbLn] btf{ x'Fbfsf<br />
cj:yfdf d k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] of] o:tf]<br />
;+nUgtfaf6 btf{ u/fPsf] egL ls6fgL<br />
;fy pNn]v ug{ ;Sg' ePs]f 5}g .<br />
@)#%.^.* sf] @! lbg] :j<strong>jf</strong>;L ;"rgf<br />
k|sflzt ePsf]df ;f] ;"rgfsf] lj?4<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLn] tTsfn s'g} k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b /x]sf] lyPg<br />
eGg] @)#*.&.@$ sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{oaf6<br />
ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ hUuf wgL<br />
k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt x'Fbf<br />
;Dd ljkIfLsf] ;f]<br />
hUufdf s'g} cfklQ lyPg . ld>LgfgLsf]<br />
gfddf lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] 3/ hUuf btf{ x'g' k"j{<br />
d]/f] s'g} ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgh<br />
ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf sfg"g adf]lhd btf{<br />
eO{ cfPsf] hUuf btf{ ab/ x'g g;Sg]<br />
x'Fbf<br />
lkm/fb vf/]h efuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL k|sfz/fh df:s]sf]<br />
k|ltpQ/ lhls/ .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/Lsf<br />
gfpFsf] Dofb ldlt @)%$.*.!) df l/t<br />
k"j{s tfd]n eO{ Dofb leq k|ltpQ/<br />
glkm/fO{ Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufdf lkm/fbLsf]<br />
lglj{<strong>jf</strong>b xs :yflkt ePsf] gb]lvbf <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] sf7df8f} +<br />
lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)%*.%.!@ sf]<br />
km};nf .<br />
d]/f] bfjL gk'Ug] egL u/]sf]<br />
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf<br />
ab/ u/L lkm/fb bfjL<br />
166<br />
c+s @<br />
adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>df kg{ cfPsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg kq .<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt ls=g+= $@) sf] hUuf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] xs ef]udf /x]sf], lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf]<br />
hUuf tfd|f/fhf df:s]nfO{ ljqmL u/] pk/<br />
!((& ;fndf d'2f k/L lnvt ab/ ePtf<br />
klg k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ld>LgfgLnfO{ g} a:g<br />
lbO{Psf], @)#% ;fndf :j<strong>jf</strong>;L ;"rgf<br />
k|sflzt eO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd @)#*<br />
;fndf ljkIfLsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ k|df0f<br />
kq lbbf ;d]t <strong>jf</strong>bLn] s'g} lj<strong>jf</strong>b gu/]sf]<br />
/ !((& ;fndf km};nf ePsf]df ;f]<br />
km};nf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog gu/L To;}<br />
a;]sf] cj:yfdf km};nf adf]lhdsf] xs<br />
;bf ;j{bf /xL /xG5 egL dfGg ldNb}g .<br />
lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL gk'Ug]<br />
7x/fO{ u/]sf] OG;fkmnfO{ ;b/ u/L<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gaf6 ePsf]<br />
km};nf .<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 u/]sf]<br />
km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufsf]<br />
;DaGwdf klxn] ePsf] <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
km};nfnfO{ dfGg kb{ }g egL j]<strong>jf</strong>:tf u/L<br />
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf<br />
cfkm} +df Goflos 5}g . Ps k6s To;}<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>odf d'2f klg xf/L ;s]kl5 k'gM btf{<br />
u/fpg' u}/ sfg"gL xf] . s'g} JolQm s;}sf]<br />
3/df a:b}df ;f] a;]sf] 3/ p;}sf] x'g<br />
;Sb}g . ld>LgfgLnfO{ a:g ;Dd lbPsf]<br />
xf] . d''n'sL<br />
P]g u'7Lsf] dxnsf] !^<br />
g+=adf]lhd k|:t't lkm/fb bfo/ ug{ ]<br />
xbDofb x'Fb}g,<br />
wd{nf]k ePsf] s'/fdf<br />
hlxn] ;'s} lkm/fb nfUb5 . xbDofb<br />
gePsf] egL k|:t't d'2fdf af]Ng ldNb}g .<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 wd{ gi6 x'g]
lsl;dn] b'l<strong>if</strong>t <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ gx'g] u/L<br />
u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g . To:tf]<br />
gldn]sf] km};nf pN6L u/L <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL<br />
adf]lhd ld>LgfgLsf gfddf ePsf]<br />
b'l<strong>if</strong>t btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tkm{af6 o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df kg{ cfPsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg kq .<br />
o;df <strong>jf</strong>bL s[i0fdfg<br />
/fhe08f/Lsf] lktf lwh{gf/fo0f<br />
/fhe08f/L lj?4 tfd|/fh df:s] ;d]t<br />
ePsf] !(((.&.!# sf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f} +<br />
b]<strong>jf</strong>gL <strong>cbfnt</strong> bf]>f] kmfF6sf] km};nfaf6<br />
ld>LgfgLn] tfd|/fhnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf]<br />
lnlvt ab/ e} lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt 3/df <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
xs sfod x'g] 7x/ ePsf] km};nf<br />
clGtd eP/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L clGtd<br />
/x]sf] km};nfn] Psfsf] xs sfod ePsf]<br />
3/nfO{ :j<strong>jf</strong>;L ;"rgf cg';f/ egL<br />
ls=g+= $@) sf] 3/ hUuf @)#*.&.@$ df<br />
b'l<strong>if</strong>t btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf<br />
klg <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] z'?sf]<br />
km};nf ;b/ ug{ ] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
kf6gsf] km};nf o; <strong>cbfnt</strong> k"0f{<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>;af6 g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)#) lg=g+= &*%<br />
k[i7 #$% sf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt<br />
ljk/Lt eO{ q'l6k"0f{ b]lvbf Gofo k|zf;g<br />
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -v_<br />
adf]lhd bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ ] lg:;f k|bfg<br />
ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfP <strong>jf</strong><br />
cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd u/L k]z<br />
ug'{<br />
eGg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt<br />
@)^).!@.!* sf] cfb]z .<br />
o;df k|ToyL{ k|sfz/fh df:s] /<br />
ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/Lsf] gfdsf] Dofb<br />
ldlt @)^!.$.% df c=j+= !!) g+= sf]<br />
l/t gk'uL j]kQ] tfd]n ePsf] b]lvbf ab/<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
u/L lbPsf] 5 . cj ;<strong>jf</strong>{ ]<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod !)$ r<br />
adf]lhd uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L<br />
xflh/ x'g cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> cjlw gf3]kl5<br />
lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] Joxf]/fsf]<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)^$.!.#! sf]<br />
cfb]z .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd cfhsf]<br />
b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tkm{af6 ljåfg<br />
clwjQmf j<strong>Rr</strong>' l;+x v8\sfn] lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUuf d]/f] kIfn] cfug b]jtfsf] k'hf<br />
cfhf ug{ lghL u'7Lsf] ?kdf /fv]sf]<br />
hUuf xf] . ljkIfL ld>LgfgLsf nf]Ug]n]<br />
cfug b]jtfsf] k"hf cfhf ug{ ] u/L ;f]<br />
3/ hUufdf j:g lbPsf] cj:yfdf<br />
ld>LgfgLn] !((& ;fndf ;f] 3/ hUuf<br />
tfd|/fh df:s]nfO{ ljqmL u/L lbP pk/<br />
d'2f k/L !((( ;fndf /fhwfgL<br />
sf7df8f} + b]<strong>jf</strong>gL <strong>cbfnt</strong> bf]>f] kmfF6sf]<br />
km};nfaf6 pQm lnvt ab/ e} hUuf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf afa'sf gfddf sfod ePsf],<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt lj<strong>if</strong>odf hUuf khgLsf] !&,<br />
hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= sf] xbDofbdf dfq<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df k|j]z gu/L u'7Lsf] dxnsf] !^<br />
g+= adf]lhdsf] xbDofb leq lkm/fb ug{<br />
k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf xbDofb leqsf]<br />
lkm/fb ePg eGg ldNb}g . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] hUuf cfug b]jtfsf] u'7Lsf]<br />
hUuf xf]Og egL !((& ;fndf klg eGg<br />
g;s]sf], k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] !((( ;fnsf] km};nf<br />
adf]lhdsf] 3/ hUuf oxfF 5 egL<br />
b]vfpg g;s]sf] / lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] hUufsf] rf/<br />
lsNnf / !((( ;fndf km};nf ePsf]<br />
hUufsf] rf/ lsNnf ldNg] b]lvbf b]lvb}<br />
167
:j<strong>jf</strong>;L ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df @)#* ;fndf<br />
b'l<strong>if</strong>t ?kdf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf gfddf btf{ ug{ ]<br />
u/L u/]sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ ug'{<br />
kg{ ]df ;f]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o sfod} /fvL <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L<br />
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf<br />
gldn]sf]n] pN6L u/L <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL adf]lhd<br />
x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{<br />
ePsf] jx; ;'lgof] .<br />
#= To;} u/L k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tkm{af6 pkl:yt jl/i7 ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
>Lx/L cof{n / ljåfg clwjQmf x]ds'df/<br />
>]i7n] lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] hUuf @)#* ;fndf<br />
ld>LgfgLsf gfddf btf{ x'Fbf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLn] s'g}<br />
lgsfodf lj<strong>jf</strong>b p7fPsf] gb]lvPsf],<br />
ld>LgfgLsf] d[To' @)%@.^.# df e} ;s]sf]<br />
s'/f <strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ yfxf x'Fbf<br />
x'Fb}<br />
@)%$<br />
;fndf lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
agfO{Psf] 5 . !((( ;fndf ePsf]<br />
km};nfdf ljkIfL agfO{Psf tfd|/fh df:s]<br />
d]/f] kIfsf sfsf xf]Ogg\ . ljkIfL <strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
u'7Lsf] hUuf eg]tfklg u'7L xf] eGg]<br />
s'/fsf] k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fO{ k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]s} x'Fbf<br />
;b/ x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{<br />
ePsf] jx;<br />
;d]t ;'lgof] .<br />
$= k|:t't d'2fdf <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg<br />
sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ug'{<br />
ePsf] jx;<br />
;d]t ;'gL ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf<br />
sfuhftx?sf] cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]<br />
;DaGwdf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg'kg{ ] x'g cfof] .<br />
%= <strong>lg0f</strong>{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt ls=g+= $@) sf] hUuf cfug<br />
b]jtfsf] gfddf lghL u'7L /fvL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
dWo]sL ld>LgfgLnfO{ a:g lbPsf]df<br />
168<br />
c+s @<br />
ld>LgfgLn] pQm hUuf tfd|/fh df:s]nfO{<br />
ljqmL u/] pk/ !((& ;fndf lkm/fb<br />
bfo/ e} !((( ;fndf lnvt ab/ x'g]<br />
7x/L km};nf e} ;s]kl5 klg ;f] hUufdf<br />
ld>LgfgLnfO{ g} a:g lbPsf]df lgh<br />
ld>LgfgLn] lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf :j<strong>jf</strong>;L<br />
;"rgfsf] cfwf/df @)#* ;fndf cfkm\gf]<br />
gfddf gfk gS;f u/fO{ btf{ ;d]t u/]sf]<br />
x'gfn] ljkIfLsf] To; k|sf/sf] b'l<strong>if</strong>t btf{<br />
ab/ u/L xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] d'Vo lkm/fb bfjL /x]sf] b]lvof] .<br />
^= lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt ls=g+= $@) sf]<br />
3/ hUuf ld>LgfgLn] @)#%.^.* ut]sf]<br />
@! lbg] :j<strong>jf</strong>;L ;"rgf cg';f/ @)#*<br />
;fndf cfkm\gf] gfddf gfk gS;f u/fO{<br />
btf{ u/L hUuf wgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t<br />
k|fKt u/L xs ef]u u/]sf] s'/f ldl;n<br />
;+nUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUuf @)#* ;fndf gfk gS;f e}<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf btf{ x'Fbfsf]<br />
;dodf <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tkm{af6 s'g} k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
u/]sf] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg s'g} sfuhft<br />
Pj+ <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lkm/fb bfjL ;d]taf6 b]lvg<br />
cfPg . <strong>jf</strong>bLn] lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] hUuf cfug<br />
b]jtfsf] k'hf cfhf ug{ ] k|of]hgsf nflu<br />
lghL u'7Lsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] egL lhls/<br />
lnPtfklg cfkm\gf] lhls/nfO{ k'li6 x'g]<br />
k|s[ltsf] u'7L nut / lt/f] lt/]sf] /l;b<br />
nufotsf sfuhftx? k]z ug{ ;s]sf]<br />
b]lvb}g .<br />
&= <strong>jf</strong>bLn] cfkm\gf] lkm/fb<br />
bfjLdf lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf cfkm\gf afa'n]<br />
cfug b]jtfsf] k"hf cfhf u/] <strong>jf</strong>kt<br />
ld>LgfgLnfO{ j:g lbPsf]df !((& ;fn<br />
dfu{ @! ut] ld>LgfgLn] ;f] hUuf<br />
tfd|/fh df:s]nfO{ ljqmL u/] pk/ lkm/fb
k/L !((( ;fndf lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/fO{<br />
km};nf e} xs sfod ePsf] hUuf xf]<br />
egL lnPsf] lhls/ tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] hUuf <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL adf]lhd !(((<br />
;fnsf] km};nf adf]lhd <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] xs<br />
sfod ePsf] elgPtfklg ;f] hUufdf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ld>LgfgL @)%@.^.# ut] k/nf]s<br />
x'g] lbg ;Dd a;f]<strong>jf</strong>; u/L ef]u u/]sf]<br />
s'/f <strong>jf</strong>bL :jo+n] cfkm\gf] lkm/fbdf :jLsf/<br />
u/]sf, ;f] km};nfaf6 <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] xs sfod<br />
ePsf] hUuf / lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] ls=g+= $@) sf]<br />
hUuf Pp6} xf] eGg] s'g} 7f]; ;j'b k|df0f<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLn] k]z ug{ g;s]sf], lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf<br />
!((( ;fnsf] km};nfaf6 xs sfod<br />
ePsf] dfGg] xf] eg]tf klg d'n'sL P]g<br />
b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $# g+= sf] b]xfo<br />
@ adf]lhdsf] xbDofb leq <strong>jf</strong>bLn] rng<br />
rnfpg] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|lqmof ;Dd<br />
cufl8 ga9fPsf] / 3/ hUuf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLs}<br />
xs ef]udf /x]sf] b]lvg cfpFb5 .<br />
*= lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufsf]<br />
;DaGwdf <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lkm/fb<br />
xbDofb leq k/]sf] 5}g egL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
cfkm\gf] k|ltpQ/ kqdf lhls/ lnPsf]<br />
x'Fbf,<br />
k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb xbDofb leq<br />
bfo/ ePsf] 5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf<br />
ljrf/ ubf{ <strong>jf</strong>bLn] cfkm\gf] lkm/fbdf<br />
@)%#.!.! ut] ;w} em} lgTok'hf ug{ hfFbf<br />
ljkIfL dWo]sf] k|sfz/fh df:s]<br />
nufotsf JolQmn] 3/ xfd|f] e} ;Sof]<br />
egL emu8f u/L k"hf 3/ leq k:g<br />
glbPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . oL<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLaf6 @)%$ ;fn j}zfv !@ ut]<br />
dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f} +df uO{ gSsn<br />
;f/L @)%$.!.!# df lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf]<br />
b]lvof] . <strong>jf</strong>bLn] cfkm\gf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
169<br />
lhls/df e"nsf] sf/0fn] @)%$.!.! x'g'<br />
kg{ ]df @)%#.!.! ePsf] egL lhls/<br />
lnPsf] tkm{ x]bf{ lghn] lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{<br />
6fO{ksf] e"n ePsf] eP k|ltpQ/ kg{ '<br />
cufl8g} lgj]bg lbg' kg{ ] x'G5 . k|ltpQ/<br />
btf{ e} ;s]kl5 OG;fkmdf g} c;/ kg{ ]<br />
u/L 6fO{ksf] e"n ;'wfg{ ;lsg] cj:yf<br />
x''Fb}g<br />
. <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lkm/fb xbDofb leq k/]sf]<br />
5, 5}g egL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug{nfO{ d'2f ug'{<br />
k/]sf] sf/0f slxn] >[hgf ePsf xf] egL<br />
Plsg ug'{<br />
kg{ ] x'g cfpFb5 . d'2f rnfpg'<br />
kg{ ] sf/0f k/]sf] lbg b]lvg} xbDofb z'?<br />
x'Fbf<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
k|sfz/fh df:s] nufotsf JolQmx?n]<br />
@)%#.!.! ut] b]lv k"hf 3/df hfg k:g<br />
glbPsf] lbgnfO{ g} d'2f ug'{<br />
kg{ ] sf/0f<br />
k/]sf] lbg b]lvg cfpFb5 .<br />
(= d'n'sL P]g hUuf khgLsf]<br />
dxnsf] !& g+= df ætfn'sbf/n] vfkL<br />
vfPsf afx]s Pssf] xssf] hUuf csf{n]<br />
btf{ u/fPsf]df yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] ^<br />
dlxgf leq / c? s'/fdf eP u/]sf]<br />
ldltn] b'O{ j<strong>if</strong>{ leq gfln; glbP nfUg<br />
;Sb}gÆ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLn] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ld>LgfgLn]<br />
btf{ u/fPsf] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfPsf] ! j<strong>if</strong>{<br />
kl5 dfq lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvof] .<br />
To;} u/L <strong>jf</strong>bLn] cfkm\gf] lkm/fbdf hUuf<br />
ldRg]sf] !* g+= sf] xbDofb leq bfo/<br />
u/]sf] egL lnPsf] lhls/ ;DaGwdf hUuf<br />
ldRg]sf] !* g+= x]bf{ æ/f]Ssf ePsf] lnP<br />
lbPsf] / hUuf bkf]6 <strong>jf</strong> lt/f] bkf]6 u/]sf]<br />
s'/fdf afx]s c? hUufsf] s'/fdf yfxf<br />
kfPsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leq s't <strong>jf</strong>nLsf]<br />
s'/fdf ltg j<strong>if</strong>{ leq / hUufsf] emu8f<br />
k/]sf] <strong>jf</strong>nLsf] xsdf hUufsf] xs 5'l§O{
clGtd lsgf/f ePsf] ldltn] Ps j<strong>if</strong>{<br />
leq gfn]z glbP nfUg ;Sb}gÆ eGg]<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yf eP adf]lhd <strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
cfkm"nfO{ sfg"gn] lbPsf] ^ dlxgfsf]<br />
xbDofb leq lkm/fb bfo/ ug{ ;s]sf]<br />
b]lvb}g . To;} u/L <strong>jf</strong>bLn] cfkm\gf] bfjLdf<br />
u'7Lsf] !^ g+= sf] xbDofbsf] bfjL<br />
lnPtfklg lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] hUuf u'7Lsf] eGg]<br />
Plsg x'g gcfPsf] cj:yfdf u'7Lsf] !^<br />
g+= cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t x'g] cj:yf b]lvg gcfP<br />
;d]taf6 pNn]lvt sfg"gL Pj+ ;j'b<br />
k|df0f ;d]tsf] cfwf/df <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lkm/fb<br />
sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbDofb leq bfo/ ePsf]<br />
b]lvPg .<br />
!)= t;y{ lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf<br />
@)#% ;fnsf] :j<strong>jf</strong>;L ;"rgf cg';f/<br />
ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf gfkgS;f e}<br />
@)#*.&.@$ df btf{ u/L hUuf wgL btf{<br />
k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt u/L ;f] hUuf<br />
@)$^ ;fndf ld>LgfgLn] k|sfz/fhnfO{<br />
/ tt\ kZrft k|sfz/fhn] /=g+= !!!**<br />
ldlt @)%#.@.@) sf] /flhgfdfn] rGb|<br />
s'df/L df:s]nfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f e}<br />
;s]sf], / ld>LgfgLsf] @)%@.^.# df<br />
170<br />
c+s @<br />
k/nf]s ePsf] s'/f tYoaf6 k'li6 e}<br />
;s]sf] cj:yfdf ld>LgfgL hLljt<br />
5pGh]n lghn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf / lghsf]<br />
d[To' kZrft k|sfz/fh / rGb| s'df/Ln]<br />
lg/Gt/ ?kdf ef]u ub{ } cfPsf] hUufsf]<br />
@)#*.&.@$ df ePsf] btf{nfO{ b'l<strong>if</strong>t btf{<br />
egL @)%$.&.!$ df em08} !^ j<strong>if</strong>{ kl5<br />
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xbDofb ;d]t<br />
Joltt u/L lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvbf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] u/L z'? lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] u/]sf] OG;fkm ;b/ u/]sf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf] OG;fkm ldn]s}<br />
b]lvbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . ldl;n<br />
lgod cg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{<br />
Olt ;Dj\t @)^$ ;fn d+l;/ # ut] /f]h<br />
@ z'ed\ ===============================<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[t -pk ;lrj_ df]xg/fh<br />
e§/fO{
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(#) g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;+o'Qm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7<br />
;+at @)^# ;fnsf] l/6=g+=)*@!<br />
cfb]z ldltM @)<strong>^%</strong>.@.%.!<br />
d'2fM pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0f, clwsf/ k[Iff, k/dfb]z<br />
;d]t .<br />
lgj]bsM wg'<strong>if</strong>f lhNnf b]jlx8f uf=lj=;=<br />
j8f g+= & xfn hgsk'/ g=kf=<br />
j8f g+= !! df cjl:yt ;sn<br />
ejg sGof p<strong>Rr</strong> df=lj=<br />
hgsk'/df sfo{/t OlGb/f emf<br />
lj?4<br />
ljkIfLM lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, wg'<strong>if</strong>f<br />
;d]t<br />
]<br />
]<br />
{<br />
{<br />
]<br />
� sfg"g adf]lhd ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
nufotsf sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ubf{ sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
ug{ clwsf/L;Fu To:tf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
ug{ clwsf/ eP gePsf] :ki6<br />
x'g'kg] / clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln]<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ubf{ klg sfg"gsf]<br />
prLt k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg] .<br />
� sfg"gsf] :ki6 clwsf/<br />
gv'nfO{sg lbPsf] cfb]z lgb{ ]zsf]<br />
cGwfw'Gw kfngf ug{ <strong>jf</strong> ug{ lbg]<br />
xf] eg] sfg"gsf] dof{bf pNn+3g<br />
x'g] l:ylt >[hgf eO{ JolQm <strong>jf</strong><br />
gful/s c;'/lIft aGg] cj:yf<br />
/xg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=^_<br />
171<br />
� s;}nfO{ klg sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug{ ]<br />
clwsf/ eg]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt<br />
clwsf/Ln] dfq k|of]u ug'{kg{<br />
]<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>o x'Fbf<br />
;f] afx]s c?n] k|of]u<br />
u/]df sfg"gsf] b[li6df<br />
cfklQhgs / bf]<strong>if</strong>k"0f{ x'g hfg] /<br />
To:tf] q'6L clwsf/If]qfTds q'6L<br />
x'g] o:tf] clwsf/If]qfTds q'6L<br />
ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df<br />
cdfGo x'g] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=&_<br />
lgj]bs tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
;"o{jxfb'/ kf08]<br />
ljkIfL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
hLjgk|;fb pkfWofo<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
cfb]z<br />
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@,<br />
!)&-@_ adf]lhd bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't<br />
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKtdf tYo / 7x/ lgDg<br />
adf]lhd 5M–<br />
d lgj]lbsf ;sn ejg sGof<br />
p<strong>Rr</strong> df=lj= hgsk'/df @)@*.*.* df<br />
c:yfoL / @)#).*.@* df :yfoL df=lz=<br />
kbdf lgo'lQm kfO{ kbLo bfloTj lg<strong>jf</strong>{x<br />
u/L cfPsf]df @)^).%.!% df ;f]xL<br />
ljBfnosf] lgldQ k|=c= uLtf zdf{<br />
clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ cjsfz x'Fbf<br />
jl/i7 lzlIfsfsf]<br />
x}l;otdf d lgj]lbsfnfO{ lgldQ k|=c=<br />
df lgo'Qm u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkg<br />
;ldltn] @)^!.!!.@! df uLtf zdf{n]<br />
lbPsf] clVtof/LnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{<br />
lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] @)^@.*.( df
lgldQ k|=c= e} sfdsfh ug{ ] clVtof/L<br />
k|bfg u/]sf]n] pQm ljBfnosf] k|=c= sf]<br />
lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/L jxg u/L cfPsf] lyPF . lhNnf<br />
lzIff sfof{no wg'<strong>if</strong>fn] ljkIfL slgi7<br />
lzIfs Cl<strong>if</strong>/fh lj=k|=nfO{ k|=c= df<br />
lgo'Qm ug{ nfu]sf] cfz+sf nflu<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> hgsk'/df lg<strong>if</strong>]wf1f<br />
l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/L sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
rnfPsf]df cl3sf] ldlt /fvL<br />
@)^@.*.@( df ljkIfL Cl<strong>if</strong>/fh lj=k|=<br />
nfO{ lgldQ k|=c= df lgo'lQm u/L<br />
@)^@.(.!$ df k|=c= lgo'lQm u/L kq<br />
lbPsf]n] lghx? pk/ bfo/ u/]sf] @)^@<br />
;fnsf] l/6 g+= #<strong>@%</strong>( sf] pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] l/6<br />
lgj]bg o;} <strong>cbfnt</strong>df sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLdf 5 .<br />
d}n] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL af6f] cg'z/0f<br />
u/L /x]sf]df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non]<br />
xflh/ x'g cfpg] af/] @)^@.!!.!% sf]<br />
@$ 306] k"lh{ hf/L u/]sf]n] xflh/ x'g<br />
hfFbf dnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ u/L sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
rnfPsf]n] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;d]t<br />
pk/ lg<strong>if</strong>]wf1f ldl>t k/dfb]z lgj]bg<br />
btf{ u/L sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL rnfPsf] lyPF . lhNnf<br />
lzIff sfof{non] dnfO{ x'nfs dfkm{t<br />
k7fPsf] @)^#.*.& sf] kq k|fKt e} x]bf{<br />
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 dnfO{<br />
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,<br />
@)$* sf] bkmf # sf] b]xfo -s_ -3_ -ª_<br />
-5_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGb} P]=<br />
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod <strong>@%</strong>-5_<br />
adf]lhd tLg j<strong>if</strong>{ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug{<br />
kq k7fPsf] hfgsf/L kfO{ lhNnf lzIff<br />
sfof{nodf hfFbf lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
sfof{non] tkfO{nfO{ tLg j<strong>if</strong>{ tnj j[l4<br />
/f]Ssf u/L cGoq ;?<strong>jf</strong> ug'{<br />
/ tnj tyf<br />
;~rosf]<strong>if</strong> ;d]t /f]Ssf ug'{<br />
egL kqfrf/<br />
172<br />
c+s @<br />
tyf lgb{ ]zg u/]sf] cfwf/df o;<br />
sfof{non] tkfO{sf] gfddf tnj j[l4<br />
/f]Ssf u/L hfgsf/L u/fPsf] eg]sf]n]<br />
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf uO{ dnfO{<br />
ul/Psf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ;DalGw sfuhftsf]<br />
gSsn dfu ubf{ gSsn lbg 7f8} OGsf/<br />
u/]sf]n] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' . lzIff<br />
lgodfjnL, @)%(, sf] kl/R5]b @# sf]<br />
lgod !#%, !$), !$@ / !$# df<br />
lzIfsnfO{ ul/g] ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL,<br />
sfo{ljlw / ;hfo ug{ ] clwsf/ tf]lsP<br />
adf]lhd ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{<br />
5, ljkIfLNffO{ 5}g . lzIfssf] ;?<strong>jf</strong> klg<br />
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] ug{ kfpg]<br />
xf]Og . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg<br />
cfof]u P]g adf]lhd clVtof/ b'?kof]u<br />
cg';Gwfg cfof]un] dnfO{ sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ubf{<br />
klg d pk/ ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL <strong>jf</strong> ;hfo<br />
ug'{<br />
kbf{ clVtof/<strong>jf</strong>nfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg'<br />
kg{ ] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !@ df b]lvG5 .<br />
cfof]un] klg P]gsf] bkmf !@-s_ sf]<br />
k|of]hgdf dfq lgod <strong>@%</strong>-^_ k|of]u ug{<br />
kfpg] xf] . dnfO{ ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL /<br />
;hfo tyf ;?<strong>jf</strong> ug{ clVtof/<strong>jf</strong>nf<br />
x'Fbfx'Fb}<br />
P]g sfg"g, ;+ljwfg tyf k|fs[lts<br />
Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt / clwsf/ If]qfTds<br />
q'6L ;d]t /x] ePsf]n] ljkIfL g+= ! / @<br />
af6 eP ul/Psf sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL jb/ u/L<br />
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !)),<br />
!)! / !)# ;d]t adf]lhd lgj]lbsfn]<br />
kfpg] tnj, tnj j[l4 lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbO{<br />
;~rosf]<strong>if</strong>df /sd hDdf ;d]t u/L lbg'<br />
egL ljkIfL g+= @ / # sf] gfddf<br />
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] @)^#.!@.!.% sf] lgj]bg Joxf]/f .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g' gkg{ ] xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt<br />
ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%<br />
lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL<br />
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf]<br />
! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
sfof{no wg'<strong>if</strong>fnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ o;sf]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf<br />
k7fO{ lbg' . lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]<br />
cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg{ ] xf] < of] cfb]z<br />
k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s<br />
!% lbg leq lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km lnO{ cfkm} + <strong>jf</strong><br />
cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwåf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL<br />
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL<br />
ljkIfL Cl<strong>if</strong>/fh sfkm\n]nfO{ ;DalGwt<br />
lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong> dfkm{t ;"rgf k7fO{<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> cjlw gf3]kl5<br />
lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{<br />
. lgj]bg dfu<br />
adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z eg] hf/L ug'{<br />
kg{ ] cj:yf ljBdfg b]lvPg eGg] o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] @)^#.!@.& sf] cfb]z .<br />
ljkIfLn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/<br />
ug'{<br />
cl3 ;dfg k|s[ltsf l/6 k'=j]=c<br />
hgsk'/df bfo/ ug'{<br />
ePsf]df ;f] l/6<br />
lgj]bg @)^#.!.!( df vf/]h eO{ ljkIfLn]<br />
lrQ a'emfO{ a:g' ePsf] 5 . @)^!.*.(<br />
df ;DkGg sfo{nfO{ @)^@.@.<strong>@%</strong> sf]<br />
sfg"g ;+zf]wgn] k|efljt t'Nofpg g;Sg]<br />
tyf ljkIfLn] k'=j]=c=df btf{ u/fpg'<br />
ePsf] l/6sf] km};nf x'g' cufj} ljkIfL<br />
;Ddflgt <strong>cbfnt</strong>df cfpg' / k'=j]=c=<br />
hgsk'/af6 cfkm\gf] dfu bfjL<br />
cf}lrTolxg 7x/ e} b'j} l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h<br />
ePsf] tYonfO{ n'sfO{ k'gM ;<strong>jf</strong>{ ]<strong>Rr</strong><br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
173<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df ;dfg k|s[ltsf] l/6 btf{<br />
ug'{af6<br />
ljkIfL ;kmf / z'4 lgotn] k|j]z<br />
u/]sf] b]lvb}g . sfg"g adf]lhd :yfoL<br />
k|=c= sf] ?kdf d lgo'Qm ePkl5 lgldQ<br />
k|=c= sf] lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/L kfPsL ljkIfLn] c6]/<br />
u/L a/ a'emf/y gu/L u/]sf] unt<br />
sfo{x?sf] lj?4 d}n] lh=k|=sf= wg'<strong>if</strong>fdf<br />
u/]sf] ph'/Lsf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg eP<br />
kZrft clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg<br />
OsfO{ dfkm{t ljkIfLsf] tLgj6f tnj<br />
j[l4 /f]Ssf u/L cGoq ljBfnodf ;?<strong>jf</strong><br />
ug{ ] lzIff P]g lgodfjnLs} cfwf/df<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] xf] . ljkIfLsf] tnj /<br />
;~rosf]<strong>if</strong> st}af6 klg /f]Ssf ul/Psf]<br />
5}g . ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL Cl<strong>if</strong>/fh lj=k|=sfkm\n]_<br />
sf] @)^$.!!.@@ sf] ] lnlvt<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
ljkIfL dWo]sf lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
sfof{no wg'<strong>if</strong>fsf] gfddf @)^$.@.! df /<br />
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no wg'<strong>if</strong>fsf gfddf<br />
@)^$.#.!$ df tfd]n ePsf] Dofbdf<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km gk/L u'lh|Psf] .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd<br />
k]zL;"rLdf r9L cfh o; <strong>Ohnf</strong>; ;dIf<br />
k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt<br />
;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L<br />
lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf<br />
ljåfg clwjQmf ;'o{axfb'/ kf08]n] ljkIfL<br />
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] lzIfssf] tnj<br />
j[l4 /f]Ssf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ gePsf]<br />
cj:yfdf tnj j[l4sf] ;fy} ;~rosf]<strong>if</strong><br />
;d]t /f]Ssf eO{ ;?<strong>jf</strong> u/]sf] ;d]t<br />
sfg"g ;Ddt gePsf] x'Fbf<br />
lgj]bg dfu<br />
adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x''g'k5{<br />
egL /<br />
ljkIfL Cl<strong>if</strong>/fh lj=k|=sf tkm{af6 ljåfg
clwjQmf lhjgk|;fb pkfWofon] Cl<strong>if</strong>/fh<br />
lj=k|= sf] lgj]lbsfn] bfjL u/]sf]<br />
ljBfnoaf6 ;?<strong>jf</strong> e} ;s]sf] 5, lhNnf<br />
k|zf;g sfof{nosf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o kl5 ljkIfLn]<br />
g} tnj lng OR5's gePsf] x'Fbf<br />
;~rosf]<strong>if</strong> sl§ x'g g;s]sf] xf], ;?<strong>jf</strong> e}<br />
;s]sf] Cl<strong>if</strong>/fh lj=k|= sf] lgj]bg;Fu<br />
;DaGw g} g/xg] x'Fbf<br />
lgj]lbsfsf] dfu<br />
adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg{ ] xf] egL<br />
ug'{<br />
ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] .<br />
#= ldl;n ;+nUg tYo Pj+<br />
ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] jx; lhls/<br />
;d]tnfO{ dWogu/ /fvL lgjl]bsfsf] dfu<br />
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg] { xf] xf]O{g<br />
egL ljrf/ ubf{, lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
sfof{noaf6 lgj]bsfnfO{ clVtof/<br />
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$*<br />
sf] bkmf # -s_ -3_ -ª_ -5_ adf]lhd<br />
s;"/ u/]sf] eGb} clVtof/ b'?kof]u<br />
cg';Gwfg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf]<br />
lgod <strong>@%</strong>-5_ adf]lhd tLg j<strong>if</strong>{ tnj<br />
j[l4 /f]Ssf u/L cGoq ;?<strong>jf</strong> ug'{<br />
/ tnj<br />
tyf ;~rosf]<strong>if</strong> ;d]t /f]Ssf ug'{<br />
egL<br />
lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf kqfrf/ u/]sf] /<br />
lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] ;f] cg';f/<br />
lgj]bssf] # j<strong>if</strong>{ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf u/]sfn]<br />
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf lzIff<br />
sfof{no af6 ePsf sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ab/<br />
u/L lgj]lbsfn] kfpg] tnj / tnjj[l4<br />
lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbO{ ;~rosf]<strong>if</strong>df /sd<br />
hDdf ;d]t u/L lbg' egL lhNnf lzIff<br />
sfof{no / Cl<strong>if</strong>/fh lj=k|= -sfkm\n]_ sf<br />
gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]<br />
lgj]lbsfsf] bfjL ePsf] kfO{of] . ljkIfL<br />
dWo]sf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf<br />
lzIff sfof{no wg'<strong>if</strong>fn] tfd]n ePsf]<br />
174<br />
c+s @<br />
Dofb leq lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km glkm/fO{ Dofb<br />
u'hf/L a;]sf] cj:yf 5 . ldl;n ;+nUg<br />
lhNnf lzIff sfof{n wg'<strong>if</strong>f, hgsk'/sf]<br />
@)^#.*.& r=g+= *@& sf] kq cjnf]sg<br />
ub{f ælhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no wg'<strong>if</strong>fsf]<br />
r=g+= !**# ldlt @)^@.!@.!# sf] k|fKt<br />
kqfg';f/ To; ljBfnosf df=lz= OlGb/f<br />
emfn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg<br />
cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf # sf] b]xfo -<br />
s_ -3_ -ª_ -5_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf]<br />
x'Fbf<br />
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u<br />
lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod <strong>@%</strong>-5_<br />
adf]lhd lgh OlGb/f emfnfO{ # -tLg_ j<strong>if</strong>{<br />
tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf u/L o; sfof{nonfO{<br />
hfgsf/L lbg x'g egL n]vL cfPsf]n]<br />
;f]xL cg';f/ lgh lzlIfsf OlGb/f emf sf]<br />
# j<strong>if</strong>{ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ul/Psf] Joxf]/f<br />
hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg'/f]w 5Æ eGg] pNn]v<br />
ePsf] kfO{bf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf]<br />
kqfg';f/ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssfsf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvg cfof] .<br />
$= clVtof/ b'?kof]u<br />
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #<br />
df æcg'lrt sfo{M ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f<br />
u/]sf] JolQmn] hfgL hfgL <strong>jf</strong> nfk/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
;fy b]xfosf] s'g} sfo{ u/]df cg'lrt<br />
sfo{ u/]sf] dflgg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]<br />
eO{ b]xfo -s_ df æcfkm\gf] clwsf/<br />
leqsf] s'g} sfd ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] <strong>jf</strong><br />
cfkm\gf] clwsf/ gePsf] s'g} sfd<br />
u/]sf],Æ -3_ df æcfkm\gf] thljh clwsf/<br />
jb\lgot;fy <strong>jf</strong> :j]R5frf/L ?kdf k|of]u<br />
u/]sf],Æ -ª_ df æcGo sfof{no, clwsf/L<br />
<strong>jf</strong> sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{df cgflwsf/ afwf<br />
pTkGg u/]sf] <strong>jf</strong> To:tf] sfof{no,<br />
clwsf/L <strong>jf</strong> sd{rf/LnfO{ b<strong>jf</strong>j lbO{ s'g}
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
{<br />
{<br />
]<br />
]<br />
{<br />
]<br />
]<br />
]<br />
cglws[t sfo{ u/fPsf]Æ / -5_ df æ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#% sf] ;hfo<br />
cfˆgf] kbsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ kfng ug' ;DaGwL Joj:yf x]bf{, æprLt / kof{Kt<br />
kg] s'g} klbo st{Ao kfng gu/]sf]Æ sf/0f ePdf lzIfsnfO{ b]xfosf] ljefuLo<br />
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] . lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] 5Æ eGg] Joj:yf eO{<br />
pk/f]Qm ljleGg s;"/sf] cf/f]k nufPsf] b]xfo …sÚ df gl;xt lbg], …vÚ df j9Ldf<br />
b]lvof] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg kfFr j<strong>if</strong>{;Dd tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug{ ], …uÚ<br />
cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod <strong>@%</strong> df j9Ldf b'O{ j<strong>if</strong>{ ;Dd a9'<strong>jf</strong> /f]Ssf ug{ ],<br />
df æcfof]un] P]gsf] bkmf !@s sf] …3Ú df eljiodf z}lIfs gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ<br />
k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cof]u g7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] /<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLnfO{ cGo cfjZos sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLsf] …ªÚ df eljiodf z}lIfs gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ<br />
?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] pNn]v eO{ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 jvf{:t ug{<br />
b]xfo -5_ df æcfof]un] pko'Qm 7x/fPsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] . pNn]lvt<br />
cGo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLÆ eGg] pNn]v b]lvof] . ;hfox? dWo] lgj]lbsfnfO{ b]xfo -v_ sf]<br />
P]gsf] tTsflng bkmf !@-s_ sf] k|of]hg tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug{ ;hfo ul/Psf] eGg]<br />
x]bf{ æ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] b]lvg cfof] . ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
cg'lrt sfo{ u/L >L %, >L % sf] sfof{no Pj+ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{<br />
;/sf/ <strong>jf</strong> ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ xfgL, lgj]lbsf lzlIfsfnfO{ ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL /<br />
gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf]df To:tf] xfgL ;hfo ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gn] clwsf/<br />
gf]S;fgL ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 e/L e/fp lbPsf] eGg] b]lvg gcfPsf] / lzIfs<br />
ug{ <strong>jf</strong> cfof]un] pko'Qm 7fg]sf] cGo sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt ljBfno<br />
cfjZos sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ sfg'gdf pNn]v<br />
lgsfo <strong>jf</strong> clwsf/LnfO{ n]lv k7fpg] 5Æ eP adf]lhd ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]<br />
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{ +bf cfof]u clVtof/ k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] sfg"gL<br />
:jod\nfO{ sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug] clVtof/ P]gn] k|fjwfg ePsf] b]lvPsf]df ;DalGwt<br />
lbPsf] kfO{Pg .<br />
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ljefuLo<br />
%= lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL / ;hfo u/]sf] eGg] ldl;naf6<br />
sf] lgod @^ sf] ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] b]lvg cfPg .<br />
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo / ^= s;} pk/ s'g} sfg"g<br />
clwsf/ ;DalGw Joj:yfsf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ljefluo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL nufotsf]<br />
df æP]gdf n]lvP b]lv afx]s ;+:yfut s'g} sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ubf{ sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug{<br />
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cGo clwsf/L;Fu To:tf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug{ clwsf/<br />
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd eP gePsf] :ki6 x'g' kb{5 / clwsf/<br />
x'g]5Æ eGg] pNn]v eO{ b]xfo -em_ df k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ubf{ klg<br />
æcfkm\gf] cfr/0f cg';f/ sfd gug{ sfg"gsf] prLt k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] x'g'<br />
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo k5{ . ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non]<br />
ug{ ]Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] . ;f]xL lgj]lbsf pk/ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbbf<br />
175
cfkm"n] s'g sfg"g cGtut{ clwsf/ k|fKt<br />
u/]sf] eGg] v'nfPsf] b]lvGg . lhNnf<br />
k|zf;g sfof{non] lzIff sfof{nonfO{ kq<br />
n]Vbf clVof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u<br />
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf # sf] b]xfo -s_, -<br />
3_, -ª_ -5_ sf] p4/0f u/]sf] eP klg ;f]<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yf eg]sf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL x'g ;Sg]<br />
cj:yfx?;Dd pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPsf] /<br />
P]gsf] tTsflng bkmf !@ adf]lhd<br />
To;af6 lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no <strong>jf</strong><br />
k|d"v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ l;w} ljefuLo<br />
;hfo lbg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvg<br />
cfpFb}g . To:t} ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
sfof{nosf] kq k|fKt ug{ ] lhNnf lzIff<br />
sfof{non] klg cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt cfb]z s'g<br />
sfg"g cGtu{t k|fKt ePsf] xf], ;f] cfkm"n]<br />
sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg{ ] <strong>jf</strong> ug{ ;Sg] xf] xf]Og<br />
x]/L sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{<br />
kg{ ] x'G5 . t/<br />
ljkIfL lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] klg<br />
To:tf] s]xL gu/L lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
sfof{noaf6 n]lv cfPsf] kqnfO{ oyfjt<br />
?kdf c+lusf/ u/L lgj]lbsfsf] tnj j[l4<br />
/f]Sg] u/L kq n]lv tfd]n u/]sf] b]lvg<br />
cfpF5 . o;/L sfg"gsf] :ki6 clwsf/<br />
gv'nfO{sg lbPsf] cfb]z lgb{ ]zsf]<br />
cGwfw'Gw kfngf ug{ ] <strong>jf</strong> ug{ lbg] xf] eg]<br />
sfg"gsf] dof{bf pNn+3g x'g] l:ylt<br />
>[hgf eO{ JolQm <strong>jf</strong> gful/s c;'/lIft<br />
aGg] cj:yf /xG5 .<br />
&= s;}nfO{ klg sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug{ ]<br />
clwsf/ eg]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln]<br />
dfq k|of]u ug'{<br />
kg{ ] lj<strong>if</strong>o xf] . ;f] afx]s<br />
c?n] k|of]u u/]df sfg"gsf] b[li6df<br />
cfklQ hgs / bf]<strong>if</strong>k"0f{ x'g hfG5 .<br />
To:tf] q'6LnfO{ clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L<br />
dflgG5 . clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L ePsf]<br />
176<br />
c+s @<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df cdfGo /xG5<br />
eGg] s'/f ;j{ ;fdfGo Goflos l;4fGt xf]<br />
. k|:t't d'2fdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u<br />
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* adf]lhd<br />
vf; cfwf/df ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug'{<br />
kg{ ]<br />
cj:yf ePdf ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
sfof{non] pQm P]g cGtu{t sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
ubf{ cfkm"n] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]<br />
ePdf cfkm} +n] / cGo lgsfo <strong>jf</strong><br />
kbflwsf/L dfkm{t k|of]u ug'{<br />
kg{ ] eP lgh<br />
dfkm{t k|of]u ug'{<br />
kg{ ] x'G5 . lgj]lbsf<br />
lzlIfsf eO{ lzIff lgodfjnL cGtu{t<br />
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cGtu{t<br />
sfo{/t /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lghsf] xsdf<br />
ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug{ ] clwsf/ pQm<br />
;ldltdf /x]sf]n] To:tf] l:yltdf lhNnf<br />
k|zf;g sfof{non] l;w} ljefuLo<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt /x]g . a?<br />
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] eO{ /x]sf<br />
sfg"gsf] l:ylt :ki6 u/L cfjZos<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLsf] nflu lhNnf lzIff sfof{no<br />
dfkm{t ;DalGwt ljBfno Joj:yfkg<br />
;ldltdf k7fpg' kg{ ] / cfjZostf<br />
cg';f/ pQm ;ldltn] ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . To:tf] :jefljs<br />
k|lqmofsf] pk]Iff u/L lhNnf k|zf;g<br />
sfof{non] cfkm"df lgxLt gePsf]<br />
ljefuLo sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cfkm} u/L ;hfo tf]sL<br />
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no dfkm{t tfd]n<br />
u/fPsf] / lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] klg<br />
To:tf] cglws[t cf1f dfgL ljefuLo<br />
;hfosf] kq k| ]l<strong>if</strong>t u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{<br />
q'6Lk"0f{ b]lvG5 . To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k<br />
lzlIfsfn] sfg"g adf]lhd kfpg] tnj<br />
j[l4, h'g j[lQ ljsf;sf] b[li6n] ;d]t<br />
dxTjk"0f{ 5 , /f]sL lgj]lbsfsf] tnj /
;~rosf]<strong>if</strong> /f]lsg uPsf] b]lvof] . To:tf]<br />
l:ylt cfpg' eg]sf] lzIf0f k]zfdf /xg]<br />
hf] s'g} klg >dlhjLsf] xsdf ulDe/<br />
kl/0ffdx? ePsf] sfg"gL q'6Lsf] ;+1f lbg'<br />
kg{ ] x'gfn] lgj]lbsfsf] tnj j[l4 /f]Sg]<br />
u/]sf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no wg'<strong>if</strong>fsf]<br />
ldlt @)^@.!@.# r=g+= !**# sf] kq /<br />
;f] adf]lhd lhNnf lzIff sfof{no<br />
wg'<strong>if</strong>fn] n]v]sf] @)^#.*.& r=g+= *@& sf]<br />
kq pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf]<br />
5 . cj lgj]lbsfn] kfpg] tnj j[l4<br />
;lxtsf] afFsL tnj lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbg' /<br />
;~rosf]<strong>if</strong> ;DaGwdf hf] rflxg]<br />
k|lqmofk"/f u/L hDdf u/L lbg' egL<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
177<br />
ljkIfL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no<br />
wg'<strong>if</strong>fsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t<br />
hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L<br />
cfb]zsf] hgfp lgj]bs Pj+ ljkIfL<br />
sfof{nox? ;d]tnfO{ lbO{ ldl;n<br />
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemL<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[tM– bLkss'df/ bxfn -<br />
zf=c=_<br />
O{lt ;Djt\ @)<strong>^%</strong> h]i7 % ut] /f]h !<br />
z'ed\
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(#! g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, ;+o'Qm O{hnf;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7<br />
;Djt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ====)@*#<br />
cfb]z ldltM @)<strong>^%</strong>.!.$.$<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>o M– pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0f .<br />
lgj]bsM hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_<br />
sf tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6 / cfkm\gf] xsdf<br />
;d]t sf7df8f} + lhNnf,<br />
sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= !$ j:g]<br />
clwjQmf k|sfzd0fL zdf{ ;d]t<br />
lj?å<br />
ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf<br />
dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/<strong>jf</strong>/<br />
;d]t<br />
{<br />
{<br />
� ;+ljwfgdf Jojl:yt<br />
�<br />
pkrf/x?nfO{ oflGqs ?kdf gx]/L<br />
hLjg;+ut 9Fun] ;d;fdlos,<br />
ultzLn, Jojxfl/s / k|efjsf/L<br />
jgfpg' kg] .<br />
;fj{hlgs xs <strong>jf</strong> lxt ;lGglxt<br />
/x]s]f d'2fdf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ;+ljwfg<br />
jdf]lhd lbg vf]h]sf] pkrf/<br />
oyfy{df h'g ju{sf] xs lxtsf]<br />
;+/If0fsf] nflu cfk'mn] sfd<br />
u/]sf] 5 ;f] ju{n] To:tf]<br />
pkrf/sf] kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]<br />
cj:yf v8f ug{ ;Dd g} cfk\mgf]<br />
e"ldsf k|z:t ug'{kg]<br />
.<br />
-k|s/0f g+=^_<br />
178<br />
c+s @<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
� cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts<br />
clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df ckfËx?nfO{<br />
emg} j9L ;dy{gsf] h?/t kb{5 .<br />
lzIff ljgf /f]huf/L x'+b}g<br />
/<br />
/f]huf/L ljgf cfly{s >f]t<br />
�<br />
gh'6\g] x'+bf<br />
hLjgnfO{ u'0ffTds<br />
?kdf pkef]u ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn]<br />
ljsf;sf] ;du| rqmdf oL tLg<br />
j6f tTjsf] ;ld>0f u/L ;3fpg<br />
/fHon] ;xof]u ug'{kg]<br />
.<br />
-k|s/0f g+=&_<br />
/fHon] ug'{kg]<br />
clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ bfloTjsf]<br />
c+u :j?k dflgg] lzIff h:tf]<br />
s'/fdf pbfl;gtf /fHosf] nflu<br />
;'xfp+bf] geO{ jlx/f]kg<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
k|efljt ju{ <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> ?kn] yk<br />
jlx:s/0fdf kg] l:ylt b]lvG5 .<br />
;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f /<br />
sfof{Gjogsf] bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]<br />
cj:yfdf /x]sf] Gofokflnsfsf]<br />
x}l;otn] ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> df}g<br />
j:g ;Sg] l:ylt g/xg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=!!_<br />
� sfg"gdf ;dfgtfsf] xssf]<br />
k|fjwfg ul/P klg Tof] xs<br />
cGtu{t ljleGg ju{ / ;d'bfosf]<br />
cg'ejx? ;d]l6Psf] 5}g eg]<br />
;j}n] ;dfg ?kdf To;sf] nfe<br />
lng ;Sg] cj:yf g/xg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=!@_<br />
� <strong>cbfnt</strong>4f/f lgb] {lzt Joj:yf<br />
sfof{Gjog ug{ /fHon] ;+ljwfg<br />
hf/L ubf{ ;+ljwfg k|lt jkmfbf/<br />
/xg] / p;sf] cIf/ / efjgfsf]<br />
O{dfGbf/ sfof{Gjog ug] h'g<br />
k|ltj4tf b]vfPsf] x'G5, To;nfO{
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
JolQmut / ;+:yfut b'j} :t/df<br />
lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/ lgsfo Pj+<br />
�<br />
kbflwsf/Lx?n] lg<strong>jf</strong>{x ug{ 'kg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=!#_<br />
ckfËsf z}lIfs xssf] Joj:yfsf]<br />
cfjZostfsf] k[i7e"lddf vf;<br />
sfo{of]hgf th'{df<br />
u/L cljnDj<br />
nfu' ug'{kg]<br />
x'gfn] ;f] Joj:Yff<br />
ug{ kg] s'/fdf Wofgfs<strong>if</strong>{0f u/fp+b}<br />
tTsfn} b]lv ljBfno <strong>jf</strong><br />
dxfljBfnodf lzIff k|fKt ug{<br />
rfxg] jlx/f]kgsf] c;/ k/]sf]<br />
JolQmx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{<br />
;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg ug{ rfn' z}lIfs ;q<br />
leq ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] dfWod4f/f<br />
lzIffdf cj;/ kfFpg] ljBfno <strong>jf</strong><br />
dxfljBfno ls6fg u/L k|lzlIft<br />
bf]ef<strong>if</strong>] <strong>jf</strong> lzIfsx?sf] Joj:Yff<br />
ug'{,<br />
ToxfF k|of]u x'g]<br />
kf7\o;fdfu|Lx? ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf<br />
cg'<strong>jf</strong>b ug] k|s[of z'? u/L<br />
Toxf+sf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfjZos<br />
kf7\o;fdfu|L oyflz3| pknJw<br />
u/fpg', ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf lzIf0f<br />
ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQmsf] tflndsf]<br />
Joj:yf cljnDj z'? ug{<br />
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=!$_<br />
lgj]bs tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmfx?<br />
k|sfzdl0f zdf{, /df kGt -v/]n_,<br />
zldnf{ >]i7<br />
ljkIfL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf<br />
jh|z Kofs'/]n<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
cfb]z<br />
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f<br />
@#÷**-@_ adf]lhd o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df kg{<br />
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo<br />
Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M–<br />
lgj]bs ;:yf hglxt ;+/If0f<br />
d~r -k|f]=klJns_ :yfkgfsfnb]lv g}<br />
;fdflhs Gofo, ;fj{hlgs xs lxt /<br />
c;n zf;gsf If]qdf lg/Gt/ lqmoflzn<br />
/x+b} cfPsf] 5 . xfdL lgj]bs<br />
clwjQmfx? klg k|f]=klJns;+u ;Dj4 e}<br />
dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs , n}lËs,<br />
<strong>jf</strong>tfj/0fLo Gofosf] p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu<br />
sfo{/t /x+b} cfPsf 5f} + . To:t} lgj]bs<br />
dWo]sf /fdk|;fb clwsf/L / c?0f<br />
l;n<strong>jf</strong>n zfl/l/s ?kdf jlx/f ePs}<br />
sf/0f P;=Pn=l;=kf; kZrft p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff<br />
xfl;n ug{<strong>jf</strong>6 jlGrt ePsf 5f} + .<br />
lzIff dfgljo ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{<br />
cfwf/ xf] . lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg' ;kfFu<br />
hlQs} ckfFusf] klg clwsf/ xf] . t/<br />
lj8Djgf jlx/f ePs} sf/0f lzIff k|fKt<br />
ug{<strong>jf</strong>6 jlGrt e} /x]sf 5g\ . s]jn<br />
;kfËnfO{ dfq lzIff pknJw u/fpg] u/L<br />
jgfPsf] z}lIfs k"<strong>jf</strong>{wf/sf sf/0f sfg<br />
g;'Gg] jlx/f ckfFun] cGo dfgj ;/x<br />
lzIff xfl;n ug{<strong>jf</strong>6 jlGrt x'g' k/L<br />
/x]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .<br />
Psftkm{ ljleGg ljWg <strong>jf</strong>wf v]Kb}<br />
jNntNn P;=Pn=;L= plQ0f{ ug{ ;kmn<br />
ePsf jlx/f ljBfyL{nfO{ p<strong>Rr</strong> :t/Lo<br />
lzIff cWoogsf nflu <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> Joj:yf<br />
gx'+bf<br />
pgLx?df k9fO{ k|lt g} lg/fzf<br />
hfUg yfn]sf] 5 . /fHosf >f]t ;fwgdf<br />
;j} gful/ssf] ;dfg xs clwsf/ x'G5 .<br />
179
s'g} klg cfwf/df lje]b ug] { clwsf/<br />
/fHonfO{ 5}g, j? k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{<br />
/fHosf]<br />
bfloTj xf] .<br />
;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] dfgj<br />
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff kq !($*<br />
df ckfËx?sf] lzIff nufotsf xs<br />
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fHon]<br />
cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{kg]<br />
{ s'/fsf] pNn]v<br />
u/]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L ;dflhs , cfly{s<br />
tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL<br />
cGt/fli6«o cg'jGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f @ -u_<br />
n] p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIffdf ;j}sf] kx'+r<br />
x'g' kg] {<br />
s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] pSt<br />
cg'jGwdf x:tfIf/ ;d]t u/]sf] / ;GwL<br />
P]g, @)$& n] cGt/fli6«o ;GwLsf]<br />
kl/kfngf ug'{kg]<br />
{ bfloTj pNn]v u/]sf]<br />
5 .<br />
b]ze/ slj/ % nfv jlx/fsf]<br />
;+Vof ePklg gt k|fylds txdf<br />
pgLx?nfO{ kof{Kt lzIff cfh{g ug] {<br />
<strong>jf</strong>tfj/0f /fHon] u/]sf] 5 , gt p<strong>Rr</strong><br />
z}lIfs lgsfodf ;fFs]lts ef<strong>if</strong>f cg'?k<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> z}lIfs Joj:yf g} u/]sf] kfO{G5 .<br />
h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k zfl/l/s ?kdf<br />
ckfFu ePs} sf/0f lzIff h:tf] cfwf/e"t<br />
dfgjLo cfjZostf<strong>jf</strong>6 ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf<br />
jlGrt x'g' <strong>jf</strong>Wo ePsf]n] g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-<br />
!_ -#_ ,!* / @^-(_ åf/f k|bQ ;+j}wflgs<br />
xssf] ;fy} ckfFu ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f<br />
P]g, @)#( sf] bkmf %-!_ / (-#_ n]<br />
ckfFusf] nflu lzIff k|fKtL nufotsf<br />
sfg"gL xs clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> Joj:yf ug'{kg]<br />
{ bfloTj<br />
ljkIfLx?nfO{ t]flsPsf]df xfn;Dd klg<br />
180<br />
c+s @<br />
To; tkm{ cfjZos kxn gu/]<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
;Ddflgt <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;dIf k|:t't<br />
lgj]bg;fy pkl:yt ePsf 5f} + .<br />
ctM jlx/f ljBfyL{x?sf nflu<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yfsf] ;fy}<br />
;fFs]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] dfWod<strong>jf</strong>6 k9fO{ x'g]<br />
u/L b]ze/ :s'n tyf p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIffnosf]<br />
:yfkgf ug'{<br />
, u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf]<br />
gfp+df k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f<br />
cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+m eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg dfu bfjL .<br />
o;df s], s;f] ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt<br />
ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%<br />
lbg leq lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km lnO{ pkl:yt x''g<br />
egL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lgod<br />
adf]lhd k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
ldlt @)^#.^.@& sf] cfb]z .<br />
cGwf , jlx/f, ;':tdgl:ylt<br />
ePsf <strong>jf</strong> zfl/l/s sf/0fn] ckfFu<br />
<strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsfnfO{ <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> lzIff k|bfg ug] {<br />
p2]Zon] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> lzIff kl/<strong>if</strong>b\ u7g x'g],<br />
lzIff lbg] ljBfno vf]Ng ;lsg] / <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong><br />
lzIff lbg] ljBfnonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]<br />
lgwf{/0f u/] jdf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf lbg]<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(<br />
df eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> lzIffsf<br />
;DjGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ pbfl;g /x]sf]<br />
5}g . d'n'sdf pknJw >f]t / ;fwgsf]<br />
cfwf/df o; ;DjGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf<br />
x'g] g} x'+bf<br />
k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+m<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,<br />
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{nosf]<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg :yfgdf<br />
jlx/f ;d'xsf nflu cWoog ug] { ljBfno<br />
;Grfng e} /x]sf / ;fwg / >f]tsf]<br />
pknJwtf;+u} /fHon] To; tkm{ eljiodf<br />
ljBfnosf] lj:tf/ ub} { hfg] g} 5 .<br />
hxf+;Dd ;fFs]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff<br />
xfl;n ug{ kfpg] u/L sn]hsf] :yfkgf<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ / ;/sf/L kf7\o k':tsnfO{<br />
;fFs]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf cg'<strong>jf</strong>b ug] { u/fpg]<br />
;DjGwdf pknJw ;fwg / >f]tsf]<br />
kl/lwleq /xL o; lsl;dsf] Joj:Yff ug] {<br />
u/fpg] tkm{ o; dGqfno ;+w} ;sf/fTds<br />
/x]sf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff<br />
tyf v]ns"b dGqfnosf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
o; dGqfnosf] s] s'g sfd<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<strong>jf</strong>6 lgj]bssf] xs clwsf/ xgg<br />
x'g uPsf] xf] ;f] sf] k'i6\ofO{ ;lxtsf]<br />
sf/0f v'nfpg g;s]sf] x'+bf<br />
ljgf sf/0f<br />
o; dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL jgfO{<br />
bfo/ ul/Psf] k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h u/L<br />
kfp+m eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,<br />
dlxnf , <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f<br />
dGqfnosf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"lrdf r9L<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't<br />
lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6 pkl:yt<br />
lj4fg clwjQmfx? >L k|sfzd0fL zdf{,<br />
>L /df kGt -v/]n_ / >L zld{nf >]i7n]<br />
jlx/fx? /fHosf gful/s x'g . pgLx?<br />
lzIffsf] clwsf/<strong>jf</strong>6 jlGrt ePsf 5g\ .<br />
p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff cWoogsf] nflu ;fFs]lts<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fdf k9fO{ geP<strong>jf</strong>6 jlx/fx? rfx]/klg<br />
p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIffsf] cWoog ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ .<br />
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]<br />
wf/f !! n] ;j} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df<br />
;dfg 5g\ egL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
181<br />
u/]tfklg ckfËn] k|of]u ug] { ;fFs]lts<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff cWoog ug] { Pp6}<br />
dfq sn]h geP<strong>jf</strong>6 jlx/fx? ;dfg<br />
;+/If0fsf] df}lns xs<strong>jf</strong>6 ;d]t jlGrt<br />
ePsf]n] lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhd<br />
jlx/fx?nfO{ p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff cWoogsf] nflu<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> kf7\ok':tssf] ;fy} ;f+s]lts<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fdf k9fO{ x'g] sn]hsf] Joj:Yff ug'{<br />
egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfp+df k/dfb]zsf]<br />
cfb]z hf/Lxf];\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx;<br />
k|:t't ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff tyf<br />
v]ns"b dGqfno ;d]tsf] tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
pkl:yt lj4fg pkGofofwLjQmf >L jh| ];<br />
Kofs'/]nn] cGwf, jlx/f, ;':tdgl:ylt<br />
ePsfx?nfO{ <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> lzIff k|bfg ug{<br />
;/sf/ k|oTg/t /x]sf] 5 . pknJw >f]t<br />
/ ;fwgsf] cfwf/df cfjZos Joj:Yff<br />
x'g] g} 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't<br />
ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ug'{<br />
ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lg lgj]bg ;lxtsf]<br />
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu<br />
bfjL jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg]<br />
xf], xf]O{g < eGg] ;DjGwdf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg' kg] {<br />
b]lvg cfof] .<br />
@= <strong>lg0f</strong>{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{<br />
k|:t't d'2f ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fsf]<br />
?kdf k|:t't ePsf] / lgj]bsx? dWo]<br />
/fdk|;fb clwsf/L / c?0f l;n<strong>jf</strong>n :jo+<br />
jlx/f ePsf] pNn]v ub} { ;f]xL sf/0fn]<br />
p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff xfl;n ug{ gkfPsf] sf/0f<br />
b]vfp+b} lghx? / ;fj{hlgs xs /<br />
;/f]sf/sf] If]qdf sfd ul/ cfPsf<br />
hglxt ;+/If0f dGr / pSt ;+:yfsf<br />
k|ltlglwx? ;d]t k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;<strong>jf</strong>6 jlx/f]kgsf] k[i7e"ld ePsf<br />
JolQmx?sf] <strong>jf</strong>:tljs c;'ljwfhgs<br />
cj:yfx?nfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ To:t} km/s<br />
cg'ej ePsf JolQmx?sf] xs / lxtsf]<br />
;D<strong>jf</strong>]wgsf] nflu lgj]bsx?n] u/]sf]<br />
dfusf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't d'2fdf ljrf/ ug'{<br />
k/]sf] 5 .<br />
#= lgj]bsx?n] jlx/f]kg<br />
ePsf / To:t} km/s cg'ejx? ePsf<br />
JolQmsf] ;DjGwdf sfg"gL dfWod<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
pkrf/sf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't<br />
d'2fdf jlx/f]kgsf cg'ej ePsf<br />
JolQmx?sf] ;fd'lxs ;/f]sf/sf] k|Zg<br />
pkl:yt x'g cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .<br />
tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,<br />
@)$& sf] wf/f ** / jt{dfg g]kfnsf]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&<br />
;d]tn] ;fj{hlgs xs Pj+ ;/f]sf/sf]<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>odf pkrf/ lbg ;Sg] c;fwf/0f<br />
clwsf/If]q ;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{ k|bfg<br />
u/]sf]n] o:tf] d'2fdf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ckgfpg]<br />
pbf/ k|s[ofsf ;DjGwdf ljleGg<br />
d'2fx?df ;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfkm\gf]<br />
wf/0ff JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 . j:t'tM vf;<br />
ju{ <strong>jf</strong> ;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs xs <strong>jf</strong> lxtsf]<br />
pNn3+g ePsf] cj:Yffdf c;/ k/]sf<br />
x/]s JolQm :jo+ pkl:yt eO{ dfu u/]sf]<br />
x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] ck<strong>jf</strong>bs} ?kdf<br />
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf pbf/<br />
xsb}ofsf] l;4fGt o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
k|ltkfbg ul/ cfPsf] xf] . h;nfO{<br />
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf w]/} d'2fx?df o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfkm\gf] k|ltj4tf k6s k6s<br />
k'g{hfx]/ ul/ cfPsf] 5 .<br />
$= To;sf] cltl/Qm<br />
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf ;/f]sf/<strong>jf</strong>nf<br />
182<br />
c+s @<br />
kIfsf] k|ltlglwTj cGo JolQm <strong>jf</strong> ;+:yfn]<br />
ug] { dfq xf]O{g ls To:tf] d'2fsf] kof{Kt<br />
k|ltlglwTj u/fpg, lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t'nfO{ ;du|<br />
Pj+ cBfjlws k|:t't u/fpg, vf; vf;<br />
s'/fsf] tYofTds cg';Gwfg u/L e/kbf] {<br />
k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ / lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t'sf] k|s[lt<br />
;'xfp+bf] k|efjsf/L / k"0f{?k]0f ;d:ofsf]<br />
;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg u/fpg o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ;DefJo<br />
pkrf/x?nfO{ /rgfTds 9+un] vf]hL u/L<br />
lgsfz lbg klg sf]lz; ul/ cfPsf] 5 .<br />
cd"s JolQm kIf ljkIf ePsf] lghL<br />
;/f]sf/sf] d'2fx?df eGbf o:tf]<br />
;fj{hlgs xs lxtsf k|Zgx? ;dfj]z<br />
ePsf d'2fx?df km/s sfo{z}nL / k|s[of<br />
ckgfpg' Gofosf] lgikIf ;DkfbgnfO{<br />
ljrlnt ug] { p2]Zo ge} To:tf] ju{ <strong>jf</strong><br />
;d'xsf] ljlzi6 lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL<br />
;fd'lxs / k|efjsf/L pkrf/ lbgsf]<br />
nflu xf] . xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLn]<br />
To:tf] k|Zgdf ljlzi69+un] ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg ug{<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]<strong>jf</strong>6 klg<br />
;f] ;Dej ePsf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> :jo+ klg ;dfhsf] c+u ePsf]<br />
gftfn] ;fdflhs cg'ej<strong>jf</strong>6 cfk'mnfO{<br />
cnUofpg ;Sb}g . o:tf] d'2fdf lghL<br />
dfdnfdf h:tf] lr;f] t6:ytf cjnDjg<br />
ug{ h?/L klg dflgGg, j? <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
cfkm\gf] klg lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/L <strong>jf</strong>]w u/]/ ;lqmo<br />
;+nUgtf vf]Hg' <strong>jf</strong>G5lgo dflgG5 .<br />
%= oyfy{df ;fd'lxs xs <strong>jf</strong><br />
;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf s'g} JolQm <strong>jf</strong> ju{<br />
lj?4sf] xssf] k|lt:kwf{ x'g] ge} ;+ljwfg<br />
Pj+ sfg"gn] To:tf] ju{sf] kIfdf l;h{gf<br />
u/]sf] xsx? <strong>jf</strong> k|Tofe"ltx? oyfy{df<br />
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eP <strong>jf</strong> ePg <<br />
eGg] k|Zg v8f ePsf] kfO{G5 / <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]
klg cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTjsf] c+zsf]<br />
?kdf To:tf] ju{sf] xs <strong>jf</strong> lxtsf]<br />
;+/If0fsf] nflu lgofds Pj+ ;xhstf{sf]<br />
jx'cfoflds e"ldsf v]nL lbg' kg] { x'G5 .<br />
vf; ju{ <strong>jf</strong> ;d'bfosf] xssf] pb\3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff<br />
dfq t ;+ljwfg, P]g sfg"gn] klg w]/}<br />
xb;Dd ul/ lbPsf] x'g ;S5 t/ hj<br />
To:tf pb\3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffTds Joj:yfx?<br />
s[ofTds txdf ?kfGtl/t x'b}gg\<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfnfO{<br />
<strong>jf</strong>lG5t nrstfsf;fy k|efjsf/L<br />
jgfpg yk cGj]<strong>if</strong>0ffTds pkfox? ug{<br />
pBt x'g' kg] { x'G5 .<br />
^= ;+ljwfgdf Jojl:yt<br />
pkrf/x?nfO{ oflGqs ?kdf gx]/L<br />
hLjg;+ut 9Fun] ;d;fdlos, ultlzn,<br />
Jojxfl/s / k|efjsf/L jgfpg' kg] { x'G5<br />
. vf; u/]/ ;fj{hlgs xs <strong>jf</strong> lxt<br />
;lGglxt /x]s]f d'2fdf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ;+ljwfg<br />
jdf]lhd lbg vf]h]sf] pkrf/ oyfy{df<br />
h'g ju{sf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu<br />
cfk'mn] sfd u/]sf] 5 ;f] ju{n] To:tf]<br />
pkrf/sf] kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf<br />
v8f ug{ ;Dd g} cfk\mgf] e"ldsf k|z:t<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]<br />
k|s[ltsf] d'2f / lghL k|s[ltsf] d'2fsf]<br />
jLrdf /x]sf] of] u'0ffTds cGt/nfO{<br />
gj'e\mg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]<br />
d'2fdf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] v]Ng vf]h]sf] /rgfTds<br />
/ k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf sf]l;;x?nfO{<br />
Gofodf ljrngsf] ?kdf x]g] { r]i6f x'g<br />
;S5 . oyfy{df ;+ljwfgn] ;af] {<strong>Rr</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{ ;+ljwfg / o;sf d"Nox?sf]<br />
;+/If0f ug] { h'g lhDdf lbPsf] 5 / ;f]<br />
jdf]lhd hgtfsf lghL Pj+ ;fd'lxs<br />
xsx?sf] ;+/If0f ug] { h'g clwsf/ If]q<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;'lDkPsf] 5, To;sf] nflu ;+ls0f{ Goflos<br />
lrGtgsf] bf;Tj<strong>jf</strong>6 d'Qm u/]/ k"0f{ /<br />
k|efjsf/L Gofostf{sf] ?kdf cfk'mnfO{<br />
pEofpg' o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] bfloTj g} jg]sf]<br />
k|i6 x'G5 . xfn ;Dd ;fj{hlgs<br />
;/f]sf/sf ljleGg d'2fx?df o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ckgfPsf ljljw k|s[ofx? Pj+<br />
sbdx?n] oxL dfGotfnfO{ k|i6 ub{5 .<br />
k|:t't d'2fdf klg jlx/f]kgn]<br />
c;/ k/]sf JolQmx?sf] z}lIfs xssf]<br />
dfGotf / k|rngsf] nflu <strong>jf</strong>:tljs c;/<br />
k/]sf JolQmx? Pj+ To:tf ju{sf]<br />
k|ltlglwTj ug{ O{R5's ;+:yfsf] ;Fo'Qm<br />
lgj]bgnfO{ pk/f]Qm k[i7e"lddf o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> ?kn] ljrf/ ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'G5<br />
. lgj]bsx?n] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf<br />
jlx/fx?sf] hg;+Vof / ;d:ofsf]<br />
cfFsng ;d]t k]z ug'{<br />
ePsf] 5 . k|:t't<br />
lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Psf] pkrf/sf]<br />
;Gbe{df ;d:ofsf] ?k/]vfsf] ljZn]<strong>if</strong>0f<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>?kn] dxTjk"0f{ 5 . lgj]bg cg';f/<br />
g]kfndf jlx/fsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/<br />
nueu % nfvsf] 5 . t/ k|fylds tx<br />
b]lvg} p<strong>Rr</strong> z}lIfs lgsfo;Dd ;f+s]lts<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fdf lzIff k|bfg ug{ ] Joj:Yff 5}g<br />
eGg] g} d'Vo egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .<br />
jlx/f]kgnfO{ zf/Ll/s ckfËtfsf] Ps<br />
lsl;dsf] ?kdf x]/L hLjgnfO{ u'0ffTds<br />
?kn] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L pgLx?sf]<br />
z}lIfs xsnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] c+usf]<br />
?kdf x]g'{<br />
kg] { d'Vo cfjZostf<br />
cf}NofO{Psf] kfO{G5 .<br />
jlx/f]kg;+u ;DjlGwt ljljw<br />
;d:ofx?sf] cWoog /fli6«o Pj+<br />
cGt/fli6«o ?kdf ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;Fo'Qm<br />
/fi6« ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;ef<strong>jf</strong>6 ( l8;]Dj/,<br />
183
!(&% df kfl/t ckfËx?sf] xsx?sf]<br />
3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkq cg';f/ "ckfË JolQm eg]sf]<br />
k"0f{ <strong>jf</strong> cfFlzs ?kdf s'g} ju{sf] sdhf]/L<br />
eP/ <strong>jf</strong> geP/ p;sf] zf/Ll/s <strong>jf</strong><br />
dfgl;s Ifdtfdf k/]sf] c;/sf] sf/0fn]<br />
s'g} JolQmn] p;sf] ;fdfGo lghL <strong>jf</strong><br />
;fdflhs hLjgsf] cfjZostf ;'lglZrt<br />
ug{ g;Sg] ePsf] JolQmnfO{ hgfp+b5 "-<br />
The term 'disabled person' means any<br />
person unable to ensure himself or<br />
herself, wholly or partly, the necessities<br />
of a normal individual / and or social<br />
l<strong>if</strong>e, as a result of deficiency, either<br />
congenital or not, in his or her physical<br />
or mental capabilities_ jlx/f]kg ljleGg<br />
sf/0fx?<strong>jf</strong>6 x'g] ckfËtfsf] Ps c+u xf] .<br />
ckfËtfnfO{ ;du|df x]g] { xf] eg] ljZjsf<br />
s'n hg;FVofsf] bz k|ltzt cyf{t sl/j<br />
^) s/f]8 hg;FVof s'g} g} s'g} ?kn]<br />
ckfË ePsf] kfO{G5 . ckfËtf leq<br />
;fdfGotof zf/Ll/s ckfËtf,<br />
b[li6ljlxgtf, jlx/f]kg / ;':tdgl:yltsf]<br />
l:ylt ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . To;<br />
dWo] klg jlx/f]kg eg]sf] sfg g;'Gg]<br />
cj:yf xf] . o;df klg k6Ss} sfg<br />
g;'Gg] / ;fdfGo eGbf sd ;'Gg] u/L b'O{<br />
lsl;dsf] ckfËtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k6Ss}<br />
g;'Gg] jlx/fx? d'vn] <strong>jf</strong>]Nb}gg\ .<br />
jlx/fx?sf] ljZj ;+u7g -The world<br />
Federation of the Deaf_ sf cg';f/<br />
"jlx/f] JolQm eGgfn] dWod b]lv ulDe/<br />
cj:yf ;Ddsf >j0f Ifdtfdf leGgtf<br />
ePsf ljleGg k[i7e"ld ePsf hfthflt,<br />
pd]/, wd{, pTklQ, bz{g Pj+ ljleGg<br />
efl<strong>if</strong>s cfwf/ ePsf Jofks<br />
hg;d'bfonfO{ hgfp+b5 ." (The term<br />
184<br />
c+s @<br />
'Deaf people'-includes a wide spectrum<br />
of people with hearing d<strong>if</strong>ferences from<br />
moderate to profound from various<br />
backgrounds races, ages, creeds,<br />
ethnicities and philosophies and with<br />
d<strong>if</strong>ferent levels of linguistic variables)<br />
jlx/fx? nufotsf ;j} lsl;dsf<br />
ckfËx?n] ;dfhsf cGo ;jn cyf{t<br />
ckfËtf/lxt JolQmx? ;/x ;dfhdf<br />
;xeflutf /fVgdf ljleGg Jojwfgx?<br />
dxz'z ul//x]sf 5g\ . tL Jojwfgx?n]<br />
ubf{ pgLx? e]befj, b'Joj{xf/ / ul/jLsf<br />
lzsf/ x'g] hf]lvd Joxf]g{ <strong>jf</strong>Wo x'G5g\ .<br />
pgLx?nfO{ c? ;Ifd JolQmx? ;/x<br />
;dfg ?ksf xsx? pkef]u ug{df /x]sf<br />
Jojwfgx?nfO{ x6fO{ pgLx?sf xssf]<br />
dfGotf glbP;Dd ;dfhsf] d"n k|<strong>jf</strong>x<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
pgLx?n] lg/Gt/ ?kdf jlxis/0f /<br />
u/LjLj/0f ul//xg <strong>jf</strong>Wo x'G5g\ , h'g<br />
pgLx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ pNn3+gsf d'Vo<br />
sf/s jGb5g\ . ckfËx?n] cGt/fli6«o<br />
b]lv :yflgo :t/ ;Dd g} ljleGg<br />
lsl;dsf] e]befj Joxf]/]sf] kfO{G5 .<br />
pgLx?sf zf/Ll/s ckfËtf g} ;dflhs,<br />
dgf]j}1flgs / sfg"gL nufotsf]<br />
e]befjsf] sf/0f jgfO{Psf] kfO{G5 .<br />
oyfy{df ckfËtf eg]sf] s'g} JolQmsf]<br />
dfgj x'gsf] nflu cof]Uotf xf]O{g .<br />
dfgj x'g' eg]sf] s'g} c+ +usf] l:yltn]<br />
hgfpg] kl/ro klg xf]O{g . ;+;f/df<br />
dfgj leqsf] w]/} ljljwtfx? 5g\, tL<br />
ljljwtf cfkm}df cof]Uotfx? xf]O{gg\, j?<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>tfx? x'g .<br />
dfgj clwsf/sf] b[li6n] x]g] { xf]<br />
eg] dfgjsf] ?kdf hGd] kl5 dfgjn]<br />
kfpg] :<strong>jf</strong>efljs ;j} clwsf/x? ;j}
dfgjn] kfp+b5g\ . To;}n] ckfËsf klg<br />
Tolt g} clwsf/ x'G5g\ hlt clwsf/<br />
cGo ;Ifd elgPsf JolQmx?sf x'G5g\ .<br />
of] cy{df ckfËn] dfgj clwsf/x? Pj+<br />
sfg"gL clwsf/x?nfO{ ;dfg ?kn]<br />
pkef]u ug{ kfpg' kg] { x'G5 . of]<br />
b[li6sf]0fnfO{ clxn] cGt/fli6«o dfgj<br />
clwsf/ sfg"gn] k"0f{ ?kn] cfTd;ft<br />
u/]sf] klg 5 . ;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]<br />
;fwf/0f ;ef<strong>jf</strong>6 kfl/t ckfËx?sf] xs<br />
;DjGwL 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkqdf ckfËx?nfO{ dfgj<br />
k|lti7fsf] ;fydf <strong>jf</strong>FRg] cGtlg{lxt<br />
clwsf/ 5 eGb} ckfËtfsf] sf/0f, k|s[lt<br />
/ uDeL/tf h] eP klg p;sf ;djoL<br />
cGo gful/sx? ;/x df}lns xsx?sf<br />
xsbf/ x'G5g\ . h;sf] dtnj d"ntM<br />
;fdfGo / k"0f{ ?k]0f k|lti7fk"0f{ hLjg -<br />
decenl l<strong>if</strong>e_ ljtfpg] x'G5 elgPsf] 5 .<br />
;fy} ckfËx?n] :<strong>jf</strong>:Yo ;DjGwL,<br />
dgf]j}1flgs / sfo{d'ns pkrf/sf] xs<br />
klg kfPsf x'G5g\ . h; leq lzIff,<br />
Joj;flos tflnd, k'g:yf{kgf, k/fdz{<br />
kb{5g\ , h;n] pgLx?sf] Ifdtf / zLksf]<br />
clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u u5{g / ;fdflhs<br />
;+ldngsf] k|s[ofnfO{ k|z:t ub{5g\ . -<br />
Disabled persons have right to medical,<br />
psychological and functional treatment<br />
including prosthetic and orthetic<br />
appliances, to medical and social<br />
rehabilitation, education, vocational<br />
training and rehabilitation, aid<br />
counselling, placement services and<br />
other sources which will eneble them to<br />
develop there capabilities and skills to<br />
the maximum and will hasten the thair<br />
social integration or reintegation.<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;+;f/sf ;j} dflg;x? ;dfg<br />
lsl;dn] ;Ifd 5}gg\ . zf/Ll/s Pj+<br />
dfgl;s ?kn] x/]s JolQm km/s x'g<br />
;Sb5g\ . zf/Ll/s ?kn] ;jn eg]sf]<br />
JolQm dfgl;s <strong>jf</strong> z}lIfs b[li6sf]0fn]<br />
b'\j{n<br />
/ zf/Ll/s ?kn] b'j{n eg]sf] JolQm<br />
<strong>jf</strong>}l4s ?kn] <strong>jf</strong> zf/Ll/s ?kn] klg leGg<br />
lsl;dn] <strong>jf</strong> leGg sfdsf] nflu ;jn x'g<br />
;Sb5 . JolQmsf ;jntfsf / b'j{ntfsf<br />
If]qx? cf–cfkm\gf] lsl;dsf x'G5g eg]<br />
Tof] g} p;sf] nflu e]befj ug] { cfwf/<br />
jGg ;Sb}g . To;}n] cfhsn ckfË eGg]<br />
zJb k|lt klg cfklQ hgfpg yflnPsf]<br />
5 / ckfËnfO{ "leGg lsl;dn] ;Ifd"<br />
eGg yflnPsf] 5 . cfhsn s] ;/sf/L<br />
lgsfo, s] ljZjljBfno, s] lj1fg / s]<br />
Jofkf/ ;j} If]qx?df ckfËx?n] ;Ifdtf<br />
k"j{s cfkm\gf] lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/L ;DxfnL cfPsf]<br />
kfO{G5 . o:tf] k[i7e"lddf ckfËnfO{<br />
zf/Ll/s sdhf]/Lsf] ?kdf eGbf p;sf]<br />
zf/Ll/s u7gsf] lx;fjn] leGg Ifdtf<br />
ePsf] ?kdf x]g{ h?/L b]lvG5 .<br />
ckfË x'g' / ckfË gx'g' eg]sf]<br />
s]jn cg'ejsf] cGt/ xf] . Pp6f<br />
ckfËtf gePsf] JolQmnfO{ klg lj/fdL<br />
kg] { ljlQs} c?sf] ;xf/f lng kg] { cj:yf<br />
cfp+5 . ;jnx? jLr xf]rf] dflg;sf]<br />
cg'ej cUnf]sf] eGbf km/s x'G5 . ckfË<br />
/ ckfËtfljlxg jLr klg cg'ejsf]<br />
cGt/n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{<br />
leGg ;fwg <strong>jf</strong> >f]t<strong>jf</strong>6 ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
x'G5 . h:t}M nË8f] ePsf] JolQmnfO{<br />
j}zfvLsf] h?/L x'G5, xf]rf]nfO{ cUnf]<br />
kf]l8od sfd gnfUg] x'G5 . To:t} u/]/<br />
h'g lsl;dsf] ckfËtf xf] tb\g'?k<br />
;xof]uL ;fwgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . of]<br />
185
JolQm lkR5]sf] ljlzi6 km/s cg'ej xf] /<br />
To:tf] cfjZostfs]f <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg u/]/<br />
g} ;dfhdf ;dfgtfsf] xs pkef]u ug] {<br />
;fdfGo / ;dfg l:ylt v8f ug{ ;lsG5<br />
. To;sf] pk]Iff Pp6f ju{nfO{ ;'xfpg]<br />
u/L / csf] { ju{nfO{ k|lts"n x'g] u/L<br />
ef}lts <strong>jf</strong> cGo l:yltx? v8f ul/of] eg]<br />
cy<strong>jf</strong> cj;/x? l;h{gf ubf{ s;}nfO{<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> ?kn] ;'xfpg] u/L / c?nfO{<br />
k|lts"n x'g] u/L <strong>jf</strong> p;sf] kx'Fr<br />
;'lglZrt gx'g] u/L l;h{gf ul/of] eg]<br />
lglZrt ?kdf ;j}n] dflg;sf] ?kdf<br />
k|fKt u/]sf] xssf] ;dfg pkef]u ug{<br />
;Sb}gg\ . To:tf] l:ylt v8f ug] { sfg"gL<br />
/fHosf] clei6 x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n] ckfË<br />
ePsf] sf/0fn] Tof] ju{n] Joxf]g'{<br />
k/]sf]<br />
leGg c;'ljwfnfO{ ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg u/L cGo<br />
;Ifd elgPsf] ju{sf] ;/x lzIff,<br />
:<strong>jf</strong>:Yo, /f]huf/L nufotsf] xs pkef]u<br />
ug{ ;Sg] u/fpg /fHon] To:tf]<br />
c;'ljwfhgs cg'ejnfO{ nIo u/L <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong><br />
sfo{qmd ;Grfng ug{ ' kg] { x'G5 . To;f]<br />
ug'{<br />
eg]sf] ckfËtf<strong>jf</strong>6 k|efljt ju{sf]<br />
nflu <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> ;xof]u geO{ cGo ;fdfGo<br />
;jn ju{nfO{ u/] ;/xsf] Jojxf/sf]<br />
?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 .<br />
t/ oyfy{df ckfËn] ckfËtf<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
zf/Ll/s ?kn] e]mNg' kg] { c;'ljwf eGbf<br />
w]/} u'0ff j9L ckfËtf ;DjGwL c1fgtf /<br />
ldYof cjwf/0ffn] ubf{ ckfËx? dfly<br />
ul/Psf] b'Jo{jxf/ <strong>jf</strong> e]befjsf] rf]6 j9L<br />
b]lvG5 . ckfËtfsf] sf/0fn] eGbf cGo<br />
sf/0fx?n] ckfËx? dfly pgLx?sf]<br />
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljljw kIfx?df Jofks<br />
pNn3+gsf 36gfx? JofKt x'g] u/]sf]<br />
b]lvPsf] 5 . h:t}M c? ;/x hLjgsf]<br />
186<br />
c+s @<br />
clwsf/ x'+bf<br />
x'+b}<br />
klg ckfËx? pk/<br />
pgLx?sf] cGg, kfgL, cf<strong>jf</strong>;,<br />
cf}<strong>if</strong>wf]krf/ cflbdf e]befj u/]/<br />
u'0ffTds hLjg lhpg] xsdf c;/<br />
k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . sltko d'n'sdf<br />
ckfË <strong>jf</strong>nssf] kfngkf]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] sl7gfO{n]<br />
3f]/ nfk/<strong>jf</strong>xL <strong>jf</strong> st{Jo u/L dg] { ;Ddsf]<br />
cj:yfdf 5f8]sf] <strong>jf</strong> df/]sf] 36gfx?<br />
kfO{G5g\ . ckfËx?sf] xs k|ltsf]<br />
;+jb]gzLntfsf] cefjdf To:tf] sfo{nfO{<br />
sd ulDe/ dfgL sd ;hfFo ug] { k|j[lQ<br />
;d]t obfsbf b]Vg kfO{G5 . tYofÍx?<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
ckfËn] g} Hofbf q'm/, cdfgljo /<br />
lgGbgLo Jojxf/ ;xg k/]s]f / pgLx?n]<br />
of}g zf]<strong>if</strong>0f / zf/Ll/s oftgf j9L<br />
ef]u]sf] kfO{G5 . pgLx? dfly hj/h:tL<br />
cf}<strong>if</strong>wL kl/If0f ug] { u/]sf] ;d]t kfO{G5 .<br />
pgLx?nfO{ :jtGqtf pkef]u ug{ lbg]<br />
eGbf d"n k|<strong>jf</strong>x<strong>jf</strong>6 <strong>jf</strong>x]s u/L y'g5]s<br />
ug] { <strong>jf</strong> O{R5f ljk/Lt /fVg] k|j[lQ kfO{G5 .<br />
<strong>jf</strong>x\o ;xof]u / ;dy{gsf] cefjdf<br />
pgLx?n] ;+3 ;+:yf v8f u/L cfkm\gf]<br />
lxt k|lt/Iff ug] { cj:Yff klg /xGg /<br />
gLlt lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] l:ylt<br />
/xGg . pgLx?sf] uf]klgotfsf] xs,<br />
kl/<strong>jf</strong>/ ;DjGwL xs klg c?n] g}<br />
lgwf{l/t u/L lbg] ugf{n] s'l07t b]lvG5 .<br />
o:t} u/]/ pgLx?s]f ljrf/ cleJolQmsf]<br />
:jtGqtfsf] pkef]usf] nflu rflxg]<br />
tslgsL ;xof]u / ;fwgsf] cefjdf Tof]<br />
emg j9L k|efljt x'G5 . gful/ssf]<br />
x}l;otn] d"nk|<strong>jf</strong>xsf] /fhlso<br />
lqmofsnfkdf pgLx?sf] kx'+r<br />
lg<strong>if</strong>]lwt<br />
k|fo /xG5 .<br />
&= cfly{s, ;fdflhs,<br />
;fF:s[lts clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df
ckfËx?nfO{ emg} j9L ;dy{gsf] h?/t<br />
kb{5 . lzIff ljgf /f]huf/L x'+b}g<br />
/<br />
/f]huf/L ljgf cfly{s >f]t gh'6\g] x'+bf<br />
hLjgnfO{ u'0ffTds ?kdf pkef]u ug{<br />
g;Sg] x'gfn] ljsf;sf] ;du| rqmdf oL<br />
ltg j6f tTjsf] ;ld>0f u/L ;3fpg<br />
/fHon] ;xof]u ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'G5 . t/ oyfy{df<br />
ckfËsf] nflu cfjZos ;+Vofdf ljBfno<br />
v8f ul/Psf] x'+b}g,<br />
ltgLx?sf]<br />
cfjZostf ;'xfp+bf] >f]t, ;fwg / k4lt<br />
klg h'6fO{Psf] kfO{b}g . ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf<br />
<strong>jf</strong> j| ]n lnlkdf kf7\oqmd ;fdfu|L pTkfbg<br />
gug] {, cfjZos dfqfdf lzIfs tflnd<br />
glbg], z}lIfs <strong>jf</strong>tfj/0f tbg's"n<br />
gjgfpg], To:tf] cfjZostfnfO{ sfg"gL<br />
?kn] clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ u/fO{ dfGotf ;d]t lbg]<br />
Joj:yf gug] { cflb ;d:ofx? ljBdfg<br />
b]lvG5 . kl/0ffd :j?k To:tf ckfË<br />
ljBfyL{sf] rfxgf / ;DefJotf cg';f/<br />
p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff ;Dd cWoog ug{ gkfpg] eO{<br />
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ klg k|efljt ePsf]<br />
kfO{G5 . /f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf<br />
ckfË d}qL cj:yfx? l;h{gf u/L<br />
/f]huf/sf] cj;/ glbPdf To;sf]<br />
kl/0ffd ckfË lzIffdf klg kg{ ;Sb5,<br />
lsgeg] /f]huf/sf] nflu sfd gnfu]<br />
k9fpg cgfjZos 7flgG5 .<br />
kl/0ffd:j?k eljiodf pgLx?sf] :<strong>jf</strong>:Yo,<br />
;fdflhs cGt/lqmof, dgf]/Ghg /<br />
hLjg:t/ ;j} k|efljt x'G5 . oL ;j}sf]<br />
c;/ ;dfhsf] zflGt / ljsf;df kg{<br />
hfG5 eGg] s'/f d'VotM ;dfhsf ;j}<br />
;b:on] / /fHosf ;DjlGwt If]qn]<br />
x[bo+ud ug{ h?/L 5 .<br />
*= hg;+Vofsf] dxTjk"0f{<br />
lx:;f, hf];+u cGo ;Ifd eg]sf JolQmx?<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;/x of]ubfg lbg] ;j} ;DefJotf 5<br />
To;sf] cltl/Qm klg /fHon] prLt<br />
k|fyldstf / Jojxf/ ug{ g;s]sf]<br />
sf/0fn] ltgLx?sf] of]ubfg k|fKt ug{<br />
g;Sg' /fHosf] tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6 lgDTofPsf] 3f6f<br />
x'G5 eg] cGofo, z]f<strong>if</strong>0f / c;dfgtfsf]<br />
cg'ej <strong>jf</strong>]s]sf ckfËx?<strong>jf</strong>6 ;dfhdf<br />
zflGt / d}qL k|jw{g klg x''g<br />
;Sb}g .<br />
o;/L ckfËx?sf] ;d:of jx'–cfoflds<br />
b]lvG5 eg] /fHon] pgLx?nfO{ c?<br />
gful/sx?n] ;/x ;dfg ?kdf ;dfhdf<br />
;xeflutf /fVg] cj:yfx? klg l;h{gf<br />
ug'{<br />
clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ b]lvg cfp+5 . jlx/fx?n]<br />
Joxf]/]sf] cg'ej pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt<br />
ckfËx?sf] j[xQ kl/j]z leqs} ;d:of<br />
ePsf]n] tb\g's"n pgLx?sf] ;d:ofsf]<br />
;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg x'g' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ b]lvGg .<br />
k|:t't lgj]bgdf jlx/f]kg /<br />
z}lIfs xssf] ;Gbe{df dfu k|:t't<br />
ul/Psf] x'gfn] ltgLx?sf] jLrsf]<br />
cGt{;DjGwsf] <strong>jf</strong>/]df 5nkmn ug'{<br />
;fGb{les g} x'g] b]lvG5 . dfly g} klg<br />
pNn]v ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 ls jlx/fx?<br />
nufot ckfËx?sf] nflu lzIffsf] xssf]<br />
bL3{sflng dxTj 5 . lzIff x/]s<br />
JolQmsf] nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] ,<br />
of] :jtGqtf, / /f]huf/L nufotsf]<br />
cfly{s Pj+ cfTd;zlQms/0f (Self<br />
empowerment_ sf] nflu ;d]t h?/L 5<br />
. g]kfn ;d]t ;b:o ePsf cGt/fli6«o<br />
dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL cfn]vx? h:t}M<br />
dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkq, !($*<br />
sf] wf/f @^ -!_, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts<br />
clwsf/sf] cGt/fli6«o cg'jGw, !(^^ sf]<br />
wf/f @^, cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf<br />
187
;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/fli6«o<br />
cg'jGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f !# n] ckfË<br />
;d]tsf] lzIffsf] xsnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]<br />
5 . To;sf] cltl/Qm g]kfn ;d]t ;b:o<br />
ePsf] United Nations Educational<br />
Scient<strong>if</strong>ic and Cultural Organization<br />
(UNESCO) o'g]:sf]sf] ljwfg, !($% n]<br />
klg of] xsnfO{ ;j}sf] dfgj clwsf/sf]<br />
?kdf :ki6 dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .<br />
(= ;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]<br />
j8fkqn] lzIffdf pTklQ, ln+u, pd]/ ,<br />
ckfËtf / wd{ cflb cfwf/df e]befj<br />
j]u/ ;j} hgtfsf] xs x'g] s'/f pNn]v<br />
u/]sf] 5 . pSt cfwf/df jlx/f]kg ePsf<br />
JolQmx?sf] klg lzIffdf ;dfg xs x'g]<br />
s'/fdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b ePg . tYout cfwf/df<br />
eGg] xf] klg ef<strong>if</strong>f nufotsf] s'/fdf cGo<br />
<strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf hlt g} jlx/f]x?df klg<br />
Ifdtf x'G5 eGg] dfGotf kfO{G5 .<br />
pgLx?nfO{ s]jn prLt dfWod -<br />
b[ZodfWod_ u'0f:t/o'Qm z}lIfs sfo{qmd<br />
/ ;xfotf h?/L x'G5 . jlx/f x'+b}df<br />
z}lIfs Ifdtf gx'g] eGg ldNb}g .<br />
pgLx?sf] lzIffdf kx'+rsf]<br />
xsnfO{ s'g}<br />
dfg]df klg cgb]vf ug{ ldNg] b]lvGg .<br />
lzIff cfkm}df s'g} uGtJo geO{ hLjg<br />
e/L hf/L /xg] lg/Gt/sf] l;Sg] k|s[of xf]<br />
. of] Pp6f :jtGq, lzlIft, /f]huf/ /<br />
cfkm\gf] nIo -self-actualizing_ k|fKt<br />
u/]sf] JolQmn] h:tf] cfk\mgf] ;d"bfo <strong>jf</strong><br />
;dfhsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] lbg] of]ubfg<br />
c?n] lbg ;Sb}g . To;}n] c? ju{nfO{<br />
h:tf] u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] rfxgf<br />
ckfËx?df klg /xg' :jefljs 5 .<br />
ckfËx?sf] lzIffsf] xsnfO{ ckfËx?sf]<br />
xs ;DjGwL dxf;GwL -Convention of<br />
188<br />
c+s @<br />
the Right of Persons with Disabilities_<br />
n] :ki6 zJbdf dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . pSt<br />
dxf;GwLdf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'+bf<br />
;f] cGtu{tsf] bfloTj klg l;h{gf eO{<br />
;s]s]f b]lvG5 .<br />
pSt dxf;GwLn] eg]sf] 5–<br />
"jlx/f]kg ePsf] ;d"bfosf] efl<strong>if</strong>s<br />
klxrfgsf] k|j{4g / ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf]<br />
lzIffnfO{ k|z:t ug{ /fHon] pko'Qm<br />
pkfox? ug{ } kg] { 5 . ;/sf/x?n] jlx/f<br />
tyf cGwfx?sf] pko'Qm ef<strong>if</strong>fx?df /<br />
prLt <strong>jf</strong>tfj/0fdf lzIff lbg] s'/fsf]<br />
k|Tofe"lt lbg'kg] {5 , h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf]<br />
k|fl1s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; x'g ;sf];\<br />
. ;/sf/x?n] ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf of]Uo<br />
lzIfsx? lgo'Qm ug{ pko'Qm sbd<br />
rfNg]5g\ ." (States shall take<br />
appropriate measures for facilitating the<br />
learning of sign langauge and the<br />
promotion of the lingustic identity of the<br />
deaf community. Governments shall<br />
ensure that education of deaf and deaf<br />
blind persons is delivered in the most<br />
appropriate languges and in<br />
environments which maximize<br />
academic and social development. The<br />
governments shall also take<br />
appropriate measures to employ<br />
teachers who are qual<strong>if</strong>ied in sign<br />
language_=<br />
pk/f]Qm clesygdf jlx/fx?sf]<br />
efl<strong>if</strong>s klxrfgsf] s'/f ul/Psf] 5, prLt<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fdf lzIff lbO{g] s'/f ul/Psf] 5 /<br />
;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf of]Uo lzIfsx?sf]<br />
Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . ;xh / :jefljs<br />
?kdf xfdL ;j}n] :jLsfg'{<br />
kg] { s'/f s] xf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
eg] jlx/f] <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsfx? dfgj<br />
ljljwtfsf dxTjk"0f{ c+z x'g\ . pgLx?n]<br />
x's{bf] pd]/;+u} cfkm\gf] Ifdtf j9fpg /<br />
ljlzi6 klxrfg hf]ufP/ ;dfh<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
ck]lIft nfex? xfl;n ug] { xs /fVb\5g\ .<br />
xfdLn] dfly ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf s'/f u¥of} +<br />
t/ ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>f eGg] ljlQs} km]/L Pp6}<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>f eGg] xf]O{g . x/]s ;dfhsf k|rlnt<br />
ljleGg ef<strong>if</strong>fx? x'G5g\ tb\g'?k :yflgotf<br />
;lxt g} ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
x'G5 . oL ;j} s'/fsf] ;Fof]hg ug{<br />
jlx/f]kg s]Gb|Lt ljljwkIfsf] z}lIfs<br />
;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'G5 . o;<br />
leq ljBfno ;DjGwL sfg"g, kf7\oqmd,<br />
kf7\o;fdfu|L, lzIfs k|lzIf0f, kf7\o<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>ox? / ljBfnosf Joj:yf ;d]t<br />
;d]l6g' kg] { x'G5 .<br />
jlx/f]kg ePsf ljBfyL{x?sf]<br />
nflu ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] dfWodsf] hf]8<br />
lbg'sf] cy{ klg j'em\g' h?/L 5 .<br />
jlx/fx? eg]sf] k|ydtM b]Vg] Ifdtf<br />
ePsf t/ >j0f Ifdtf k|efljt ePsf<br />
JolQmx? x'g To;}n] pgLx?sf] cfFvf g}<br />
;F;f/sf] ;"rgf / 1fgxfl;n ug] {<br />
dfWodx? x'g . To;}n] lzIff <strong>jf</strong> ;"rgfsf]<br />
xssf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug] { xf] eg] ;f+s]lts<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fdf lzIff kfpg] p;sf] xs hGdl;4<br />
xss} ?kdf dflgG5 . jlx/f]kg /<br />
cGwf]kgsf] ;d:of ePsf JolQmsf] xsdf<br />
eg] cltl/Qm dfWodx? h:t}M ;f+s]lts<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>f, j| ]n lnlk -Brailie _ / Mobility<br />
skills ;d]tsf] ;ld>0f x'g' h?/L 7flgG5<br />
. t/ 1ftJo s] 5 eg] jlx/f]kg ePsf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsfx? of t ljBfnodf egf{<br />
x'+b}gg\<br />
, ePklg w]/} ;do lg/Gt/tf<br />
lb+b}gg\ , lbP klg p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff ;Ddsf]<br />
189<br />
kx'+r<br />
x'+b}g<br />
. To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k<br />
jlx/f]kg<strong>jf</strong>6 k|efljt <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsfx?df<br />
;fIf/tfsf] cg'kft sd b]lvG5 . ckfË<br />
lzIffdf xfnsf lbgx?df ;+ljwfgsf]<br />
lgb] {zfTds l;4fGtx? Pj+ gLltx? tyf<br />
ckfË ;DjGwL sfg"gdf h] Joj:yf<br />
ePklg lzIffsf] dfWodsf] cfwf/e"t<br />
tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>f -Sign<br />
Language_ nfO{ lzIff;+u cfj4 ul/Pg<br />
eg] Tof] ju{sf] nflu lzIff c;Dej h:tf]<br />
jGg hfG5 . To;}n] lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf]<br />
;fFFs]lts<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] dfWod4f/f lzIff lbg]<br />
k|s[of / tt\;DjGwL ljBfnosf]<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ jlx/fkg<strong>jf</strong>6 k|efljt<br />
JolQmx?sf] dfgj clwsf/s} ?kdf<br />
dfGotf lbg' kg] { cj:yf b]lvg cfp+5 .<br />
olb of] ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] cfjZostfnfO{<br />
O{Gsf/ ug] { xf] <strong>jf</strong> ;f] cg';f/sf] Joj:yf<br />
gug] { xf] eg] To:tf] k|j[lQ jlx/fkgn]<br />
k|efljt ljBfyL{x? pk/sf] b'Jo{jxf/ -<br />
abuse_ s} ?kdf lnP klg x'g] b]lvG5 .<br />
lsgeg] ;f] ef<strong>if</strong>f g} pgLx?sf] nflu<br />
ef<strong>jf</strong>leJoQm ug] { Ps dfq dfWod xf] .<br />
hj ;Dd of] ef<strong>if</strong>fdf hf]8 lbO{Gg, tj<br />
;Dd pgLx?sf] cleJolQm cj?4 /xG5 .<br />
o:tf] ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] dfWod k|f/lDes lzIffdf<br />
cfwf/e"t /xG5 eg] tbf]k/fGt lzIffsf]<br />
x/ s'g} kxn'df h?/L x'g] x'gfn] To;sf]<br />
bL3{sflng dxTj x'g] b]lvG5 . hlt l56f]<br />
of] ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] ;'ljwf pknJw x'g ;Sof],<br />
Tolt g} rfF8f] jlx/f]kgn] k|efljt<br />
JolQmx?sf] k"0f{ ljsl;t, <strong>jf</strong>}l4s,<br />
;dflhs Pj+ efjgfTds ljsf; ;Dej<br />
x'G5 .<br />
dfly ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf lzIffsf]<br />
xssf] k|s[lt, jlx/f]kg<strong>jf</strong>6 k|efljt
JolQmx? / o;sf] k|efjsf] <strong>jf</strong>/]df rrf{<br />
ul/of] . cj pSt xsnfO{ Jojxf/df<br />
?kfGt/0f ug{ ljkIfLx?<strong>jf</strong>6 kof{Kt k|of;<br />
eP ls ePgg\ < ljkIfLx?sf] sfg"gL<br />
bfloTj 5 <strong>jf</strong> 5}g < ljkIfLsf] gfp+df<br />
cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg] { xf] <strong>jf</strong> xf]O{g < eGg]<br />
g} d'Vo ljrf/ ug'{kg]<br />
{ ePsf] 5 .<br />
ljkIfLx? dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/,<br />
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{non]<br />
lbPsf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>kmdf lzIff<br />
lgdofjnL,@)%( sf] ljleGg<br />
Joj:yfx?nfO{ ;Fs]t ub} { zf/Ll/s<br />
sf/0fn] ckfË <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsfnfO{ <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong><br />
lzIff k|bfg ug] { p2]Zon] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> lzIff<br />
kl/<strong>if</strong>b\ u7g x'g], To:tf] lzIff lbg]<br />
ljBfno vf]Ng ;lsg] / To:tf] lzIff lbg]<br />
ljBfnonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'ljwf lbg<br />
;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .<br />
d'n'ssf] >f]t / ;fwgsf] cfwf/df o;<br />
;DjGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf x'g] eGg]<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>kmdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
ljkIfL dWo]sf] lzIff tyf v]ns'n<br />
dGqfnon] eg] b]zsf] ljleGg :yfgdf<br />
jlx/f ;d'xsf nflu cWoog ug] { ljBfno<br />
;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] / ;fwg>f]t x]/L<br />
eljiodf ljBfnosf] lj:tf/ x'g] s'/f<br />
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
lgj]bsx?n] dfu u/]sf] ;f+s]lts<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fdf p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfFpg] u/L<br />
sn]h :yfkgf ug] { / kf7\ok':tsnfO{<br />
;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf cg'<strong>jf</strong>b ug] { s'/fsf]<br />
xsdf pknJw >f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/lw<br />
leq /xL To:tf] Joj:yf ug{ ;sf/fTds<br />
/x]sf] lhls/ klg pSt dGqfnon] u/]sf]<br />
5 . csf] { lt/ dlxnf, <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf tyf<br />
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
190<br />
c+s @<br />
x]bf{ pSt dGqfnon] s] s'g sfd<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<strong>jf</strong>6 lgj]bssf] xs xgg\ ePsf]<br />
xf] v'nfpg g;s]sf]n] ljgf sf/0f ljkIfL<br />
jgfPsf] eGb} lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg<br />
dfu ul/Ps]f 5 . lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf]<br />
;b{edf pk/f]Qm h<strong>jf</strong>kmx? x]bf{<br />
ck|Tofl;t / lg/fzhgs b]lvG5 .<br />
k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf]<br />
sfof{non] lbPsf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>kmdf ckfË<br />
<strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsfsf] nflu <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> lzIff k|bfg<br />
ug] { p2]Zon] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> lzIff kl/<strong>if</strong>b\ u7g<br />
ug] { / <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> lzIff lbg] ljBfno vf]nL<br />
;'ljwf lbg ;lsg] lzIff lgodfjnL,<br />
@)%( sf] Joj:yf pNn]v u/]s]f ePklg<br />
;f] jdf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfdsf] emfFsL<br />
k|:t't u/]s]f kfO{Pg . lzIff lgodfjnL,<br />
@)%( sf] lgod $& df jlx/f nufotsf<br />
ckfËx?sf] ;DjGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf x'g'<br />
Pp6f s'/f xf], t/ ;f] jdf]lhdsf]<br />
Jojxfl/s ?kfGt/0f ug'{<br />
csf] { s'/f xf] .<br />
g]kfndf ckfËx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{<br />
nlIft u/L ckfË ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f<br />
P]g, @)#( sf] bkmf %-!_ Pj+ (-#_ df<br />
Joj:yf gePsf] xf]O{g . lzIff P]g, @)@*<br />
n] ckfËx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg<br />
gu/]sf] klg xf]O{g . ;dfh sNof0f P]g,<br />
@)$( sf] bkmf $ , :yfgLo :<strong>jf</strong>oQ<br />
zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @*, (^ /<br />
!*( sf] ;fy} <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf ;DjGwL P]g,<br />
@)$* sf] bkmf $ n] klg ckfËx?sf]<br />
;DjGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{G5 .<br />
k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ubf{ jxfn<br />
/x]sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&<br />
sf] efu # df}lns xs cGtu{t wf/f !!<br />
sf] pkwf/f -!_ jdf]lhd ";j} gful/s<br />
sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{
klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0f<strong>jf</strong>6 jlGrt<br />
ul/g] 5}g ." eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5<br />
;fy} pkwf/f -#_ cg';f/ "/fHon]<br />
gful/sx?sf jLr wd{, j0f{, lnË,hft<br />
hflt <strong>jf</strong> j}rfl/s cf:yf <strong>jf</strong> tL dWo] s'g}<br />
s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug] { 5}g .<br />
t/ dlxnf, <strong>jf</strong>ns, j[4 <strong>jf</strong><br />
zfl/l/s <strong>jf</strong> dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQm<br />
<strong>jf</strong> cfly{s, ;fdflhs <strong>jf</strong> z}lIfs b[li6n]<br />
lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] ;+/If0f <strong>jf</strong> ljsf;sf]<br />
nflu sfg"gåf/f <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> Joj:yf ug{<br />
;lsg]5" eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm<br />
cg'?ksf] Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,<br />
@)^# sf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf] xs<br />
lz<strong>if</strong>{s cGtu{t Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .<br />
To;} u/L g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,<br />
@)$& sf] efu $ /fHosf] gLltx?<br />
cGtu{t wf/f @^-(_ jdf]lhd "/fHon]<br />
cgfy <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf, c;xfo dlxnf , j[4 ,<br />
ckfFu / czQmx?sf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf<br />
nflu lzIff, :<strong>jf</strong>:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> Joj:Yff ug] { gLlt cjnDjg ug] {5<br />
." eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:Yff u/]sf] b]lvG5<br />
eg] pSt Joj:Yff g]kfnsf] cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #% df /fHosf<br />
gLltx? eGg] lz<strong>if</strong>{sdf pNn]v ul/Psf]<br />
cj:Yff 5 .<br />
ckfFu ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g,<br />
@)#( sf] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/<br />
"s'g} ckfFux?nfO{ lghsf] s]jn<br />
ckfFukgsf] cfwf/df dfq g]kfn clw/fHo<br />
leqsf] lzIff / tflnd lbg] <strong>jf</strong> ;fdflhs<br />
<strong>jf</strong> ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmd ug] { s'g} klg<br />
;+:yf <strong>jf</strong> Snj <strong>jf</strong> ;d'bfo <strong>jf</strong> ;df/f]xdf<br />
k|j]z ug{<strong>jf</strong>6 /f]Sg kfO{g] 5}g ." eGg]<br />
pNn]v ug'{sf]<br />
;fy} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf (-#_<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
n] "cGwf, jlx/f / ;':t dgl:ylt<br />
ePsfnfO{ lzIff lbg] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> k|sf/sf]<br />
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] 5" eGg] sfg"gL<br />
Jojyf u/]sf] kfO{G5 .<br />
pSt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL<br />
k|fjwfgx? :jo+ sfof{Gjg gx'g] e}<br />
Jojxfl/s sfo{qmdx? Pj+ gLltx? dfkm{t<br />
sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'G5 . t/ pk/f]Qm<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>kmn] lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt<br />
jlx/f]kgn] c;/ k/]sf JolQmx?sf] lzIff<br />
/ ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] ;DjGwdf s'g} lglZrt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
lbg ;s]sf] kfO{Pg .<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df hj gful/sx?<br />
cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsx?sf]<br />
Jojxfl/s k|rngsf] nflu pkrf/ dfUg<br />
cfpF5g\, <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ltgsf] xssf] k|s[lt /<br />
k|rngsf] l:yltsf] ;d'lrt ;ldIff u/L<br />
cfjZos dfu{ lgb] {z ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'G5 .<br />
lj8Djgf s] s'/fdf x'G5 eg] hj kIfx?n]<br />
lglZrt lj<strong>if</strong>odf cfkm\gf] dfu k|:t't<br />
u/]sf x'G5g t/ ljkIfL sfo{kflnsf p<strong>Rr</strong><br />
lgsfox? ;Dd<strong>jf</strong>6 lglZrt tYoo'Qm<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>km lbO{Gg / uf]Z<strong>jf</strong>/f / emf/f 6fg] {<br />
lsl;dsf] h<strong>jf</strong>km lbO{G5 . ljkIfL<br />
k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
k|fKt lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>kmdf pSt sfof{no<br />
lgj]bssf dfu k|lt pbfl;g 5}g /<br />
d'n'ssf] >f]t ;fwg cg';f/ cfjZos<br />
Joj:yf x'g] x'+bf<br />
lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+g<br />
dfu ul/Psf] 5 . pSt ljkIfL lgj]bssf]<br />
dfu k|lt pbfl;g 5 <strong>jf</strong> 5}g eGg] s'/f<br />
oyfy{df lglZrt sfo{qmd ;lxt<br />
lgj]bssf] ;d:ofsf] ;DjGwdf ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg<br />
x'g ;Sof] <strong>jf</strong> ;s]g eGg] tYo<strong>jf</strong>6 lgwf{/0f<br />
x'g] xf] . t/ k|fKt lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
lgj]bsx?sf] dfusf] ;DjGwdf dfu<br />
191
u/]sf] k|utL jtfpg g;s]sf] / dfunfO{<br />
;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg ug] { sfo{of]hgfsf] cefjdf<br />
ljkIfLsf] ;s[otfsf] ;+k/LIf0f ug{ ;Dej<br />
x'g] s'/f ePg .<br />
hxf+;Dd pknJw >f]t / ;fwg<br />
cg';f/ cfjZos Joj:yf x'g] eGg] s'/f<br />
5, of] klg c:ki6 5 . ckfË eg]sf] cGo<br />
JolQm ;d'x<strong>jf</strong>6 km/s lsl;dn] c;'ljwf<br />
dxz'; u/L /x]sf JolQmx? x'g\ / d"n<br />
k|<strong>jf</strong>xsf] /fHosf] ljsf; sfo{qmdx?n]<br />
lbPsf cj;/x?sf] nfe lng] ltg}<br />
ckfËtfsf] sf/0fn] g;sL /x]sf] l:yltn]<br />
ubf{ pgLx?n] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> sfo{qmdsf] dfu ug'{<br />
k/]sf] x'G5 . u}/ ckfËx?sf] nflu d'n<br />
k|<strong>jf</strong>xdf ul/g] lzIffsf] Joj:Yff g} ;fdfGo<br />
lzIff x'G5 eg] jlx/f ckfËx?sf nflu<br />
nlIft <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> sfo{qmd g} ;fdfGo lzIff<br />
x'G5 . ljljw cg'ej ePsf JolQmx?sf]<br />
nflu Pp6} <strong>jf</strong> Psgf;] lzIff lbO{g' k5{<br />
eGg] xf] eg] ;j} /f]usf] nflu Pp6}<br />
cf}<strong>if</strong>wL eg] h:tf] x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltnfO{<br />
Wofgdf /fv]/ /fHon] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> ?kn]<br />
c;'ljwfdf k/]sf ckfËx?sf] nflu<br />
k|fyldstf ;fy sfo{d"ns <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> z}lIfs<br />
sfo{qmd cljnDj ;Grfng ug'{<br />
;+ljwfg<br />
Pj+ ;+ljwfgdf cleJoQm ;fdflhs<br />
Gofosf] efjgf cg's"n st{Jo x'g hfG5 .<br />
To;f] gu/L pknJw >f]t / ;fwgsf]<br />
cfwf/df cfjZos Joj:yf x'b} hfg] s'/f<br />
;Dd JoQm ug'{n]<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>osf] ulDe/tf<br />
cg';f/ sfo{d'ns Jojxf/ x'g g;s]sf]<br />
cg'ej x'G5 .<br />
oxF +g]/ ;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]<br />
tT<strong>jf</strong>jwfgdf ;fwf/0f ;ef<strong>jf</strong>6 !((# sf]<br />
l8;]Dj/df kfl/t ckfËx?sf nflu cj;/<br />
;dfgLs/0f ;DjGwL k|dfl0fs lgodx? -<br />
192<br />
c+s @<br />
Standard Rules on the Equalization of<br />
Opportunities for Persons with<br />
Disabilities_ sf] lgod ^ sf] lzIff<br />
;DjGwL Joj:yfn] pNn]v u/]sf s'/fx?<br />
x[boFud ug{ nfossf] b]lvG5 . pSt<br />
Joj:yf cGtu{t vf; u/L lgDg Joj:yf<br />
pNn]vlgo 5 .<br />
/fHon] ckfË <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf, o'<strong>jf</strong> /<br />
jo:ssf] nflu k|fylds , dfWolds tyf<br />
p<strong>Rr</strong> dfWoflds lzIffsf] nflu ;dfg<br />
cj;/sf] l;4fGtnfO{ Plss[t ?kdf<br />
dfGotf lbg' k5{ . ckfË lzIff, ckfË<br />
lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf<br />
/flvg' k5{ . ;fwf/0f lzIffsf clws[t<br />
lgsfo g} Plss[t ?kdf ckfË lzIffsf]<br />
nflu pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ . ckfË lzIff<br />
/fli6«o lzIff of]hgf, kf7\oqmd ljsf; /<br />
:s'n k|0ffnLsf] Ps cleGg c+u x'g' kb{5<br />
. ;fwf/0ftof :tl/o :s'nx?df lzIff<br />
lb+bf bf]ef<strong>if</strong>] tyf cGo pko'Qm ;xof]u<br />
;]<strong>jf</strong>x?sf] k|fjwfg pknJw 5 eGg]df<br />
cf:j:t eO{G5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf<br />
ckfËx?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ rflxg]<br />
kx'+r<br />
/ ;xof]u ;]<strong>jf</strong>x? kof{Kt dfqfdf<br />
:s'nn] k'¥ofPsf] x'g' kb{5 . -Rule 6-<br />
"state should recognize the principle of<br />
equal primary, secondary and tertiary<br />
educational opportunities for children,<br />
youth and adults, with disabilities in<br />
integrated settings. They should ensure<br />
that the education for persons with<br />
disabilities as an integral part of the<br />
educational system")<br />
g]kfnn] pSt lgodnfO{ ;g\<br />
!((# df g} x:tfIf/ u/L ;s]sf] / g]kfn<br />
;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] /
cfkm\g} ckfË hgtfx? k|lt ;d]t xfd|f]<br />
/fHosf] pQ/ bfloTjsf] efjn] ;d]t<br />
pSt lgodsf] /fHo leq sfof{Gjog ug'{<br />
cf}lrTo / Gofo ;+ut b]lvG5 . ;Ifd<br />
eg]sf cGo JolQmnfO{ d"n k|<strong>jf</strong>xsf] lzIff<br />
Joj:yf ug{ tTk/ /fHon] l;dfGts[t<br />
ckfËsf lzIffnfO{ pk]Iff ug{ s'g}<br />
xfntdf klg ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . /fli6«o<br />
>f]tsf] ljlgof]hgdf ckfË lzIffn] prLt<br />
k|fyldstfsf] ck]Iff ug'{<br />
c:jefljs<br />
b]lvg cfp+b}g . To;}n] k|wfgdGqL tyf<br />
dGqL kl/<strong>if</strong>b\sf] sfof{non] jlx/fsf<br />
;d:of ;dfwfg ug] { <strong>jf</strong>/] lglZrt<br />
sfo{qmdsf ;fy cl3 j9g h?/L b]lvg<br />
cfPsf] 5 . ljkIfL dWo]sf lzIff tyf<br />
v]ns'b dGqfno jlx/f lzIffsf] nflu<br />
sfd ug] { d'Vo h<strong>jf</strong>km b]xL <strong>jf</strong>]s]sf]<br />
dGqfno ePklg pSt dGqfnosf]<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>kmdf klg lgj]bsx?sf] dfu jdf]lhd<br />
jlx/fx?sf nflu sn]h :yfkgf ug{ /<br />
kf7\ok':ts ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf cg'<strong>jf</strong>b ug] {<br />
;DjGwdf ;sf/fTds /x]sf] dfq} pNn]v<br />
ePsf] kfO{of] . vf; sfo{qmd th'{df<br />
u/L<br />
sfof{Gjog u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]<br />
kfO{Pg .<br />
!)= <strong>jf</strong>:tjdf lgj]bsx?<br />
;+ljwfg / sfg"g jdf]lhd cfjZos<br />
Joj:yfsf] nflu dfu lnO{ cfPsf]<br />
cj:yfdf pgLx? k|lt pSt dGqfno<br />
;sf/fTds x'+b}df<br />
k'Ug] s'/f cfp+b}g .<br />
pgLx?sf] dfu k|lt ;sf/fTds x'g' :jo+<br />
;sf/fTds s'/f xf] t/ ;sf/fTds x'+b}df<br />
dfusf] ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg x'g] <strong>jf</strong> sfg"gL bfloTjsf]<br />
sfof{Gjog x'g] ge} To;sf] nflu ;+ljwfg<br />
/ sfg"gsf] efjgf cg's"n sfo{of]hgf<br />
;lxt Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'gfn]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
ljkIfL lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfnon]<br />
xfnsf] eGbf j9L lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/ / lqmoflzn<br />
eO{ lgj]bssf] dfusf] ;DjGwdf ulDe/<br />
k|of; ug'{<br />
h?/L b]lvg cfp+5 .<br />
ljkIfL dlxnf <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf tyf<br />
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] lbPsf] h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] ck|Tofl;t b]lvg<br />
cfPsf] 5 . pSt dGqfnon] cfk'mn]<br />
lgj]bsx? pk/ s] s:tf] sfd u/]sf] e}<br />
lgj]bssf] xs xgg ePsf] v'nfpg<br />
g;s]sf]n] cgfjZos ljkIfL jgfPsf]<br />
eGg] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L<br />
kfpg dfu u/]sf] kfO{G5 .<br />
pSt ljkIfLsf] gfd x]bf{ dlxnf ,<br />
<strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf / ;dfh sNof0f ug] { vfnsf]<br />
b]lvG5 . ckfË / jlx/f]klg :jefljs<br />
?kn] dlxnf , <strong>jf</strong>n<strong>jf</strong>lnsf /<br />
;dfhsNof0f;+u klg ;Dj4 lj<strong>if</strong>o<br />
b]lvG5 . ;dfhdf l;dfGts[t ju{df kg] {<br />
o:tf] ;d'bfosf] nflu pSt dGqfnon] s]<br />
s:tf] tTk/tf b]vfPsf] 5 , b]vfpg' kg] {<br />
x'G5 . p;<strong>jf</strong>6 To:tf] ju{sf] lxtsf]<br />
k|ltlglwTj <strong>jf</strong> ;dGjo u/]sf] x'g' ck]lIft<br />
x'g]df To;sf] pk]Iff pSt dGqfnon] s]<br />
s:tf] gsf/fTds e'ldsf v]n]sf]<br />
gv'nfPsf] eGg] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km lbPsf]<br />
b]lvG5 . k|:t't lj<strong>if</strong>o h:tf] k|s[ltsf]<br />
d'2fdf pSt dGqfnon] s] u/]g dxTjk"0f{<br />
xf]O{g, s] u¥of] Tof] dxTjk"0f{ xf] .<br />
lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] lj<strong>if</strong>odf dGqfnosf]<br />
tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6 s'g} sfd gx'g' eg]sf] /fHosf]<br />
tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6 ePsf] cs{d0otfnfO{ hgfp+5 .<br />
pk/f]Qm ;ldIff<strong>jf</strong>6 /fHosf]<br />
k|ltlglwTj ug] { ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvt<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>km<strong>jf</strong>6 lgj]bss]f xsdf ug'{kg]{<br />
;sf/fTds sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL geP gu/]sf]<br />
193
:ki6 b]lvg cfp+5 . ljkIfLx?sf]<br />
k|ltlglwTj ug'{<br />
x'g] dxfGofofwLjQmfsf]<br />
sfof{nosf pkGofoflwjQmf >L jh| ];<br />
Kofs'/]nn] klg lgj]bssf] dfusf]<br />
;DjGwdf lglZrt sfo{qmd ;lxt<br />
;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg u/]sf] eGg] lhls/ lng ;s]sf]<br />
;d]t b]lvg cfp+b}g . o; l:yltdf<br />
lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhd cfb]z hf/L<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ xf], xf]O{g < s] ug'{kg]<br />
{ xf] < ;f]<br />
;DjGwdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]<br />
{ ePsf] 5 .<br />
pk/f]Qm ljZn]<strong>if</strong>0fx?<strong>jf</strong>6 lgj]bgdf<br />
pNn]v eP em} jlx/f]kg<strong>jf</strong>6 k|efljt<br />
ePsf JolQm nufotsf ckfËx?nfO{<br />
tt\sflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,<br />
@)$& sf] wf/f !! Pj+ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg, @)^# wf/f !# jdf]lhd ;d]t<br />
sfg"gsf cufl8 ;dfg / sfg"gsf] ;dfg<br />
;+/If0fsf] xs ePsf]df lj<strong>jf</strong>b b]lvPg .<br />
;f] jdf]lhd cGo ;Ifd ju{sf] ;dfg<br />
jlx/f]kgn] k|efljt JolQmx?n] ;d]t d"n<br />
k|<strong>jf</strong>xsf] lzIff Joj:Yff ug] { ljkIfL<br />
;/sf/s} cleGg bfloTjsf] ?kdf<br />
jlx/fx?sf] nflu ;d]t cfjZos /<br />
prLt p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
b]lvg cfp+5 . pSt bfloTj cGt/fli6«o<br />
dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g ;DjGwL g]kfn kIf<br />
ePsf] ljleGg b:tfj]hx? h:t} dfgj<br />
clwsf/ ;DjGwL 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkq, !($* -wf/f<br />
@^_, gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/<br />
;DjGwL cGt/fli6«o cg'jGw, !(^^ -wf/f<br />
@^_, cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts<br />
clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/fli6«o dxf;GwL,<br />
!(^^ -wf/f !#_, <strong>jf</strong>n clwsf/ ;DjGwL<br />
dxf;GwL, !(*( -wf/f @* / @(_ sf<br />
cltl/Qm ckfËtf ;+/If0f ;DjGwL<br />
dxf;GwL (Convention on protection of<br />
194<br />
c+s @<br />
Disabilities) df ePsf] Joj:yfn] ;d]t<br />
>[lht u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ckfË ;+/If0f tyf<br />
sNof0f P]g, @)#( ;fy} lzIff P]g,@)@*<br />
nufotn] klg lgj]bsx?sf] xs bfloTj<br />
l;h{gf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
To;sf] cltl/Qm lgj]bs ;'b{zg<br />
;'j]bL lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqL kl/<strong>if</strong>b\<br />
;lr<strong>jf</strong>no ;d]t ePsf] k/dfb]zo'Qm<br />
k|lt<strong>if</strong>]wsf] lgj]bgdf o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6<br />
@)^).&.@* df ckfËx?sf] lzIff<br />
;DjGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ljkIfLx?sf<br />
gfp+df cfb]z hf/L eO{ ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
pSt cfb]zdf "cGwf, ckfË, jlx/f tyf<br />
;':tdgl:ylt ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ g]kfn<br />
clw/fHoel/sf ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs<br />
ljBfno, ljZjljBfno tyf tflnd<br />
s]Gb|x?df lgMz'Ns egf{ u/L u/fO{<br />
lghx?<strong>jf</strong>6 egf{ ePkl5 s'g} klg<br />
lsl;dsf] ;]<strong>jf</strong> z'Ns glng', lng<br />
gnufpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfp+df<br />
lgb] {zgfTds cfb]z hf/L" ePsf] 5 . ;f]<br />
cfb]z sfof{Gjog gePsf] egL hglxt<br />
;+/If0f d~rsf] tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6 ;d]t kg{ cfPsf]<br />
;Dj\t @)^# ;fnsf] l/=g+= #%^$ sf]<br />
lgj]bgdf o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ldlt @)^$.!.<strong>@%</strong><br />
df yk cfb]z u/L sfof{Gjogsf] lgb] {z<br />
lbPsf] b]lvG5, h'g o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 "<br />
;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gn] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> Joj:yf<br />
jdf]lhd zf/Ll/s ?kdf leGg ePsf<br />
JolQm <strong>jf</strong> ;d'bfosf] lxt ;+/If0fsf] nflu<br />
;DjlGwt ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfsf]<br />
k|ltlglw ;d]t ;fd]n u/fO{ <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>1 ;d]t<br />
/x]sf] ;/sf/L k|ltlglwsf] ;+of]hsTjdf<br />
;ldlt u7g u/L lglZrt dfkb08 -<br />
Parameter_ sf] cfwf/df of]hgf / gLlt<br />
to ug] { ;DjGwdf /fo k|ltj]bg lnO{
;f]sf] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg / P]gn] lglb{i6<br />
u/]s]f ckfËx?sf] lxt ;+/If0f / ;]<strong>jf</strong><br />
;'ljwf ;'lglZrt u/L nfu' ug'{,<br />
u/fpg' /<br />
To;sf] k|ltj]bg o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{ ^–^<br />
dlxgfdf lb+b} hfg' egL ljkIfLx?sf]<br />
gfp+df k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf]<br />
cj:yf 5 .<br />
!!= pSt cfb]zx?<strong>jf</strong>6 ljkIfL<br />
;/sf/sf c+ux?n] ckfË lzIffsf] vf;<br />
pNn]vlgo k|fjwfg u/L k|utL gu/]sf]<br />
b]lvG5 eg] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] /f]xdf vf;<br />
u/L jlx/fkgsf] k|efj k/]sf JolQmx?sf]<br />
p<strong>Rr</strong> lzIffsf] nflu sn]h :yfkgf ug] { /<br />
kf7\o k':tsx?sf] ;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fdf<br />
cg'<strong>jf</strong>b ug] { s'/fx? emg} c;DjlGwt<br />
b]lvg cfof] . /fHon] ug'{kg]<br />
{ clg<strong>jf</strong>o{<br />
bfloTjsf] c+u :j?k dflgg] lzIff h:tf]<br />
s'/fdf o; lsl;dsf] pbfl;gtf /fHosf]<br />
nflu ;'xfp+bf] x]fO{g . o;<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
jlx/f]kg<strong>jf</strong>6 k|efljt ju{ <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> ?kn] yk<br />
jlx:s/0fdf kg] { l:ylt b]lvG5 .<br />
;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / sfof{Gjogsf]<br />
bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]<br />
{ cj:yfdf /x]sf]<br />
Gofokflnsfsf] x}l;otn] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
df}g j:g ;Sg] l:ylt klg /x]g .<br />
o:t} cj:yfdf Sofgf8fsf]<br />
;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] Eldridge sf] d'2fdf<br />
lbPsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o :d/l0fo 5 . pSt d'2fdf<br />
jlx/f]kg<strong>jf</strong>6 k|efljt JolQmx?n] ljut<br />
cyf{t P]ltxfl;+s sfnb]lv c?n] eGbf<br />
cltl/Qm c;'ljwf ef]u]sf] x'G5g\ / /fHon]<br />
pgLx?sf] ;d'lrt k|jGw gu/]sf]n]<br />
:<strong>jf</strong>:Yo nufotsf To:tf kl/l:ylt<br />
l;h{gf ePsf] x'+bf<br />
cj To:tf] JolQmsf]<br />
nflu :<strong>jf</strong>:Yo ;]<strong>jf</strong> lng 8fS6/sxf+ hfFbf<br />
pgLx?n] dfu u/]sf bf]ef<strong>if</strong>]sf] clg<strong>jf</strong>o{<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
195<br />
Joj:yf ug'{,<br />
;f+s]lts ef<strong>if</strong>fsf] k|of]u ug'{<br />
egL Toxf+sf] ;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ;/sf/sf]<br />
gfddf cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] . pSt<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{odf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ;j} gful/snfO{ ;/x<br />
o; ju{sf gful/sx?n] klg sfg"gsf]<br />
;dfg nfe lng kfFpg] s'/fsf] pb\3f]<strong>if</strong>0ff<br />
ul/Psf] 5 . pSt d'2fdf :<strong>jf</strong>:Yo ;]<strong>jf</strong><br />
lngnfO{ jlx/f]kgn] c;/ u/]sf] JolQmn]<br />
lrlsT;s <strong>jf</strong> lrlsT;f ;+:yfdf cfkm\gf]<br />
s'/f cleJoQm ug{ k/]sf] c;'ljwfsf]<br />
cg'ejnfO{ ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg ug{ cfb]z ePsf]<br />
x'+bf<br />
jlx/f]kgsf] c;/ /x]s]f JolQmnfO{<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>f / ;Dk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] dxTjnfO{ :ki6 u/]sf]<br />
5 . To;sf] dxTj lzIff If]qdf cem j9L<br />
/xg] s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 . jlx/f]kgn]<br />
c;/ kf/]sf] JolQmn] lzIff, :<strong>jf</strong>:Yo,<br />
oftfoft nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwfsf<br />
x/]s If]qdf Joxf]g'{<br />
k/]sf] c;'ljwfnfO{<br />
Plss[t / Jofks -Integrated and<br />
comprehensive_ 9Fun] ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg gu/]<br />
;Dd pgLx?sf] ;d:ofsf] ;du| ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg<br />
x'g ;Sg] b]lvGg .<br />
g]kfnsf] xfn;Ddsf ;+ljwfgx?n]<br />
;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|fjwfg lg/Gt/ ub} {<br />
cfPsf] ePklg ;dfgtfsf] xssf]<br />
k|rngdf ;j}sf] ;dfg kx'+rsf]<br />
l:ylt<br />
;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZostfg';f/ Plss[t<br />
Pj+ <strong>ljz</strong>]l<strong>if</strong>s[t b'j} lsl;dsf] cfk|j]znfO{<br />
c+lusf/ u/L sfo{of]hgf ;fy cl3 j9\g'<br />
kg] { ePsf]df To:tf] ePsf] kfO{b}g .<br />
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs OltxfF;df 5 j6f<br />
ljleGg ;+ljwfgx?sf] k|of]u kZrft\ klg<br />
;dfgtfsf] If]qdf vf; k|ult gx'g] /<br />
ljleGg ju{, Joj;fo, wd{, ln+u /<br />
cj:yfsf JolQmx? pk/sf] e]befjsf]<br />
l:ylt lg/Gt/ / c;D<strong>jf</strong>]lwt /xL /xg'n]
pSt k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjogdf JofKt<br />
Jofks pbfl;gtfnfO{ pbfË ul/ /x]s]f<br />
k|i6 5 .<br />
!@= clje]bsf] l:ylt l;h{gf<br />
ug{ lje]bx? x6fpg' kb{5 . lje]bx?<br />
x6fpg ljeb]sf If]qx?sf] klxrfg ug{ ] /<br />
To;sf] ;D<strong>jf</strong>]wg ug] { /0fgLlts of]hgf<br />
jgfO{ sfo{fGjog ug'{<br />
kb{5 . Ps ljGb'<br />
;Dd <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> sfo{qmd ;fy lje]bx?sf]<br />
pGd'ng ug{ ] gLltsf] sfof{Gjog u/L<br />
clje]bsf] l:ylt v8f u/L ;dfg<br />
w/ftlno oyfy{df clg ;dfgtfs]f<br />
l;4fGtsf] ;dfg sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Dej<br />
/xG5 . To;}n] ;dfgtfnfO{<br />
cf}krfl/stf<strong>jf</strong>6 ;f/<strong>jf</strong>g l:yltdf<br />
?kfGt/0f ug{ <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> pkfox? ckgfpg<br />
h?/L x'G5 . sfg"gdf ;dfgtfsf] xssf]<br />
k|fjwfg ul/P klg Tof] xs cGtu{t<br />
ljleGg ju{ / ;d'bfosf] cg'ejx?<br />
;d]l6Psf] 5}g eg] ;j}n] ;dfg ?kdf<br />
To;sf] nfe lng ;Sg] cj:yf /xGg . of]<br />
Jojxfl/s ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug] { lj<strong>if</strong>o xf]<br />
. o:t} s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ Sofg8fdf<br />
xsx?sf] 3f]<strong>if</strong>0ffkq -Charter of Rights _<br />
cGtu{t ;dfgtfsf] xs leq xfd|f] h:tf]<br />
sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / sfg"gsf]<br />
;dfg ;+/If0fsf] s'/f dfq} g;d]6]/<br />
sfg"gsf] ;dfg nfesf] s'/f ;d]t<br />
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . lgj]bsn] u/]sf]<br />
dfunfO{ sfg"gsf] ;dfg nfe;+u ;d]t<br />
hf]8]/ xfd|f] ;+ljwfg cGtu{t ;dfgtfsf]<br />
xsnfO{ k"0f{ / hLjGt ?kdf ;d]l6g<br />
h?/L b]lvg cfPs]f 5 .<br />
!#= xfdLn] lj;{g g;Sg] s'/f<br />
s] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgdf xsx?sf] nfdf] ;"lr<br />
k|:t't u/] klg ltgLx? :jtM sfof{Gjog<br />
196<br />
c+s @<br />
x'+b}gg\<br />
. ltgsf] k|rngs]f nflu Goflos<br />
pkrf/ dfu ul/P klg <strong>jf</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
;/sf/sf] gfddf s'g} lgb] {z hf/L u/]<br />
klg :jtM sfof{Gjog x'b}gg\ .<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>4f/f lgb]{lzt Joj:yf sfof{Gjog<br />
ug{ /fHon] ;+ljwfg hf/L ubf{ ;+ljwfg<br />
k|lt jkmfbf/ /xg] / p;sf] cIf/ /<br />
efjgfsf] O{dfGbf/ sfof{Gjog ug] { h'g<br />
k|ltj4tf b]vfPsf] x'G5 ,To;nfO{<br />
JolQmut / ;+:yfut b'j} :t/df lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/<br />
lgsfo Pj+ kbflwsf/Lx?n] lg<strong>jf</strong>{x ug{<br />
;Sg' kb{5 . ;+ljwfgnfO{ hgtfn] :jLsf/<br />
ubf{ ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6]sf d'No / dfGotf<br />
j}w 5g\ / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ /fHosf]<br />
jt{dfg Pj+ efjL ;/sf/ <strong>jf</strong> ltgsf]<br />
c+ux? O{dfGbf/ x'G5g\ / sfof{Gjog<br />
ug] {5g\ eGg] ljZ<strong>jf</strong>; lnPsf x'G5g\ .<br />
e'mSofpgsf] nflu dfq} ;+ljwfgsf] s'g}<br />
lqmoflzn efudf hg ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx?<br />
;d]l6Psf xf]nfg\ egL hgtfn] ;f]Rg<br />
;Sg] l:ylt /x+b}g . t/ ckfËx?sf]<br />
;d:ofsf] ;DjGwdf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] k6s<br />
k6ssf] cfb]z lgb] {z kZrft klg x''g'<br />
kg] {<br />
Joj:yfx? gePsf]<strong>jf</strong>6 /fHosf]<br />
;+j]bgzLntfdf k|Zg lrGx bzf{O{ /x]sf]<br />
5 . /fHon] cfkm\gf] hgtfk|lt vf; u/L<br />
l;dfGts[t ju{sf] ;d:of k|ltsf] cfkm\gf]<br />
sfg"gL Pj+ g}lts lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/LnfO{<br />
lqmofTds ?kn] g} k'/f u/]/ b]vfpg<br />
h?/L 5 . ;f] ;'lglZrt ug{<br />
cfjZotfg';f/ o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] klg cfkm\gf]<br />
;+j}wflgs e"ldnfO{ k|v/ kfg{ kl5 x6\g<br />
ldNb}g .<br />
lgj]bsx?sf] dfusf] ;DjGwdf<br />
jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lw<strong>jf</strong>g, @)^#<br />
sf] wf/f !# df Jojl:yt ;dfgtfsf]
xssf] ;fdfGo k|fjwfg sf] cltl/Qm<br />
k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yfdf "t/ dlxnf,<br />
blnt, cflb<strong>jf</strong>;L, hghflt, dw]zL,<br />
ls;fg, dhb'/ <strong>jf</strong> cfly{s ;fdflhs <strong>jf</strong><br />
;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ <strong>jf</strong><br />
<strong>jf</strong>ns, j[4 tyf ckfË <strong>jf</strong> zf/Ll/s <strong>jf</strong><br />
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k|ltpQ/ glkm/fO{ z'? Dofb} u'hf/L j;]sf<br />
/x]5g .<br />
o;df z'?sf] cfb]zfg';f/ <strong>jf</strong>bLsf<br />
;fIfL sfG5f lj;+Vo]n] <strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ ;dy{g<br />
x'g] u/L sfG5f lj;+Vo] / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL laSsL<br />
dxh{gsf] ;fIfL ho/fd >]i7n]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] ;dy{g x'g] u/L askq u/]sf]<br />
b]lvG5 .<br />
o;df h]7L >LdtL <strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{<br />
gb]vfO{ lghsf] c+z xs dfg] { lgotn]<br />
Jox]f/f 9f6L u/L lbPsf] lnvt hfn;fhL<br />
xf]Og eGg gldNg] x'Fbf<br />
bfaLsf] /flhgfdf<br />
lnvtsf] # efu dWo] <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] Ps efu<br />
;Dd lst] { sfuhsf] # g+ adf]lhd<br />
hfn;fhL x'g] / ;f] xb;Dd ptm lnvt<br />
lgis[o ;d]t x'G5 . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL laSsL<br />
dxh{gnfO{ c+lzof/ /x]sf] s'/f hfgsf/L<br />
gePsf] x'bf lghnfO{ hfn;fhLdf ;hfo<br />
201
x'g ;St}g . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL l;+x/fd / udnfn]<br />
hfgL hfgL lnvt u/L lbPsfn]<br />
lghx?nfO{ hfn;fhLsf] ljuf] ?<br />
#,##,###.#$ sf] lst] { sfuhsf] !) g+<br />
adf]lhd ;os8f <strong>@%</strong> k|ltztn] x'g] ?<br />
*#,###.#$ sf] bfdf;fxLn] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf x'g]<br />
7x5{ eGg] z'? sf7df08f} lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] @)^!.#.@! sf] k}m;nf .<br />
lakIfL <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] la<strong>jf</strong>lbt lnvtdf<br />
dGh'/L gePsf] eP n]gb]g Joaxf/sf] !)<br />
g+ adf]lhd sfg"gsf Dofb} leq gfn]z<br />
lnO{ cfpg' kg] { k|i6 5 . pQm sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yf adf]lhd bfaL glnO{ lst] {<br />
sfuhsf] # g+ adf]lhd bfaL ug{ kfpg]<br />
x}g . d k'g/fj]bsn] ldlt @)%&.!@.!%<br />
df lnvt kfl/t u/L lnPsf] x'F<br />
. lakIfL<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lkm/fb ldlt @)%(.!.!( df kg{<br />
cfPsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf sfd eP<br />
u/]sf] ldltn] @ j<strong>if</strong>{ leq gfn]z ug'{kg]{df<br />
@ j<strong>if</strong>{ g3fO{ kg{ cfPsf] lkm/fb vf/]h<br />
gu/L x'g k'u]sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] gx'Fbf<br />
pQm k}m;nf ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpF eGg]<br />
;d]t Jox]f/fsf] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL laSsL dxh{gsf]<br />
k'g/fa]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gdf k/]sf]<br />
k'g/fa]bg .<br />
z'?af6 ePsf] k}m;nf gldnL<br />
km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf c=j= @)@ g+<br />
adf]lhd 5nkmnsf] nflu k|ToyL{nfO{<br />
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> Dofb gf3]kl5<br />
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] k'g/fa]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf] ldlt @)^@.&.@ ut]sf]<br />
cfb]z .<br />
d]/f] ;d]t c+z xs nfUg] ls=g+=<br />
%! sf] If]=km= #–!)–)–) hUuf k'/}<br />
lakIfLx?sf] ldnf]dtf]df d]/f] c+z xs<br />
d]6fpg] dg;fon] hfn;fhL k"0f{ tj/n]<br />
202<br />
c+s @<br />
/flhgfdfsf] lnvt u/L lbg' lng' u/]sf]<br />
x'Fbf<br />
pQm lnvt dWo] # v08sf] ! v08<br />
lnvt hfn;fhL 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t u/L ;f] lnvt<br />
ab/ u/L lakIfLnfO{ xb};Dd ;hfo<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] <strong>jf</strong>bL bfaL / <strong>jf</strong>bLsf kltn]<br />
cfˆgf] 3/ Joaxf/ rnfpgsf nflu hUuf<br />
ljqmL u/]sf] sfo{df <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] ;xdtL 5}g<br />
eGg gldNg] x'bf e'mf lkm/fb bfaLaf6<br />
k'm;{b kfpF eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhls/ /x]sf]df<br />
# efusf] ! efu lnvt hfn;fhL 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t<br />
u/L ;f] lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/fO{ z'?n]<br />
u/]sf] k}m;nf pk/ k|:t't k'g/fa]bg bfo/<br />
x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . sf7df08f} lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ldlt @)^!.#.@!df ls=g+ %!<br />
sf] If]=km= #–!)–) hUufdf k|ToyL{<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] # efusf] ! efu c+z xs nfUg]<br />
hUuf lghsf] dGh'/L glnO{ ldlt<br />
@)%&.!@.!% df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL l;+x/fd lj;+Vo]<br />
g]kfnLn] k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL laSsL<br />
dxh{gnfO{ /flhgfdf u/L pQm hUuf #<br />
efusf] ! efu hfn;fhL u/L ljqmL u/L<br />
lbPsfn] ;f] xb;Dd pQm lnvt<br />
hfn;fhL 7x/L pQm lnvt lgis[o ;d]t<br />
e} k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL dWo]sf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL l;+x/fd<br />
lj;+Vo] / udnf lj;+ \Vo] g]kfnLnfO{ lst] {<br />
sfuhsf] !) g+ adf]lhd ;hfo ;d]t<br />
x'g] u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^!.#.@! sf]<br />
sf7df08f} lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] k}m;nf<br />
dgfl;j b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg]<br />
k'g/fa]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf] ldlt<br />
@)^@.@.@* ut]sf] k}m;nf .<br />
o; d'2fdf dfq lakIfL <strong>jf</strong>bLsf<br />
klt / ;f}tfn] k|ltpQ/ lkm/fpg' ePsf]<br />
5}g . cGo lnvt ab/ / hfn;fhLdf<br />
k|ltpQ/ lnO{ pkl:yt x'g' ePsf] 5 .<br />
o;af6 klg s] k|i6 x'G5 eGg] d]/f bftf
lakIfL <strong>jf</strong>bL ;d]t ldnL dnfO{<br />
cgfxsdf b'Mv lbg] ldn'<strong>jf</strong> d'2f ug{ jb<br />
lgot /fv]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . oxfF d}n] dfly<br />
k|s/0f k|s/0fdf lnPsf] lhsL/nfO{<br />
k|lts"n c;/ gkg] { u/L j}slNks ?kdf<br />
s] s'/f p7fpg rfxfG5' eg] d]/f bftfn]<br />
c+zj08fsf] !(-!_ adf]lhd k}t[s<br />
;DklQsf] cfwf;Dd 3/ Joaxf/ ug{<br />
s;}sf] dGh'/L <strong>jf</strong> ;xdlt lng'kg] { cj:yf<br />
5}g . o;/L x]bf{ b]lvPs} k}t[s ;DklQ ^–<br />
@–! /x]sf] 5 . To:fsf] cfwf eg]sf] #–!–<br />
)–@ hUuf;Dd s;}sf] dGh'/L glnO{<br />
Joaxf/ ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf la<strong>jf</strong>b x'g<br />
;Sb}g . #–!)–) af6 #–!–@ 36fpbf )–<br />
*–@ dfq la<strong>jf</strong>lbt /xof] / pQm )–*–@<br />
dWo] # v08 cyf{t )–@–#–) hUuf ;Dd<br />
ab/ x'g] xf] . To; tk{m ljrf/;Dd gu/L<br />
cfTdlgi7 eO{ u/]sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5}g .<br />
pQm k}m;nf gldn]sf] Jox]f/f ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;Djt \<br />
@)%@ ;fnsf] b]=ld=g ##** led jxfb'/<br />
sfsL{ lj?4 sdn jxfb'/ sfsL{ ePsf]<br />
;=c=j'n]l6g j<strong>if</strong>{ ( c+s * k[i7 !) _<br />
;d]taf6 ;dly{t ePs} 5 . lakIfL<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lkm/fb bfaL gk'Ug] ;dy{gdf<br />
g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)%% lg=g+= <strong>^%</strong>() k[i7 $**<br />
g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)%# lg=g+ ^!%* k[i7 !(%<br />
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]taf6 ;dly{t<br />
ePs} 5 . ctM dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf<br />
pNn]lvt j]xf]/f jd]flhd lakIfL <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
e'm7f] j]xf]/fsf] ;fy, xbDofbsf] cefjdf<br />
sfg"g ljk/Lt k/]sf] lkm/fb bfaL k'Ug]<br />
u/L x'g uPsf] k}m;nf ab/ efuL /x]sf]<br />
k|i6 5 . t;y{ k'g/fa]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
k}m;nf ab/ efuL /x]sf]n] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
OG;fkm kfpF eGg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df kg{<br />
cfPsf] <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lgj]bg .<br />
o;df <strong>jf</strong>bL /fwf lj;+Vo] l;+x/fd<br />
lj;+Vo]sL kTgL eGg] b]lvG5 . log} klt<br />
klTg aLr rn]sf] c+z d'2faf6 <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
kltsf] la<strong>jf</strong>lbt ls=g+ %! sf] hUuf #–<br />
!)–)–) dfq geO{ hDdf ^–!–#–) hUuf<br />
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . <strong>jf</strong>bL /fwf lj;+Vo]<br />
tLg clzof/ dWo]sf] Ps c+lzof/ ePsf]<br />
b]lvG5 . <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] kltn] k'g/fj]bsnfO{<br />
laqmL u/]sf] hUufdf <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] dGh'/L<br />
glnO{ laqmL u/]sf] ePklg <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] ltg<br />
v08sf] Psv08df dfq xs x'g] /<br />
c+zj08fsf] !( g+ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bsnfO{<br />
laqmL u/]sf] hDdf hUufdf cfwf hUuf<br />
dfq ljqmL u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] kltn]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] dGh'/L glnO{ laqmL ug{ ;Sg]df<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] dGh'/L glnO{ laqmL u/]sf] elg<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLn] lnvt ab/ tk{m bfaL g} glnO{<br />
hfn;fhL u/]sf] egL k/]sf] lkm/fbsf]<br />
cfwf/df lnvt ab/ u/]sf] z'?sf] k}m;nf<br />
;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fa]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf]<br />
k}m;nf c=j= !*$ g+ tyf c+zj08fsf]<br />
!( g+ sf] JofVofTds q'6L x'Fbf<br />
Gofo<br />
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_<br />
adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg<br />
u/L lbPsf] 5 . sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{<br />
eGg]<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;+o'tm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;sf] ldlt<br />
@)^#.!@.@* ut]sf] cfb]z .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd k]zL<br />
;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't<br />
d'2fsf] k'g/fa]bg lhls/ ;lxtsf] ldl;n<br />
cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs laSsL dxh{gsf]<br />
tk{maf6 /xg' ePsf] ljåfg jl/i7<br />
clwjtmf >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/L /<br />
clwjQmf >L r08]Zj/ nfn >]i7n]<br />
203
la<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf s[l<strong>if</strong> ljsf; j}sdf <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
>Ldfgn] lwtf] /fvL lnPsf] C0f r'tmf<br />
ug{ <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] ;xdltaf6 ljqmL u/]sf]<br />
hUuf xfd|f] kIfn] vl/b u/L lnPsf] xf] .<br />
s'g} hfn;fh k"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g .<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] >Ldfgsf] cGo hUuf <strong>jf</strong>FsL g}<br />
ePsf] / ;f] hUufaf6 c+z kfpg] g} x'Fbf<br />
la<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf vl/b u/L lnPsf] xf] .<br />
k|ToyL{ <strong>jf</strong>bLn] lnvt ab/ d'2f 5'§} lbg'<br />
kg] {df pQm d'2f glbO{ k|:t't hfn;fhL<br />
d'2fsf] cfwf/df xfd|f] kIfn] lnPsf]<br />
hUufsf] #efusf] ! efu lnvt ab/ x'g]<br />
7x/fPsf] k'g/fa]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf]<br />
k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL bfaL vf/]h<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] jx; ug'{eof]<br />
. k|ToyL{ <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
/fwf lj;Vo]sf] tk{maf6 ljåfg<br />
clwjtmfx? lvdfgGb jGhf8], ?s' yfkf<br />
s]=;L+= / led/fh s8l/ofn] xfd|f kIf<br />
k|ToyL{ dWo]sf] l;+x/fd lj;+Vo]sf] h]7L<br />
>LdtL /x]sf] / lghx?sf] aLrdf ljlwjt<br />
c+zj08f ePsf] 5}g . <strong>jf</strong>bL /fwf lj;Vo]<br />
l;x/fd lj;+Vo]sf] h]7L >LdtL /x]sf]<br />
cj:yf lghsf] >Ldfg l;+x/fdn] la<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUuf ljqmL ubf{ /flhgfdf sfuhdf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ ;fIfL /fv]sf] 5}g . <strong>jf</strong>bL /fwf<br />
lj;+Vo]sf] d+h'/gfdf geP;Dd <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
>Ldfgn] ljqmL u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf]<br />
ljqmL ePsf] /lhi6« ]zgsf] lnvt n]gb]g<br />
Joaxf/sf] !) g+ cg';f/ ab/ x'g ;Sg]<br />
x'G5 . t;y{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?n] ldn]fdtf] u/L<br />
hfn;fhk"j{s ljqmL lng' lbg' u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
hfn;fhL 7x/fO{ # efusf] ! efusf]<br />
lnvt hfn;fh u/]sf] 7x/fO{ ab/ x'g]<br />
7x/fPsf] k'g/fa]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf]<br />
k}m;nf ldn]sf] x'Fbf<br />
;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg]<br />
jx; ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
204<br />
c+s @<br />
#= <strong>lg0f</strong>{o tk{m ljrf/ ubf{<br />
xfdL # c+lzof/ 5f} . ;Dk'+0f{<br />
;DklQ<br />
kltsf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] 5 . d h]7L<br />
>LdtL x'Fbf<br />
x'b} klt l;+x/fd lj;+Vo]n]<br />
d]/f] c+z xs nfUg] hUuf sf=lh=;t'+un<br />
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ $ v ls=g+ %! sf]<br />
If]qkmn #–!)–)–) hUuf hfn;fhL u/L<br />
@)%&.!@.!% df csf{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL laSsL<br />
dxh{gnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
lst] {<br />
sfuhsf] # g+ adf]lhd hfn;fhL 3f]l<strong>if</strong>t<br />
u/L P]sf] !) g+ cg';f/ ;hfo ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] <strong>jf</strong>bL bfaL / bfaLsf] sfuh # g+<br />
k|lts"n ePsf] 5}g . lakIfL <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
dGh'/Laf6 lghsf] kltn] la<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUuf<br />
ljlqm u/L lbPsf]n] n]gb]g Joaxf/sf]<br />
!) g+ k|lts"n gePsf]n] <strong>jf</strong>bL bfaL vf/]h<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b lhls/ ePsf]<br />
k|:t't d'2fdf hfn;fhL 7x/fO{ z'?<br />
sf7df08f} lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] # efusf] !<br />
efu lnvt lgis[o 7x/fPsf] k}m;nfnfO{<br />
;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fa]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf]<br />
k}m;nf pk/ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL laSsL dxh{gsf]<br />
lgj]bgdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg e}<br />
k'g/fjb]gdf btf{ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf]<br />
b]lvof] .<br />
$= o;df la<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUUff<br />
;t'+un<br />
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ $-v_ ls=g+ %!<br />
sf] If]qkmn #–!)–)–) ;DklQ ;uf]ndf<br />
/x]sf] / oL <strong>jf</strong>bL /fwf lj;+Vo] clzof/<br />
/x]sf]df la<strong>jf</strong>b b]lvPg . o:tf] ;uf]nsf]<br />
k}lqs ;DklQdf ljqmL Joaxf/ cflb h]<br />
;'s} x'g] cj:yfdf pd]/ k'u]sf] c+lzof/sf]<br />
d+h'/L lng'kg] { clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ Joj:yf n]gb]g<br />
Joaxf/sf] !) g+ sf] sfg"gn] u/]sf]<br />
kfOG5 . h; cg';f/ c+z gePsf]<br />
c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ a]r ljvg
ubf{ <strong>jf</strong> s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lb+bf<br />
P]gn] cfk'm v'zL ug{ kfpg] c?sf] dGh'/L<br />
lng' gkg] {df <strong>jf</strong>x]s c?df Psf3/sf<br />
c+lzof/ ;j} ;fIfL j;]sf] <strong>jf</strong> dGh'/Lsf]<br />
lnvt u/L lbPsf] eP dfq kSsf 7x5{ .<br />
k|:t't lnvtdf oL <strong>jf</strong>bL ;fIfL j;]sf] <strong>jf</strong><br />
dGh'/L lbPsf] klg b]lvb}g . 3/ Joaxf/<br />
rnfpg cfwf;Dd 3/sf] d'nLn] ljqmL<br />
ug{ kfpg] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x] klg<br />
j}sdf lwtf] ;DklQ psf; ug] {<br />
l;nl;nfdf Joaxf/ rnfpg ljqmL u/]sf]<br />
eGg] b]lvg cfPg . o:tf]df c+zj08fsf]<br />
!* g+ n] lghL 7xg] { / P] sf] !( g+ n]<br />
cfˆgf] kfnfdf cfh] {sf] ;DklQ lghL 7xg] {<br />
cj:yf <strong>jf</strong>x]s ;u} j;]sf] ;DklQ<br />
;uf]nsf] cfh{gdf ;j} clzof/sf] efu<br />
nfUg] eGg] g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)%$ lg=g+ ^#)#<br />
k[i7 ! df nIdL b]jL <strong>jf</strong>:tf]nf lj?4 OGb|<br />
df]xg clwsf/L ePsf] lnvt ab/ d'2fdf<br />
j[xb k"0f{ <strong>Ohnf</strong>;af6 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg<br />
eO{;s]sf] ;d]taf6 ;dly{t ePsf] b]lvg<br />
cfpF5 . lnvt ab/ / hfn;fh<br />
;DjGwdf kIfn] cfk'mnfO{ ;xh kg] {<br />
h'g;'s} af6f] cjnDjg ug{ ;Sg] g} x'Fbf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL lnvt jb/df gcfO{ hfn;fhdf<br />
dfq cfPsf]nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldn]g<br />
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ToyL{ <strong>jf</strong>bL /fwf lj;+Vo]sf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
205<br />
xs nfUg] hUuf lghsf] dGh'/L j]u/<br />
ljqmL Joaxf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lst] {<br />
sfuhsf] # g+ cg';f/ xs d]6g] sfo{<br />
u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
hfn;fh x'g] 7x5{ . o;<br />
cj:yfdf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?n] n]gb]g u/]sf]<br />
lnvt ;DklQdf <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] bfaL sfod /xg<br />
g;Sg] eGg pko'tm gx'g] x'Fbf<br />
o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6 d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f<br />
k|bfg x'Fbf<br />
pNn]v j" +bf ;+u of] <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
;xdt x'g ;s]g . ctM <strong>jf</strong>bL bfaL<br />
cg';f/ <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] xsdf ;Dd ldlt<br />
@)%&.!@.!% sf] lnvt hfn;fh x'g]<br />
7x/fPsf] z'? sf7df08f} lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] k}m;nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]<br />
k'g/fa]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf] ldlt<br />
@)^#.@.@* sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] b]lv+bf<br />
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgod adf]lhd<br />
j'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
ptm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7<br />
Olt ;Djt @)^$ ;fn df3 * ut] /f]h<br />
# z'ed=======================================<br />
Zffvf clws[t M h<strong>jf</strong>x/k|;fb l;+x
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(## g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;+o'St <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L kjg s'df/ cf]emf<br />
;+jt @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 gDj/ )^(&<br />
cfb]z ldltM @)^$.&.@&.<br />
la<strong>if</strong>oM– pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0f ;d]t .<br />
+ +<br />
lgj]bsM sf7df8f} lhNnf sf7df8f}<br />
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !!<br />
eb|sfnL Knfhf l:yt g]zgn<br />
sG:6«S;g sDkgL g]kfn<br />
lj?4<br />
ljkIfLM k'g/fj]bg<br />
nlntk'/ ;d]t<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6g,<br />
{<br />
� ;Demf}tdf dWo:y lgo'Qm ug]<br />
ljlw / dWo:ysf] ;+Vof cflb<br />
;d]t :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] t/<br />
pNn]v ePsf] k|lqmof / ljlw<br />
ckgfpFbf klg dWo:y lgo'lQm x'g<br />
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dWo:ytf P]g,<br />
@)%% sf] bkmf & adf]lhd<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfk"mdf<br />
ePsf] appointing authority sf]<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L dWo:y<br />
lgo'lQm ug'{kg]<br />
.<br />
� kIfx?n] lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
-k|s/0f g+=$_<br />
;dfwfg<br />
dWo:yåf/f u/fpg] u/L ;+emf}tf<br />
u/]sf]df ;+emf}tfaf6 pTkGg<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bnfO{ Ps kIfn] csf] kIfnfO{<br />
Gofoaf6 al~rt ug] p2]Zon]<br />
dWo:y ;dIf lj<strong>jf</strong>b g} k]z ug{<br />
206<br />
c+s @<br />
gkfpg] u/L dWo:ysf] u7g g}<br />
x'g glbg] k|ToIf <strong>jf</strong> ck|ToIf s'g}<br />
klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g . ;Demf}tfdf<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg dWo:yåf/f ul/g]<br />
5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] Ps kIfn]<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ /fv]sf]<br />
k|:tfj csf] { kIfn] OGsf/ ug{<br />
g;Sg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=*_<br />
� b'O{ kIfn] cfk;L ;xdtL /<br />
;xdtLåf/f OdfGbf/Ltf -good<br />
faith_ sf cfwf/df ul/Psf]<br />
{<br />
;Demf}tfnfO{ Ps kIfLo ?kn]<br />
abNg ;Sb}g . o:tf] ug'<br />
;Demf}tfdf ePsf] ;Demf}tf<br />
cjlwe/ Ps kIfLo ?kn]<br />
;Demf}tfsf zt{x? +;+;f]wg <strong>jf</strong><br />
km]/abn ug{ gkfpg] u/L /fv]sf]<br />
;Demf}tfsf] stabilization<br />
clauses / cGt//f{li6«o sfg"gsf]<br />
dfGo l;4fGt Æpacta sund<br />
servanda" cyf{t Æagreement<br />
must be honoured" eGg] dfGo<br />
l;4fGtsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g] .<br />
� ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg kIfn] s'g}<br />
klg sf/0f b]vfO{ PstkmL{ ?kn]<br />
;Demf}tf eu+ u/] klg ;Demf}tf<br />
e+u u/]sf] sf/0f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf dWo:ytf<br />
cyf{t agreement to arbitrate<br />
sf] Joj:yf klg e+u gx'g],<br />
Arbitration clause hLljt g}<br />
/xg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=!$_<br />
� ;Demf}tf e+u u/] klg<br />
agreement to Arbitrate cyf{t
dWo:ysf] Joj:yf survive ug] {<br />
x'Fbf<br />
;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg kIfn]<br />
s'g} cj:yf, cfwf/ / sf/0f<br />
b]vfO{ dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf frustrate<br />
ug{ g;Sg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=@!_<br />
� k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>x?n] bkmf &<br />
cg';f/ cfk"mdf ePsf]<br />
appointing authority sf]<br />
clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ dWo:yåf/f<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg ug] { ;Demf}tfsf]<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ frustrate ug{<br />
;Demf}tfsf Ps kIfn] lng ;Sg]<br />
lhls/ tyf bkmf ^-!_ sf]<br />
DofbnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL<br />
Dofb leq ePdf / j}slNks k"<strong>jf</strong>{<br />
cj:yf <strong>jf</strong> pkrf/ ;d]t invoke<br />
u/] gu/]sf] x]/L cfkmgf] clwsf/<br />
k|of]u ug'{kg]<br />
{ .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=@@_<br />
lgj]bs tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmfåo<br />
jb|Ljxfb'/ sfsL{ / of]u]Gb|jxfb'/<br />
clwsf/L<br />
ljkIfL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf<br />
nIdLjxfb'/ lg/fnf, ljåfg<br />
pkGofoflwjQmf ;/f]h uf}td /<br />
ljåfg clwjQmf qLnf]rg uf}td<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
cfb]z<br />
Gof=jn/fd s]=;LM g]kfnsf]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@,!)&<br />
-@_ cg';f/ o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df kg{ cfPsf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+<br />
7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 .<br />
lgj]bs sDkgL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]<br />
k"0f{ :<strong>jf</strong>ldTj ePsf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL<br />
sfo{x? ug] { p2]Zon] ;+:yflkt sDkgL xf]<br />
. lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 tTsfnLg >L % sf]<br />
;/sf/ xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o eP<br />
cg';f/ hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfnsf] OG8f]/<br />
ejg lgdf{0f ug] { la<strong>if</strong>odf lgj]bs sDkgL<br />
7]Ssf bftf / hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfnsf<br />
jLr ldlt @)%&.@.!# ut] lgdf{0f<br />
;Demf}tf ePsf]df ;f]xL lgdf{0f sfo{<br />
h=a=g+=%^& cGtu{t ug] { u/fpg] u/L<br />
ldlt @)%&.#.& b]lv @)%&.#.@# sf]<br />
cjlwdf ljleGg !& Kofs]hsf] ?kdf<br />
;xfos 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf lakIfL k| ]mG8;<br />
sG:6«S;g k|f=ln= Pj+ lgj]bs sDkgL<br />
7]Ssfbftfsf jLrdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .<br />
lakIfL 7]s]bf/ tyf lgj]bs sDkgLsf<br />
jLrdf ePsf] pQm d"n ;Demf}tf jdf]lhd<br />
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg<br />
ug{ g;sL a9L ;do nfUg uPsf] /<br />
clGtd e'QmfgL ;d]t e};s]sf]df lakIfL<br />
7]s]bf/n] nfdf] ;do Joltt e};s] kl5<br />
ldlt @)^!.!.% ut] ;DkGg sfdsf]<br />
e'QmfgL cltl/Qm sfo{sf] ;d]t u/L<br />
;Demf}tf jdf]lhd kfpg' kg] { /sd eGbf<br />
a9L ?=!,@*,!$,@@!. sf] bfjL lgj]bssf]<br />
of]hgf sfof{no hgsk'/ / lgj]bs<br />
sDkgLdf lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .<br />
lakIfL 7]s]bf/sf] pko'{Qm<br />
jdf]lhdsf] bfjL :jLsfo{ gePsf] /<br />
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ jdf]lhd ;f] /sd ltg] {<br />
Joxf]g] { lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/L gb]lvPsf] tyf sfg"g<br />
adf]lhdsf] af6f] cjnDag ug{ ;lsg]<br />
cfzosf h<strong>jf</strong>km lgj]bs sDkgLsf<br />
207
tkm{af6 lbO;s]sf] lyof] . o;/L cl3 g}<br />
k6s k6s ljkIfL 7]s]bf/n] k]z u/]sf<br />
yk e'QmfgLsf] bfjL lgj]bs sDkgLn]<br />
c:jLsf/ u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbO;s] kl5<br />
klg yk /sd lbnfO{ kfpF elg kq n]Vg]<br />
sfo{ hf/L /fv]sf]df lgj]bs ;+rfns<br />
;ldltsf] txdf k]z e} ljrf/fwLg /x]s}<br />
cj:yfdf lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km k]z ug{ elg<br />
ljkIfL ;DdfgLt k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
kf6gaf6 cfb]z ;lxt Dofb k|fKt x'g<br />
cfPsfn] ljkIfLsf] kl5Nnf] kqsf<br />
;DaGwdf yk sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug'{<br />
k]g{ cj:yf<br />
g/xL lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfb]z adf]lhdsf]<br />
dgfl;j cfwf/ sf/0f ;lxt Dofb leq}<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km k|:t't u/L dWo:ytf P]g,<br />
@)%% tyf s/f/ P]g, @)%^ adf]lhd<br />
Dofb ;d]t gf3L k/]sf] lgj]bg / e'QmfgL<br />
/fkm;fkm e};s]sf] lj<strong>if</strong>odf dWo:ytfsf]<br />
k|s[of k|f/De ug{ gldNg] egL ;lj:tf/<br />
lgj]bs sDkgLn] cg'/f]w u/L ;s]sf]<br />
cj:yf lyof] t/ ldlt @)^#.#.#@ ut]sf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf] cfb]zaf6<br />
lgj]bs sDkgL 7]SsfbftfnfO{ cfkm\gf]<br />
tkm{af6 dWo:y lgo'Qm x'g] # hgf<br />
JolQmsf] gfd / lghx?sf] ;xdlt !%<br />
lbg leq bflvnf ug{ nufO{ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg]<br />
ePsf cfb]z k|rlnt dWo:ytf P]g,<br />
@)%% Pj+ sDkgL P]g, @)%^ ;d]tsf]<br />
Joj:yfn] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd<br />
dWo:ytfaf6 <strong>lg0f</strong>{o x'g' kg] { <strong>jf</strong> x'g ;Sg]<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] u}/ ljBdfgtfdf k|:t't<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL rfn' /fvL dWo:ysf] lgo'lQm<br />
ul/lbg] / tTkZrft dWo:ytf dfkm{tsf]<br />
sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cl3 a9\g] lglZrt ePsf]<br />
/ pQm cfb]z sfof{Gjog x'Fbf<br />
lgj]bsn]<br />
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf dWo:yx?sf] lgo'lQmdf<br />
208<br />
c+s @<br />
;xdlt hgfPsf] 7xg] { tyf u}/sfg"gL<br />
sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLn] dfGotf kfpg] / To;/L<br />
u7g ul/g] dWo:yx?sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{oaf6 sfod<br />
x'g ;Sg] bfloTjx? ;d]t Joxf]g'{<br />
kg] {<br />
cj:yf lgj]bs sDkgL h:tf] ;/sf/sf]<br />
k"0f{ :<strong>jf</strong>ldTjdf :yflkt sDkgLn] sl7g<br />
cfly{s kl/l:yltdf cgfjZos yk<br />
cfly{s Jooef/ v]Kg' kg] { eGb} pQm ldlt<br />
@)^#.#.#@ sf] cfb]z ab/ u/fO{ dfUg<br />
;Ddflgt <strong>cbfnt</strong>df ldlt @)^#.$.@!<br />
ut] l/=g+= ))*! df cGtl/d cfb]z<br />
;lxt pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fo'Qm k|lt<strong>if</strong>]w ldl>t<br />
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg<br />
lgj]bg bfo/ e} pQm l/6 lgj]bg<br />
;Ddflgt <strong>cbfnt</strong>df ljrf/flwg 5 .<br />
o;/L ljkIfL ;Ddflgt k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.#.#@ sf]<br />
cfb]z pk/ o; ;Ddflgt <strong>cbfnt</strong>df<br />
cGtl/d cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf k6s k6s<br />
5nkmndf k]zL r9] klg ljljw sf/0fn]<br />
5nkmn x'g g;s]sf] / pQm ldlt<br />
@)^#.#.#@ sf] cfb]z cg';f/ lgj]bs<br />
sDkgLn] gfd l;kmfl/; gu/];Dd tf/]v<br />
lbg OGsf/ u/L tf/]v u'hfg{ afWo kf/L<br />
;f]xL cfwf/df ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLn]<br />
k|:tfj u/]sf JolQm dWo] >L nIdLaxfb'/<br />
lg/fnf, jl/i7 clwjQmfnfO{ dWo:y<br />
lgo'Qm ug] { u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^#.$.@*<br />
ut]sf] >L k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf]<br />
km};nf gSsn ldlt @)^#.(.!@ ut] ;f/L<br />
lnO{ yfxf hfgsf/L x'g cfPsfn] pQm<br />
km};nf jb/ u/fO{ dfUg cGo j}slNks<br />
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf]n] g]kfnsf]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f<br />
#@÷!)&-@_, !^& ;d]t cGtu{t pQm<br />
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! -#_ -r_, !( jdf]lhd
df}lns xs, sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf<br />
* tyf dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf ^.&<br />
;d]tåf/f k|bQ sfg"gL xssf] ;+/If0f Pj+<br />
k|rng ul/kfpFm .<br />
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ k| ]mG8; sG:6«S;g<br />
k|f=ln= n] ldlt @)^!.#.@@ df lgj]bs<br />
sDkgLsf] of]hgf sfof{no hgsk'/<br />
dfkm{t k]z u/]sf] kqdf æTo; sDkgL<br />
cGtu{t h=a=g+=%^& sf] ljleGg k}s]h<br />
u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf] OG8f]/ ejg ;d]tsf]<br />
e'QmfgL lnO{ ;s]sf] / pQm ejgdf<br />
h8fg ePsf] ljB't tyf ;]g]6/L nufot<br />
aLn adf]lhdsf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfg xfgL<br />
gf]S;fgL rf]/L cflb e} s'g} Iflt gPdf<br />
o; sDkgL lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/ g/xg] Joxf]/f<br />
cg'/f]w 5Æ elg hfgsf/L lgh :jo+n]<br />
lbPsf] l:ylt 5 . pQm kqn] ljkIfL<br />
7]s]bf/ sDkgL / lgj]bs sDkgLsf<br />
aLrdf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfd ;DkGg e}<br />
x/ lx;fa km/kmf/s ;d]t e} ;s]sf]<br />
:ki6 b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] sfd<br />
;DkGg e} lng' lbg' kg] { /sd e'QmfgL<br />
lnO{ ;s] kZrft lgj]bs sDkgL /<br />
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgL aLr s'g} e'QmfgL<br />
;DaGwL lj<strong>jf</strong>b g/x]sf] k'i6L x'G5 .<br />
tTkZrft clt/l~ht ;fy lgj]bs<br />
sDkgLdf e'QmfgLsf] nflu k6s k6s<br />
lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]bs sDkgLn] :ki6<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>km lb+bf lb+b} lj<strong>jf</strong>b g} gePsf]<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>odf dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] ;dfwfg<br />
u/fO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bg lbPsf e/df<br />
ljjlGwt s'g} ljrf/ / ljj]rgf g} gu/L<br />
ul/Psf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf<br />
jb/ efuL5 .<br />
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLn] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6g ;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf<br />
@)^@.!).!& ut] lgj]bs sDkgLsf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;+rfns ;ldlt / ldlt @)^@.!!.!! df<br />
P]= ;ldltsf cWoIfHo" ;dIf ;d]t<br />
lghsf] bfjLsf] lj<strong>if</strong>odf lgj]bg lbPsf]df<br />
xfn;Dd h<strong>jf</strong>km k|fKt gePsf]n] ;f]xL<br />
ldlt @)^@.!).!& sf] lgj]bgnfO{ cfwf/<br />
dfgL ldlt @)^#.!.!& df dWo:ytf P]g,<br />
@)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_ adf]lhd Dofb leq<br />
of] dWo:y lgo'Qm ul/kfpFm elg lgj]bg<br />
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . hasL lgj]bs sDkgL /<br />
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgL aLr e'QmfgL <strong>jf</strong><br />
cGo s'g} lj<strong>jf</strong>b g/x]sf] eGg] s'/f ljkIfL<br />
7]s]bf/ sDkgLn] ldlt @)^!.#.@@ df<br />
lgj]bs sDKgLdf lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 :ki6<br />
b]lvG5 . tTkZrft ljkIfLn] lgj]bs<br />
sDkgLdf e'QmfgL bfjL ;DaGwL lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf]<br />
dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg ul/kfpFm elg<br />
u/]sf] cfu|xnfO{ ldlt @)^@.&.! sf]<br />
kqaf6 c:jLs[t e} ljkIfLn] ;f] pk/<br />
lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] b]lvG5 . lglj{<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
?kdf lgj]bs sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 lbPsf]<br />
ldlt @)^@.&.! sf] kqsf] ldltaf6 g}<br />
dWo:ytf P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_<br />
adf]lhdsf Dofb} leq lgh ljkIfLn]<br />
cfjZos sfg"gL sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cufl8 a9fpg'<br />
kg] {df clt g} ljnDa u/L dWo:ytf P]g,<br />
@)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_ adf]lhd k/]sf]<br />
lgj]bgdf xbDofb h:tf] ulDe/ sfg"gL<br />
k|Zgdf ljrf/ g} gu/L ul/Psf] km};nf<br />
pQm bkmf ljk/Lt x'Fbf<br />
jb/efuL /x]sf]5 .<br />
lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL 7]s]bf/<br />
sDkgL aLrdf ;DkGg ;Demf}tfsf] zt{<br />
g+= !# sf] sf/0fn] lgof]Qmf;+u ePsf] d"n<br />
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= %!-@_ lj<strong>jf</strong>b g}<br />
gePsf] lj<strong>if</strong>odf cfs[i6 x'g'kg] { <strong>jf</strong> x'g<br />
;Sg] s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f ljBdfg 5}g .<br />
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ tyf lgj]bs sDkgLsf<br />
209
210<br />
c+s @<br />
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{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
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{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
aLrdf ePsf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfdf ljjb sDkgLn] d"n ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+=%!<br />
pTkGg ePdf ;Demf}tfsf zt{ g+= !$ cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg k|s[of cjnDag<br />
adf]lhd lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] clGtd <strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] nflu gu/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljkIfL 7]s]bf/<br />
lgj]bs sDkgLsf] ;+rfns ;ldlt ;dIf sDkgLn] lhls/ lng g;s]sf] Pj+ k'li6<br />
lghn] ldlt @)^@.!).& ut] dfq} lgj]bg ug{ g;s]sf] s'/f <strong>cbfnt</strong> :jo+n] d"n<br />
k]z u/]sf] t/ xfn;Dd h<strong>jf</strong>km k|fKt ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= %!-!_-@_-#_ sf]<br />
gePsf] eGg] tYo tkm{ ;Ddflgt k|lqmof k'/f eO{;s]sf] eGg] dgf]ut ?kdf<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] Wofgb[li6 k'u]sf] 5}g cy{ u/L dWo:y lgo'Qm ug] u/L u/]sf]<br />
. lgj]bs sDkgL;+u ljkIfL sDkgLn] km};nfdf ljNs'n Goflos dgsf] cefj<br />
u/]sf] ;Demf}tsf] zt{ g+= !$ cGtu{t /xL ab/ efuL /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} dWo:y<br />
lgj]bssf] ;+rfns ;ldltn] lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lgo'Qm ;DalGw sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL k'/f x'g' cl3 g}<br />
clGtd <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf d"n lgj]bs kIfsf tkm{af6 /L6 lgj]bg kl/<br />
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= %!-@_ cGtu{tsf] dflyNnf] <strong>cbfnt</strong>df ljrf/flwg d'2faf6<br />
dWo:ytf ;DaGwL pkrf/sf] bfjL ug] k|ToyL{ dWo:yHo"sf] lgo'lQmsf] j}Btfsf]<br />
xs <strong>jf</strong> xsb}of ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLnfO{ lg?k0f ug' cl3 g} dWo:y ;DaGwL<br />
k|fKt x'g} g;Sg]df To;tkm{ s'g} ljj]rgf sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL rfn' /fVg' ePsf]n] lgh<br />
g} gu/L PstkmL{ ?kdf dWo:y lgo'Qm dWo:ysf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ;DaGwL ldlt<br />
ug] u/L u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> @)^#.!).!* sf] cfb]z jb/ efuL 5 .<br />
kf6gsf] km};nfdf d"n ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ ctM pk/f]Qm sf/0faf6 ljkIfL<br />
g+= %! tyf ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgL;+u 7]s]bf/ sDkgL :jo+n] ;Demf}tf cg'?ksf]<br />
ePsf] ;Dmef}tfsf] zt{ g+= !#, !$ sf] sfd ;DkGg e} kfpg' kg] e'QmfgL lnO{<br />
k"0f{ ckJofVof x'g u} ;fx| cGofo x'g ;s]sf] elg ldlt @)^!.#.@@ df<br />
uPsf] 5 . pko'{Qm<br />
adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs<br />
k|Zgsf] lg?k0f o; cl3 ljrf/flwg l/6 sDkgL / ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLsf aLrdf<br />
lgj]bgaf6 x'g] g} 5 .<br />
;Demf}tf adf]lhd e'QmfgL lbg' lng' kg]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gsf] ldlt /sd g/x]sf]n] lj<strong>jf</strong>b g} gePsf] lj<strong>if</strong>odf<br />
@)^#.$.@* ut]sf] k}m;nfdf d"n sfg"g ljk/Lt dWo:y lgo'Qm u/L<br />
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g==%-!_ -@_ / -#_ df lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] ;dfwfg u/fO{ kfpF elg lbOPsf]<br />
afbla<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lgK6f/f dWo:yaf6 u/fpg] lgj]bg ljjGwg Pj+ xbDofbsf sf/0faf6<br />
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] egL ;f]nfO{ e'QmfgL ;d]t vf/]h ug'{kg]<br />
{df dWo:y lgo'Qm ug]<br />
la<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lg?k0f x'g' kg] eGg] cfwf/ u/L ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf]<br />
lnPsf] eP klg pQm d"n ;Demf}tfsf] ldlt @)^#.$.@* sf] km};nf Pj+ q'6Lk"0f{<br />
zt{ g+=%!-@_ cfs[i6 x'g' k"j{ zt{ g+=%! - x'Fbf<br />
pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0f nufot h'g;'g} pko'Qm<br />
!_ -@_ -#_ cGtu{tsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|s[ofsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ u/L Gofo OG;fkm<br />
cjnDag u/L slyt la<strong>jf</strong>bsf] ;dfwfg<br />
ul/;s]sf] x'g' kb{5 t/ lakIfL 7]s]bf/<br />
kfpF .
;fy} k|:t't lj<strong>jf</strong>b s} ;DaGwdf<br />
o; k"j{ g} k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gsf]<br />
cfb]z pk/ ;Ddflgt <strong>cbfnt</strong>df l/6<br />
lgj]bg bfo/ e} ljkIfLx?sf gfp+df<br />
sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L x'Fbf<br />
x'Fb}<br />
;f] tkm{<br />
s'g} ljrf/ gu/l tf/]v u'hf/L a;]sf]<br />
elg PstkmL{ ?kdf jl/i7 clwjQmf<br />
nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnfnfO{ dWo:y lgo'Qm<br />
u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df dWo:yn] cfkm\gf]<br />
d'sfd sf7df8f} + /fdzfxkydf /fvL sfd<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug{ yfn]sf] / To;/L dWo:yn]<br />
sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cufl8 a9fPdf c;/ kg] {<br />
u/L l/6 If]qaf6 af]Ng gldNg] eGg]<br />
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bgsf]<br />
cf}lrTo ;dfKt x'g] x'Fbf<br />
k|:t't l/6<br />
lgj]bgsf] 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd s'g}<br />
sfdsf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cufl8 ga9fpg' elg<br />
k|ToyL{ dWo:y ;d]tsf gfpdf ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!<br />
adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L<br />
Gofo kfpF eGg] lgj]bg kq .<br />
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf],<br />
lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km lnO{<br />
pkl:yt x'g' egL lakIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km cfP kl5 <strong>jf</strong> cjlw gf3]<br />
kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
;fy} lgj]bg<br />
dfu jdf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]zug] { gug] {<br />
;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf] nflu lakIfLx?nfO{<br />
& lbgsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lemsfO{ k]z ug'{<br />
.<br />
pQm cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwL 5nkmnsf]<br />
6'+uf]<br />
gnfu] ;Ddsf nflu dWo:ytfaf6<br />
s'g} sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cufl8 ga9fO{<br />
oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z<br />
hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
211<br />
Ps GofofwLzsf] <strong>Ohnf</strong>;sf] ldlt<br />
@)^#.!).@@ sf] cfb]z .<br />
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#<br />
sf] wf/f !! -#_ r st} b]lvb}g . wf/f !!<br />
df gful/stf 6f]nL ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5<br />
eg] wf/f !( n] eminent domain ;DaGwL<br />
;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . k|ToyL{n]<br />
vf/]h e};s]sf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf]<br />
bkmf * pNn]v ug'{<br />
ePsf] 5 . h;<br />
cGtu{t s]xL ug{ ;lsGg . dWo:y P]g,<br />
@)%% sf] bkmf ^ / & cGtu{t <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
k|of]u u/]sf] Goflos clwsf/df l/6<br />
If]qaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g . k|ToyL{ /<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/sf aLrdf ePsf] ldlt<br />
@)%&.@.!# df ePsf] ;Demf}tfn]<br />
k|ToyL{nfO{ Pp6f s/f/Lo xs ;Dd lbPsf]<br />
5 . s/f/Lo xsnfO{ ;+a}wflgs <strong>jf</strong> sfg"gL<br />
xssf] w/ftn /fVg ldNb}g . k|ToyL{ /<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] aLrdf ;DkGg ePsf]<br />
@)%&.@.!# sf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! n]<br />
afbla<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lgK6f/f dWo:ytfaf6 x'g]<br />
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d]/f] / k|ToyL{sf<br />
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf % n]<br />
k|ltkmnsf nflu lgof]u cyf{t k|ToyL{ /<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/sf aLr ;DkGg<br />
;Demf}tfnfO{ g} 6]s]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] ;f]<br />
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !# n] d]/f] / k|ToyL{sf<br />
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf gePsf zt{ /<br />
;'ljwfsf xsdf k|ToyL{ / g]kfn ;/sf/<br />
aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ g} cg'df]bg<br />
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|ToyL{n] lgh / g]kfn<br />
;/sf/sf aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfnfO{<br />
lnP/ s/f/sf] kljqtf cyf{t Privity of<br />
contract sf] l;4fGt tk{m OlËt ug'{<br />
ePsf] eg] d]/f] / k|ToyL{sf aLrdf ePsf]<br />
s/f/sf] bkmf % n] Privity of contract sf]
l;4fGt lqmoflzn x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g /<br />
d]/f] / k|TohL{sf aLrdf collateral<br />
contract ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .<br />
s/f/sf] k|efjsf/Ltf l/6 If]qaf6<br />
x]g{ ldNg] xf]Og . dWo:y lgo'lQmsf] dfu<br />
xbDofb leq /x]sf] <strong>jf</strong> g/x]sf] eGg] la<strong>if</strong>o<br />
g} s/f/sf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] k|Zg xf] .<br />
k|ToyL{n] dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !^<br />
-!_ jdf]lhdsf] k|s[of cjnDag ug'{<br />
ePsf] 5}g . pQm bkmf !^ -!_<br />
jdf]lhdsf] dfu{ oyfjt /xFbf /xFb} bfo/<br />
u/]sf] l/6 vf/]h efuL 5 . k|ToyL{n] d<br />
;d]t pk/ bfo/ ug'{<br />
ePsf] @)^#<br />
;fnsf] l/6 g+=))*! df ;d]t o; l/6<br />
lgj]bgdf p7fpg' ePsf sfg"gL tYo<br />
;+j}wflgs k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf]df of] l/6<br />
c=a+=*% g+=/ &# g+=;d]t ljk/Lt 5 .<br />
k|ToyL{n] p7fpg' ePsf] d"n<br />
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+=%! -!_, -@_ / -#_ sf]<br />
;Dk"0f{ k|s[ofsf] canDag x'g' kg] { lhls/<br />
lng' ePsf] 5 . d}n] k|ToyL{ lgj]bsnfO{<br />
ldlt @)^@.%.* sf] kqdf Ifltk'lt{ /<br />
e'QmfgLsf] bfjL k]z u/] kZrft k|ToyL{n]<br />
;f] jdf]lhd gu/] kl5 k'gM @)^@.!).!&<br />
sf] kq dfk{mt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !$<br />
cGtu{t la<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lg/f]k0fsf] dfu u/]sf]<br />
5' . k'gM d]/f] @)^@.!).!& sf] lgj]bg<br />
k|ToyL{n] k|fKt u/] kZrft d"n<br />
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! -#_ jdf]lhdsf]<br />
k|s[of ckgfpg] bfloTj k|ToyL{sf] xf] .<br />
k|ToyL{sf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] k|s[of<br />
ckgfpFbf dWo:y x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf<br />
b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . o; cj:yfdf<br />
dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf & -!_<br />
cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t eP kZrft k|ToyL{n] dWo:y<br />
lgo'lQm k|s[ofdf pbfl;gtf b]vfP kZrft<br />
212<br />
c+s @<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] P]gsf] bkmf & -#_ sf] clwsf/<br />
k|of]u u/L dWo:y lgo'lQm ug] { tk{m<br />
Goflos k|s[of cufl8 a9fpFbf d"n<br />
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! -!_ -@_ / -#_ uf}0f<br />
x'g k'Ub5 . o; cj:yfdf dWo:ytf P]g,<br />
@)%% / dWo:ytf -<strong>cbfnt</strong>lL sfo{ljlw_<br />
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod ^ jdf]lhd<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ubf{ lakIfLsf] df}lns xs<br />
<strong>jf</strong> sfg"gL xs cf3fltt gx'g] x'Fbf<br />
l/6<br />
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] k| ]m08; sg6«S;g k|f=ln=sf]<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
k|m]08; sG:6«S;g sDkgLn] bfjL<br />
u/]sf] /sd bfjLsf ;DaGwdf sfg"g<br />
jdf]lhdsf] dfu cjnDag u/] s'g}<br />
cfklQ gx'g] h<strong>jf</strong>km g]zgn sG;6«S;g<br />
sDkgLaf6 k|fKt ePsfn] <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo dfu<br />
/x]sf]df Pg=;L=;L=Pg / hgsk'/ c+rn<br />
c:ktfnsf] aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{<br />
g+=%! -!_ -@_ / -#_ df pn]v eP<br />
jdf]lhdsf zt{nfO{ k| ]m08; sG:6«S;g<br />
k|f=ln= / l/6 lgj]bg aLr ePsf] kl5Nnf]<br />
@)%&.*.# sf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+=!#<br />
g+=df :jLsfl/P cg'?k o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6<br />
l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ cfˆgf] tk{msf dWo:ysf]<br />
gfd k|:tfj ug{ cfb]z ul/Psf]df ldlt<br />
@)^#.$.!! sf] tf/]v g} u'hf/L a;]sfn]<br />
lgj]bs k| ]m08; sG:6«S;g k|f=ln= sf]<br />
tk{maf6 al/i7 clwjQmf >L nIdLaxfb'/<br />
lg/fnfnfO{ cWo:tf P]g, @)%% / dWo:tf<br />
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod ^ jdf]lhd<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf] . ;f]xL<br />
lgodsf] !) jdf]lhd dWo:y lgo'lQmsf]<br />
hfgsf/L lgj]bs / dWo:ytfnfO{ ;d]t<br />
oyfzSo lbg' egL ldlt @)^#.$.@* df
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df sfg"g jdf]lhd k}m;nf<br />
ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
pQm k}m;nf ab/ x'g g;Sg]<br />
e} l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gsf]<br />
lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
o;df hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfn<br />
tyf Pg=;L=;L=Pg=sf aLrdf @)%&.@.!#<br />
df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! -!_ -@_ -<br />
#_ x]bf{ k|yd kIf hgsk'/ c+rn<br />
c:ktfn / lakIfL k| ]m08; sG:6«S;g<br />
k|f=ln= aLrdf ePsf] eGg] klg b]lvg<br />
cfpFb}g . Pg=;L=;L=Pg= / k| ]m08;<br />
sG:6«S;g k|f=ln=sf aLrdf ePsf] ldlt<br />
@)%&.#.* sf] ;Demf}tfdf 5'§}<br />
dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yf ePsf] klg kfOb}g .<br />
o; l:yltdf Pg=l;=l;=Pg / k| ]m08;<br />
sG:6«S;g k|f=ln= aLrsf] la<strong>jf</strong>bsf]<br />
lgK6f/f klg dWo:yåf/f g} x'g] gx'g] eGg]<br />
;DaGwdf dWo:ytf P]g, @)%% sf]<br />
Joj:yf af/] la:t[t laj]rgf ul/g' kg] {<br />
l:ylt b]lvG5 . dWo:ytfsf] lgo'lQm<br />
e};s]sf] / lghn] sfd z'? ug] { k|jn<br />
;Defjgf klg ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
tTsfnsf] nflu<br />
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] g} b]lv+bf<br />
plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] lg?k0f e}<br />
of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd <strong>lg0f</strong>{o geP<br />
;Dd dWo:ytfn] o; af/] s'g} sfd<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cufl8 ga9fpg' egL ldlt<br />
@)^#.!).@@ df o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 hf/L<br />
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z lg/Gt/ u/L lbPsf]<br />
5 eGg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)^#.!@.^.#<br />
sf] cfb]z .<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gsf] ldlt<br />
@)^#.$.@* sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o jdf]lhd dnfO{<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ul/Psf] x'Fbf<br />
d}n]<br />
dWo:ysf] x}l;otn] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL k|f/De ug] {<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;Gbe{df ;j{ k|yd lgikIftfsf] nflu<br />
;ky u|x0f u/]sf] 5' . kmn:j?k d}n]<br />
;'lDkPsf] lhDd]<strong>jf</strong>/L lgikIftfk"j{s lg<strong>jf</strong>{x<br />
ug] { <strong>jf</strong>x]s kIfkft ug] { 5}g eGg] lgla{<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
5 . lgj]bs lsg dWo:yaf6 efUg<br />
vf]h]sf] xf], a'‰g sl7g 5 . h] cfwf/<br />
a'Fbf<br />
lakIfLn] l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fpg'<br />
ePsf] 5 tL ;a} k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg dWo:y<br />
P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !^ n] O+lut u/]s} 5<br />
. ctM l/6 lgj]bg ;j{yf sfg"g /<br />
;+ljwfgsf] ljk/Lt 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dWo:y nIdLaxfb'/<br />
lg/fnfsf] ldlt @)^#.!!.!@ sf] lnlvt<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"lrdf r9L<br />
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ldl;n<br />
sfuhft cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bs tk{msf<br />
ljåfg clwjQmf åo >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{<br />
/ >L of]u]Gb|axfb'/ clwsf/Ln] ædWo:y<br />
lgo'lQm ug] { k|fjwfg xfd|f] kIf / hgsk'/<br />
c+rn c:ktfnsf jLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf<br />
pNn]v 5 . xfd|f] kIf / lakIf k| ]m08;<br />
sG:6«S;g k|f=ln= sf jLr ePsf] bf]>f]<br />
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v 5}g . lgj]bs /<br />
lakIfL k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gn] tL<br />
;Demf}tfsf] unt JofVof u/L dWo:y<br />
lgo'lQm ug] { k}m;nf sfg"g Pj+ ePsf]<br />
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt zt{ ljk/Lt x'Fbf<br />
pQm k}m;nf pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L<br />
xfd|f] kIf / lakIfL k| ]mG8; sG:6«S;g<br />
k|f=ln=sf jLrsf] pTkGg k|:t't la<strong>jf</strong>bsf]<br />
clGtd lgK6f/f Pg=l;=l;=Pg=sf] board<br />
åf/f u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L<br />
xf]; eGg] ax; ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
lakIfL k| ]mG8; sG:6«S;g k|f=ln=<br />
sf] tk{maf6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
213
L lqnf]rg uf}tdn] l/6 lgj]bs kIf;+u<br />
/sd pknJw u/fpg] ;DaGwL<br />
la<strong>if</strong>oa:t'df k6s k6s lnlvt cfu|x<br />
ubf{ lgj]bs To; k|lt pbfl;g ePsf]<br />
k|i6} b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf<br />
afWo e} dWo:y<br />
lgo'lQm k|s[ofdf nfUg' k/]sf] xf], h'g zt{<br />
;Demf}tf ljk/Lt gx'Fbf<br />
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h<br />
xf]; eGg] ax; ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
lakIfL k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gsf]<br />
k|lt/Iffy{ pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf<br />
>L ;/f]h uf}tdn] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>,<br />
kf6gaf6 eP ul/Psf dWo:y lgo'lQm<br />
;DaGwL sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL Pj+ k}m;nf sfg"g;+ut<br />
g} x'Fbf<br />
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf]; eGg] ax;<br />
ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
lakIfL dWo:y al/i7 clwjQmf<br />
nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnfn] dnfO{ <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug'{<br />
eGg] cfb]zfg';f/<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ePsf] x'F<br />
. d}n]<br />
lgikIftfsf] zky ;d]t lnPsf] x'Fbf<br />
dWo:ytfaf6 l/6 lgj]bs efUg vf]Hg'<br />
sfg"g Pj+ ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt 5 .<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 dWo:y ;DaGwL sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
gug'{<br />
eGg] hfgsf/L k|fKt eP kZrft<br />
s'g} sfo{ k|s[ofsf] yfngL ePsf] gx'Fbf<br />
cgfjZos em0em6 lbg bfo/ ul/Psf]<br />
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ax;<br />
Pj+ 5nkmn ;d]t ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
b'a} kIf Pj+ lakIfaf6 /xg' ePsf<br />
ljåfg clwjQmfsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t<br />
;'gL cfh <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ;'gfpg tf/]v<br />
tf]lsPsf]df kmfon ;+nUg sfuhft<br />
cWoog u/L lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf]<br />
cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg] { xf] xf]Og < To;df<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg kg] { b]lvG5 .<br />
214<br />
c+s @<br />
o;df hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfnsf]<br />
O08f]/ ejg lgdf{0f ug] { lj<strong>if</strong>odf lgj]bs<br />
g]zgn sGi6«S;g sDkgL / hgsk'/<br />
c+rn c:ktfn aLr @)%&.@.!# ut] Ps<br />
;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] / pQm ;Demf}tf<br />
cGtu{tsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ u/fpg<br />
lgj]bs sDkgL / k|m]G8; sGi6«S;g<br />
sDkgL k|f=ln= aLr ldlt @)%&.#.& b]lv<br />
@)%&.#.@# ;Ddsf] cjlwdf ljleGg !&<br />
Kofs]hsf] ?kdf 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ePsf]<br />
eGg] b]lvof] . ;DkGg ePsf] sfdsf]<br />
e'QmfgL kfpg] /sd eGbf a9L<br />
?=!,@*,^$,@@!.– /sd ljkIfL k|m]G8;<br />
sGi6«S;g sDkgL k|f=ln=n] bfjL u/]sf]<br />
eGg] b]lvG5 . al9 /sd :jLsfo{<br />
gePsf]n] sfg"gLaf6f] cjnDag ug{<br />
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{<br />
;lsPsf]df yk kq n]Vg] sfd ljkIfL<br />
7]s]bf/ sDkgLn] hf/L /fv]sf]n] lgj]bs<br />
sDkgLsf] ;+rfns ;ldlt txdf<br />
ljrf/flwg /x]sf] eGg] klg b]lvG5 .<br />
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ k|m]G8; sGi6«S;g sDkgL<br />
k|f=ln=nfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd af6f]<br />
cjnDag u/]df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{<br />
cfklQ gx'g] eGg] lgj]bs sDkgLsf]<br />
@)^@.&.! sf] kq klg ldl;n ;+nUg<br />
b]lvG5 . ljkIfL k|m]G8; sGi6«S;g sDkgL<br />
k|f=ln= n] lgj]bs sDkgL ;dIf b'a} kIf<br />
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !# /<br />
lgj]bs sDkgL / hgsk'/ c+rn<br />
c:ktfn aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf<br />
%!-#_ adf]lhd dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg @)^@.!).!& ut]sf]<br />
kqaf6 cg'/f]w u/]sf]df lgj]bs sDkgLsf]<br />
k|lts[of ldl;naf6 b]lv+b}g .
ljkIfL sDkgLn] lgj]bs sDkgL<br />
;dIf lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL sDkgL<br />
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !$ sf]<br />
Joj:yf cg';f/ @)^@.!).!& df /sd<br />
dfu u/L bfjL k]z u/L bkmf @$ sf]<br />
Joj:yf adf]lhd ;+rfns ;ldltaf6}<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lg/f]k0f ul/kfpFm <strong>jf</strong> d'n<br />
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %!-#_ cg';f/ dWo:ysf]<br />
dfWodaf6 lj<strong>jf</strong>b lg/f]k0f u/fO{ kfpF elg<br />
k|:tfljt dWo:yx?sf] gfd ;d]t k]z<br />
u/]sf]df lgj]bs sDkgLn] s'g} h<strong>jf</strong>km g}<br />
glbPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ dWo:ytf P]g<br />
@)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] Ps ;b:oLo dWo:y lgo'lQm<br />
u/L lbPsf]df Ps ;b:oLo dWo:y<br />
lgo'Qm ug] { k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt<br />
@)^#.$.@* sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL<br />
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd lgj]bs<br />
Pg=;L=;L=Pg sDkgLsf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
;dIf k|:t't lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvof] .<br />
dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg]<br />
Ps z;Qm / k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] .<br />
@)#* ;fndf klxnf] dWo:y P]g @)#*<br />
nfu" eO{ vf; lj<strong>jf</strong>b dWo:yåf/f ;dfwfg<br />
u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] z'?<strong>jf</strong>t eof] .<br />
dWo:y P]g, @)#* nfu" eO{ dWo:yåf/f<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf<br />
z'? ePsf] em08} #) j<strong>if</strong>{ k'Ug nfUbf klg<br />
cem} dWo:y lgo'lQm u/L lbg] ;DaGwdf<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug] { cl3sf/L cyf{t<br />
appointing authority sf] e"ldsf /<br />
clwsf/ / dWo:yn] lbPsf] award pk/<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>x?sf] e"ldsf /<br />
clwsf/ ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>x?<br />
cem} :ki6 ePsf] b]lv+b}g . oL k|Zgx? /<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
215<br />
k|:t't lgj]bgsf] dfusf ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/<br />
b]xfosf] lj<strong>if</strong>odf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg' kg] { b]lvof] .<br />
s_ dWo:y lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] clwsf/ s]<br />
s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <<br />
v_ ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} Ps kIfn] dWo:y<br />
lgo'lQmsf] nflu u/]sf] k|:tfj csf] {<br />
kIfn] OGsf/ ug{ ;S5 ;Sb}g <<br />
u_ ldlt @)^#.$.@* df k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] jl/i7 clwjQmf<br />
nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnfnfO{ Psn<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug] { u/L u/]sf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ ug'{kg]<br />
{ xf] xf]Og <<br />
@= klxnf] k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/<br />
ubf{ dWo:y P]g @)%% sf] bkmf # df<br />
s'g} ;Demf}tfdf dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg] u/L Joj:yf ePsf] /x]5<br />
eg] To:tf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b dWo:yåf/f ;dfwfg<br />
u/fpg kg] { Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . bkmf #<br />
sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ olb s'g} @ <strong>jf</strong> @<br />
eGbf a9L kIfx?n] ;Demf}tf u/L s'g}<br />
sfo{ ubf{ tL kIfx? aLr ;Demf}tfnfO{<br />
lnP/ s'g} lj<strong>jf</strong>b <strong>jf</strong> dte]b pTkGg ePdf<br />
To:tf] lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] clwsf/ If]q<br />
oust ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
To:tf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
dWo:yåf/f g} ;dfwfg u/fpg' kg] {<br />
b]lvG5 . dWo:y P]g @)%% n]<br />
dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg ug] { sfo{df<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{ @ j6f e"ldsf<br />
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bkmf & cg';f/<br />
dWo:y x'g] JolQm lgo'lQm ug] { / dWo:yn]<br />
lbPsf] award pk/ bkmf #) cg';f/<br />
k/]sf] lgj]bgdf tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df ab/
ug{ ;Sg] . k|:t't lj<strong>jf</strong>b dWo:yn] lbPsf]<br />
award ab/ ;DaGwL gePsf] x'Fbf<br />
To;<br />
tkm{ ljrf/} ug{ k/]g .<br />
#= dWo:y lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf<br />
P]gsf] bkmf ^ / & df :ki6 Joj:yf<br />
ePsf] 5 . bkmf ^ / & sf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] x}l;ot dWo:y lgo'lQm ug] {<br />
appointing authority sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ] 5 .<br />
P]gsf] bkmf ^ / & cfs<strong>if</strong>{0f x'g ;aeGbf<br />
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f kIfx? aLr s'g} lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
pTkGg ePdf To;/L pTkGg lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
dWo:yåf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf<br />
;Demf}tfdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] x'g'k5{ .<br />
o;nfO{ agreement to arbitrate cy<strong>jf</strong><br />
arbitration clause klg elgG5 . To;/L<br />
kIfx?n] ;Demf}tfdf agreement to<br />
arbitrate sf] Joj:yf ;Demf}tfdf /fv]df<br />
dfq k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] appointing<br />
authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L dWo:y<br />
lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sb5 . olb ;Demf}tdf<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf g} pNn]v<br />
gePdf <strong>jf</strong> dWo:ytfåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg<br />
ug] { arbitration clause sf] Joj:yf<br />
gePdf P]gsf] bkmf #-@_ sf] cj:yfdf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>x]s k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] appointing<br />
authority sf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] b]lv+b}g .<br />
$= ;Demf}tf eg]sf] b'O{ <strong>jf</strong> b'O{<br />
eGbf a9L kIfx? ldnL s'g} sfd s]<br />
s:tf] zt{df ;DkGg ug] { egL cfk;L<br />
dGh'/Ln] n]va4 u/L tof/ u/]sf] zt{o'Qm<br />
lnvt xf], h;nfO{ ;Demf}tf, s/f/ cflb<br />
gfdfs/0f ul/G5 . agreement to<br />
arbitrate klg ;Demf}tfsf] Ps cleGg<br />
zt{ xf] . ;Demf}tfn] k"0f{tf / sfg"gL<br />
dfGotf kfpg ;Demf}tfdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g<br />
216<br />
c+s @<br />
clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ x'Fb}g<br />
. ;Demf}tfdf lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf]<br />
;dfwfg dWo:yåf/f u/fpg] Joj:yf<br />
;dfj]z u/]klg dWo:ytf ug] { JolQmsf]<br />
;+Vof s] slt x'g]< dWo:y sf] x'g]<<br />
dWo:y s;/L lgo'lQm ug] { ljlw cflb<br />
;Demf}tfdf s]lx pNn]v gePsf] klg x'g<br />
;Sb5 . ;Demf}tfdf dWo:y lgo'lQm ug] {<br />
ljlw, dWo:ysf] ;+Vof <strong>jf</strong> dWo:y x'g]<br />
JolQm <strong>jf</strong> s'g} authority g} dWo:y x'g]<br />
elg ;Demf}tfdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] x'g<br />
klg ;S5, o;/L ;+Vof ljlw cflb pNn]v<br />
ePsf]df pNn]lvt ljlw cg';f/ dWo:y<br />
lgo'lQm x'g ;Sbf k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
appointing authority sf] s'g} e"ldsf<br />
x'Fb}g<br />
. ;Demf}tfdf lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] ;dfwfg<br />
dWo:yåf/f u/fpg] Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf]<br />
t/ dWo:y s] s;/L lgo'lQm ug] {,<br />
dWo:ysf] ;+Vof slt x'g], ;f] ;DaGwdf<br />
s'g} s'/f pNn]v gePsf]df cy<strong>jf</strong><br />
;Demf}tdf dWo:y lgo'Qm ug] { ljlw /<br />
dWo:ysf] ;+Vof cflb ;d]t :ki6 pNn]v<br />
ePsf] t/ pNn]v ePsf] k|lqmof / ljlw<br />
ckgfpFbf klg dWo:y lgo'lQm x'g<br />
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf bkmf & adf]lhd<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfk"mdf ePsf]<br />
appointing authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u<br />
u/L dWo:y lgo'lQm ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'G5 .<br />
%= dWo:y P]g @)%% sf]<br />
bkmf # o; k|sf/ 5M ÆdWo:ytfåf/f<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg' kg] {M<br />
-!_ s'g} ;Demf}tf dWo:ytfåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg ul/g] Joj:yf ePsf]df<br />
To:tf] ;Demf}tf <strong>jf</strong> ;f] cGtu{tsf<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>o;+u ;DalGwt lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;Demf}tfdf g} sfo{ljlw pNn]v
ePsf]df ;f]xL ad]flhd /<br />
gePsf]df o; P]g adf]lhd<br />
dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg'<br />
kg] {5 .<br />
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f<br />
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg <strong>cbfnt</strong>df<br />
bfo/ ePsf] k|rlnt sfg"g<br />
adf]lhd ldnfkq x'g ;Sg]<br />
Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsf] s'g} b]<strong>jf</strong>gL d'2f<br />
;DalGwt kIfx?n] dWo:ytfåf/f<br />
;dfwfg ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg<br />
lbPdf To:tf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;d]t<br />
dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg'<br />
kg] {5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .<br />
^= bkmf # sf] Joj:yf<br />
cg';f/ b'a} kIfn] ;Demf}tfdf lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf]<br />
;dfwfg dWo:yåf/f u/fpg] Joj:yf<br />
pNn]v u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf]df voluntarily<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] clwsf/ If]q oust u/]sf]<br />
elgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tfsf]<br />
Joj:yf ljk/Lt <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] clwsf/ If]q<br />
u|x0f u/L ;Demf}tfdf pTkGg To:tf]<br />
s/f/Lo lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] ;'g'<strong>jf</strong>O{ ug{ ;Sb}g .<br />
;Demf}tfdf dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg<br />
u/fpg] Joj:yf tyf dWo:y lgo'lQm ug] {<br />
ljlw dWo:ysf] ;+Vof cflb ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx?<br />
;d]t pNn]v ePsf]df klg ;Demf}tfsf<br />
Ps kIfn] lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg dWo:yåf/f<br />
u/fpg /fv]sf] k|:tfj csf] { kIfn] gdfgL<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQmsf] sfo{df c;xof]u u/L<br />
<strong>jf</strong> cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 dWo:y lgo'lQm gu/L<br />
;Demf}tfsf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg]<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ frustrate lg/y{s ug] { k|oTg<br />
ug{ ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|:t't<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf ljkIfL 7]s]bf/n] dWo:yåf/f<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
217<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg /fv]sf] k|:tfj<br />
lgj]bs sDkgLn] dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{<br />
cfjZos 5}g eg]sf] eGg] kmfonaf6<br />
b]lv+bf dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg]<br />
;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yf lg/y{s ePsf]<br />
b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L<br />
pkrf/ :j?k dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf]<br />
bkmf & n] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{<br />
appointing authority sf] clwsf/ lbPsf]<br />
xf] .<br />
&= bf]>f] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf<br />
x]bf{ lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg dWo:yåf/f u/fpg]<br />
Joj:yf Ps k|efjsf/L / ;zSt dfWod<br />
xf] . k/Dk/fut <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf]<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yfsf] ljsNkdf<br />
dWo:ynfO{ lnOG5 . dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg] forum l56f] 5l/tf] /<br />
z'ne dflgG5 . k/Dk/fut <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg ug{nfO{ <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] cfkm\g}<br />
sfo{ljlw sfg"g cg';f/ d'2fsf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
ul/G5 . <strong>cbfnt</strong>df tf]lsPsf<br />
GofofwLzx?af6 d'2f lg/f]k0f ul/G5 t/<br />
dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg ug] {<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLdf lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t'sf] 1fg<br />
ePsf] JolQmnfO{ kIfx?n] cf–cfkm\gf]<br />
dWo:y /f]hL dWo:y lgo'lQm ul/G5 /<br />
To;/L lgo'Qm dWo:yx?n] ldnL d'Vo<br />
dWo:ysf] ?kdf t];|f] dWo:y rog u/L<br />
plgx? ;dIf cfkm\gf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b k]z u/L<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] ;dfwfg u/fOG5 . o:tf]<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLdf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] sfo{ljlw sfg"g<br />
k|of]u u/L /xg' kb} {g . kIfx? ldn]/<br />
cfkm\gf] lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] ;'g'<strong>jf</strong>O{sf] sfo{ljlw<br />
cfkm} to ub{5g\ / o;sf] ;fy} <strong>cbfnt</strong>df<br />
h:tf] cfkm\gf] d'2fsf] kfnf] slxn] cfpnf<br />
elg k|ltIffdf /xg kb} {g . dWo:yåf/f
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg] sfo{ l56f] 5l/tf]<br />
/ z'ne dflgG5 . dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg] sfo{ klg /fHosf]<br />
Gofokflnsfsf] Ps c+u dflgG5 . ;f]<br />
;DaGwdf ef/tsf] ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
Rohtas Industries vs Its Union sf]<br />
d'2fdf dWo:ytfsf] ;DaGwdf b]xfo<br />
adf]lhd ljj]rgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . "It is<br />
legitimate to regard such an arbitrator<br />
now as part of the methodology of the<br />
soverign's dispensation of justice thus<br />
falling within the rainbow of statutory<br />
tribunals amenable to judicial review."<br />
*= cfkm\gf] e" efu leq<br />
k|To]s gful/s Pj+ JolQmnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf]<br />
/ z'ne Gofo k|bfg ug{ ] k|To]s /fi6«sf]<br />
;+j}wflgs st{Jo xf] eg] access to<br />
justice k|To]s gful/ssf] df}lns xs xf]<br />
. h;/L /fHon] <strong>cbfnt</strong> vf/]h <strong>jf</strong> aGb<br />
u/L gful/sx?sf] xs k|rng u/fpg]<br />
forum z'Go ug{ ;Sb}g, To;} u/L<br />
kIfx?n] lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg dWo:yåf/f<br />
u/fpg] u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf]df ;Emf}tfaf6<br />
pTkGg lj<strong>jf</strong>bnfO{ Ps kIfn] csf] { kIfnfO{<br />
Gofoaf6 al~rt ug] { p2]Zon] dWo:y<br />
;dIf lj<strong>jf</strong>b g} k]z ug{ gkfpg] u/L<br />
dWo:yfsf] u7g g} x'g glbg] k|ToIf <strong>jf</strong><br />
ck|ToIf s'g} klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g .<br />
;Demf}tfdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg dWo:yåf/f<br />
ul/g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] Ps kIfn]<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ /fv]sf] k|:tfj csf] {<br />
kIfn] OGsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g .<br />
(= kIfx?åf/f dWo:ysf]<br />
lgo'lQm / u7g g} x'g glbg b]xfosf]<br />
cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ .<br />
218<br />
c+s @<br />
-s_ ;Demf}tfsf] Ps kIfn] dWo:y<br />
lgo'lQm ug{ ' cufl8 Amicable<br />
settlement åf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg<br />
ug{ /fv]sf] k|:tfjdf c;xof]u <strong>jf</strong><br />
c:jLs/ u/]/,<br />
-v_ dWo:ysf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL z'? ug'{<br />
cufl8<br />
cGo s'g} lgsfo ;dIf lj<strong>jf</strong>b k]z<br />
ug] { ;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf ePsf]df<br />
To:tf]df c;xof]u <strong>jf</strong> c:jLsf/<br />
u/]/,<br />
-u_ dWo:y lgo'lQm ug] { ljlw<br />
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf]df Ps<br />
kIfn] dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ /fv]sf]<br />
k|:tfj c;xof]u <strong>jf</strong> c:jLsf/ u/]/<br />
<strong>jf</strong> cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 lgo'lQm ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm g} gu/]/,<br />
-3_ ;Demf}tf PstkmL{ e+u u/L ;Demf}tf<br />
g} e+u u/]sf] x'Fbf<br />
;Demf}tf e+u<br />
ePsf] sf/0f ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt<br />
dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg]<br />
Joj:yf klg :jtM e+u ePsf]n]<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ gkg] { eGg]<br />
lhls/ u/L cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 klg<br />
dWo:y lgo'lQm gug] { / csf] {<br />
kIfåf/f lgo'Qm dWo:ysf]<br />
Jurisdiction klg :jLsf/ gu/]/ .<br />
!)= pk/f]Qm h'g;'s} sf/0f<br />
pNn]v u/L Ps kIfn] dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{<br />
/fv]sf] k|:tfj csf] { kIfn] c:jLsf/ /<br />
c;xof]u ubf{ ;Eemf}tsf] csf] { kIfsf]<br />
Access to Justice h:tf] dxTjk"0f{<br />
df}lns clwsf/af6 alGrt x'g hfG5 .<br />
;Demf}tfaf6 pTkGg lj<strong>jf</strong>b dWo:yåf/f<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yfdf<br />
;Demf}tfsf] Ps kIfn] csf] { kIfnfO{
Access to Justice af6 alGrt gxf];\<br />
eg]/ dWo:y P]g, @)%% n] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{ appointing authority sf]<br />
dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
!!= dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf ePsf] s'g}<br />
;Demf}tfdf pTkGg lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
dWo:yåf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg rfxg] kIfn]<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b dWo:yåf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg<br />
/fv]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ frustrate ug{ dfly -s_<br />
-v_ -u_ / -3_ df pNn]v ul/Psf]<br />
dWo:y u7g / lgo'lQm ug{ ' cul8sf<br />
j}slNks k"j{fj:yfx?df csf] { kIfn]<br />
c;xof]u / c:jLsf/ u/]/ kl5 dWo:y<br />
ug] { JolQmx?sf] lgo'lQm ug] { k|s[ofdf g}<br />
c;xof]u / c:jLsf/ u/L dWo:yx?sf]<br />
u7g ug{ g} afwf lj/f]w v8f u/L<br />
;Demf}tfdf ePsf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf]<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ lg:qm[o u/fpg] cj:yf<br />
l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf<br />
Appointing authority sf] x}l;otn]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf<br />
/xG5 . sltko ;Demf}tfdf dWo:yåf/f<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg dWo:yf lgo'lQm<br />
<strong>jf</strong> u7g ug'{<br />
cufl8 kIfx? cfkm} a;L<br />
cfk;L ;/;Nnfx ;dembf/L u/L<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bnfO{ amicable settlement åf/f<br />
;dfwfg ug{ ] Joj:yf klg pNn]v ePsf]<br />
x'G5 . sltko ;Demf}tfdf pTkGg<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bnfO{ dWo:y u7g u/L dWo:y<br />
;dIf k]z ug{ cufl8 cGo lgsfo h:t}<br />
dispute resolution board cflb s'g} body<br />
<strong>jf</strong> authority <strong>jf</strong> cGo clwsf/L ;dIf k]z<br />
u/L ;se/ tL lgosfox?af6 lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf klg pNn]v<br />
ePsf] x'G5 . lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf To:tf<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
219<br />
j}slNks k"<strong>jf</strong>{j:yfx? ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z<br />
ePsf 5g\ eg] dWo:ytf ug] { JolQmsf]<br />
lgo'lQm ug'{<br />
cufl8 <strong>jf</strong> dWo:y tribunal<br />
u7g z'? ug] { sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL yfngL ug'{<br />
cufl8<br />
To:tf j}slNks k"<strong>jf</strong>{j:yfx? kIfn]<br />
clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ ?kn] invoke u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .<br />
Appointing authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u<br />
ug] { k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] dWo:y P]g<br />
@)%% sf] bkmf & sf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{<br />
cufl8 ;Demf}tfdf To:tf Joj:yfx? 5g\<br />
5| }gg\ / To:tf Joj:yfx? ;Demf}tfdf 5g\<br />
eg] ;DalGwt kIfn] oL j}slNks Joj:yf<br />
invoke u/] gu/]sf] x]g'{<br />
k5{ . To:tf<br />
j}slNks Joj:yf ;Demf}tdf ;dfj]z x'Fbf<br />
x'Fb}<br />
tL j}slNks Joj:yfx? invoke gu/L<br />
kIfn] dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf &<br />
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 pkrf/<br />
dfu ug{ ;Sb}g .<br />
!@= ;Demf}tfaf6 pTkGg<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg<br />
u/fpg rfxg] kIfn] lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf<br />
;DaGwdf dfly pNn]lvt j}slNks<br />
k"<strong>jf</strong>{j:yfsf pkrf/sf Joj:yfx? invoke<br />
u/] gu/]sf] x]/L pk/f]Qm j}slNks k"j{<br />
pkrf/ k"/f u/]sf] <strong>jf</strong> pk/f]Qm j}slNks<br />
k"j{ pkrf/sf Joj:yfåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg<br />
u/fpg rfxg] kIfn] k|:tfj u/]sf] t/<br />
csf] { kIfn] k"j{ pkrf/sf Joj:yfx? g}<br />
frustrate u/]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfk"mdf ePsf] dWo:y P]g,<br />
@)%% sf] bkmf & sf] appointing<br />
authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L sfg"g<br />
adf]lhd dWo:y lgo'lQm u/L lbg' kb{5 .<br />
!#= k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
appointing authority sf] x}l;otn]<br />
;Demf}tfaf6 pTkGg lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf dWo:y
lgo'lQm u/L lbg'kg] { csf] { cy<strong>jf</strong> rf}yf]<br />
cj:yf, Ps kIfn] Ps kIfLo ?kn]<br />
;Demf}tf e+u u/L lbg] / ;Demf}tf e+u<br />
ePsf] sf/0f ;Demf}tfs} zt{ dWo]s} Ps<br />
zt{ dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg]<br />
Joj:yf klg :jtM e+u ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf<br />
g} g/x]sf]n] ca dWo:y ug{ gkg] { eGg]<br />
lhsL/ u/L ;Demf}tfsf] dWo:ytfåf/f<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf g}<br />
lg/y{s u/L ;Demf}tfsf] csf] { kIfnfO{<br />
access to justice sf] clwsf/af6 alGrt<br />
ug] { cj:yf pTkGg x'g k'Ub5 . o:tf]<br />
cj:yfdf klg k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
cfk"mdf ePsf] appointing authority sf]<br />
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L dWo:y lgo'lQm u/L<br />
lbg' kb{5 . ;Demf}tf e+u u/] klg<br />
;Demf}tfnfO{ lnP/ pTkGg lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
dWo:yåf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg] dWo:ytfsf]<br />
Joj:yf e+u x'Fb}g<br />
. Ps kIfLo ?kn]<br />
;Demf}tf e+u eP tfklg ;Demf}tfsf]<br />
dispute settlement ug] { arbitration<br />
clause <strong>jf</strong> agreement to arbitrate sf]<br />
Joj:yf e+u x'Fb}g<br />
. olb To:tf] JofVof<br />
ug] { xf] eg] ;Demf}tfsf Ps kIfn] Ps<br />
kIfLo ?kn] ;Demf}tf e+u ul/lbgf;fy<br />
csf] { kIf access to justice sf]<br />
clwsf/af6 alGrt x'g k'Ub5 . t;y{<br />
s/f/ sfg"gsf dfGo l;4fGt s] xf] eg]<br />
;Demf}tf Ps kIfLo ?kn] e+u u/] klg<br />
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] dWo:ytfåf/f<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg] arbitration clause<br />
sf] Joj:yf e+u x'Fb}g<br />
. lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf]<br />
Joj:yf survive ub{5 . of] s/f/<br />
sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGt g} xf] .<br />
!$= ;Demf}tfdf ePsf]<br />
dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg ug] {<br />
220<br />
c+s @<br />
Joj:yfnfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg kIfn]<br />
s'g} klg sf/0f <strong>jf</strong> afxfgfn] frustrate ug{<br />
kfpFb}g . ;Demf}tf e+u ePsf] sf/0f<br />
atbitration clause klg e+u ePsf]n]<br />
dWo:ysf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL x'g g;Sg] eGg] <strong>jf</strong><br />
;fj{ef}d clwsf/ ;DkGg /fHon] cfkm"df<br />
ePsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ k|of]u u/L<br />
;fj{ef}ds ljwflosfn] sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L<br />
sfg"gåf/f g} ;Demf}tf e+u u/]sf] eGg] <strong>jf</strong><br />
sfg"g agfO{ sfg"gn] g} ;Demf}tfdf<br />
ePsf] dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg ug] {<br />
Joj:yf x6fPsf]n] ca dWo:y x'g g;Sg]<br />
eGg] cflb s'g} klg sf/0fn] appointing<br />
authority n] dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ g;Sg]<br />
eGg] s'g} klg lhls/ dfGo x'Fb}g<br />
. b'O{<br />
kIfn] cfk;L ;xdtL / ;xdtLåf/f<br />
OdfGbf/Ltf -good faith_ sf cfwf/df<br />
ul/Psf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ Ps kIfLo ?kn]<br />
abNg ;Sb}g . o:tf] ug'{<br />
;Demf}tfdf<br />
ePsf] ;Demf}tf cjlwe/ Ps kIfLo ?kn]<br />
;Demf}tfsf zt{x? +;+;f]wg <strong>jf</strong> km]/abn<br />
ug{ gkfpg] u/L /fv]sf] ;Demf}tfsf]<br />
slabilization clauses / cGt//f{li6«o<br />
sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGt Æpacta sund<br />
servanda" cyf{t Æagreement must be<br />
honoured" eGg] dfGo l;4fGtsf] ;d]t<br />
ljk/Lt x'G5 . t;y{ ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg<br />
kIfn] s'g} klg sf/0f b]vfO{ Ps tkmL{<br />
?kn] ;Demf}tf eu+ u/] klg ;Demf}tf e+u<br />
u/]sf] sf/0f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf<br />
dWo:ytf cyf{t agreement to arbitrate<br />
sf] Joj:yf klg e+u x'Fb}g<br />
. Arbitration<br />
clause rfFxL hLljt /xG5 .<br />
!%= ;f] ;DaGwdf oxfF Prof.<br />
Prosper weil sf] ] N.Y.L.Q Rev 600, 10-<br />
611 (1940) df k|sflzt "The
separability doctrine" in America and<br />
Foreign Arbitration df ;Demf}tfsf cGo<br />
Joj:yf / lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf<br />
km/s km/s Joj:yfx? x'g\, ;Demf}tfsf<br />
cGo zt{ eGbf lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf<br />
Independent Joj:yf xf] / ;Demf}tfsf]<br />
Ps kIfn] dWo:ysf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLnfO{ s'g}<br />
klg <strong>jf</strong>xfgfdf afwf lj/f]w / lg/y{s<br />
cyf{t frustrate ug{ ;Sb}g egL o;/L<br />
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . "Consequently, the<br />
State cannot mod<strong>if</strong>y unilaterally the<br />
mechanism established for the<br />
settlement of disputes in a direct way<br />
by dictating through its authority a<br />
change in the arbitration clauses, or in<br />
an indirect way through refusing to<br />
accept the arbitral procedure as it is<br />
provided in the contract, or by putting<br />
obstacles in the way of its operation; by<br />
such actions, the State would be<br />
committing an unlawful act,<br />
Furthermore, it would be less<br />
acceptable for a State to revoke the<br />
contract in its entirity in order to claim<br />
that the arbitration clause has become<br />
inoperative and thus to evade its<br />
effects by such a device. Indeed, it is<br />
unanimously recgnized that arbitration<br />
clauses are autonomous in relation to<br />
the other provisions of the contract and<br />
that the invalidity or the termination of<br />
the contract remains without influence<br />
on them."<br />
!^= ;Demf}tfsf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfgsf Joj:yf cGo Joj:yfaf6<br />
ljNs'n :jtGq cnu / leGg Joj:yf<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
221<br />
cyf{t Arbitration clause is independent<br />
from the principle clause eGg] ;DaGwdf<br />
UNCITRAL cyf{t ÆUnited Nations<br />
Commissions on International Trade<br />
Law" sf] wf/f @! -@_ af6 klg b]lvG5 .<br />
Art 21 para -@_ df "An arbitration<br />
clause which forms part of a contract<br />
and which provides for arbitration under<br />
these Rules shall be treated as an<br />
agreement independent of the other<br />
terms of the contract. A decision by the<br />
arbitral tribunal that the contract is null<br />
and void shall not entail ipso jure the<br />
invalidity of the arbitration clause." eGg]<br />
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
!&= ;Demf}tfsf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf / cGo Joj:yf km/s<br />
km/s x'g cyf{t\ Ps kIfn] Ps kIfLo<br />
?kn] ;Demf}tf e+u u/] klg ;Demf}tfsf]<br />
agreement to arbitrate sf] Joj:yf c?<br />
Joj:yf eGbf km/s / Independent<br />
Joj:yf ePsf] sf/0f agreement to<br />
arbitrate sf] Joj:yf survive u5{ eGg]<br />
;DaGwdf oxfF Pp6f case law LIAMCO<br />
vs Libiya sf] dWo:ydf Single arbitrator<br />
Dr. Sobhie Mohmassani, Counsellor at<br />
Law n] u/]sf] JofVof pNn]vlgo 5 .<br />
Arbitral Dispute df LIAMCO vs libiyo sf]<br />
case nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ JofVof elgG5 .<br />
;Demf}af6 pTkGg lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf dWo:ysf]<br />
;DaGwdf of] lj<strong>jf</strong>b / of] lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf<br />
dWo:ysf] award nfO{ pursuasive<br />
authority dflgG5 .<br />
!*= Libiya t]n ;DkGg /fi6«<br />
lyof] . Libiya t]nsf] pTvgg pTkfbg<br />
sfo{df cfkm\gf] k" FhL k|ljwL / zLk
gePsf] sf/0f Libiya / cd]l/sfsf] Joint<br />
venture co. LIAMCO gfdsf] sDkgL /<br />
Libiya sf] ;/sf/ aLr t]n pTkfbg ug] {<br />
;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] .<br />
;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfd x'Fbfsf<br />
cj:yfdf<br />
;Demf}tf cjlw leq} Libiya n] PstkmL{<br />
?kn] Libiya df ;Demf}tfåf/f t]n<br />
pTkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg cd]l/sg<br />
sDkgLsf] contract nfO{ Decree hf/L<br />
u/L /fli6«os/0f u¥of] . pQm /fli6«os/0f<br />
;Demf}tf ljk/Lt ePsf] elg LIAMCO n]<br />
;Demf}tfsf] dWo:ytfåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg<br />
u/fpg] Joj:yf invoke u/L lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg u/fpg dWo:ysf] k|:tfj ubf{<br />
Libiya n] s'g} klg h<strong>jf</strong>km glbPsf] sf/0f<br />
LIAMCO n] -xfd|f] dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf]<br />
bkmf & n] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>nfO{<br />
appointing authority tf]s]sf] h:tf]_<br />
cGt//fli6«o Gofofnosf] president nfO{<br />
sole arbitrator lgo'lQm ug{ cg'/f]w u¥of]<br />
. LIAMCO ;+usf] ;Demf}tfdf lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf<br />
ePsf] lyof] . "1. If at any time during or<br />
after the currency of this Concession<br />
any d<strong>if</strong>ference or dispute shall arise<br />
between the Government and the<br />
Company concerning the interpretation<br />
or performance here of, or anything<br />
herein contained or in connection<br />
herewith, or the rights and liabilities of<br />
either of such parties hereunder and <strong>if</strong><br />
such parties should fail to settle such<br />
d<strong>if</strong>ference or dispute by agreement, the<br />
same shall, failing any agreement to<br />
settle it any other way, be referred to<br />
two Arbitrators, one of whom shall be<br />
222<br />
c+s @<br />
appointed by each such party, and an<br />
Umpire who shall be appointed by the<br />
Arbitrators immediately after they are<br />
themselves appointed.<br />
In the event of the Arbitrators<br />
failing to agree upon an Umpire within<br />
60 days from the date of the<br />
appointment of the second Arbitrator,<br />
either of such parties may request the<br />
President or, <strong>if</strong> the President is a<br />
national of Libya or of the Country<br />
where the Company was incorporated,<br />
the Vice-President, of the International<br />
Court of Justice to appoint the Umpire.<br />
2. The institution of Arbitration<br />
proceedings shall take palce<br />
upon the receipt by one of such<br />
parties of a written request of<br />
Arbitration from the other which<br />
request shall spec<strong>if</strong>y the matter in<br />
respect of which Arbitration is<br />
required and name the Arbitrator<br />
appointed by the party requiring<br />
Arbitration.<br />
3. the party receiveing the request shall<br />
within 90 days of such receipt<br />
appoint its Arbitrator and not<strong>if</strong>y<br />
this appointment to the other of<br />
such parties failing which such<br />
other party may request the<br />
President, or in the case referred<br />
to in paragraph 1 above, the Vice-<br />
President, of the International<br />
Court of Justice to appoint a Sole<br />
Arbitrator and the decision of a<br />
Sole Arbitrator so appointed shall
e binding upon both such<br />
parties."<br />
!(= cGt//fli6«o Gofonosf<br />
president åf/f ;Demf}tdf Joj:yf eP<br />
adf]lhd cfkm"df ePsf] appointing<br />
authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L Dr.<br />
Sobhie Mahmassani nfO{ sole<br />
Arbitrator lgo'lQm ul/of] . pQm lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf<br />
Libiya n] cfkm\gf] b]z leq /x]sf] cfkm\gf]<br />
;DkQL /fli6«os/0f u/]sf]n] dWo:yåf/f<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg u/fpg] sf/0f klg g/x]sf]<br />
eGg] ts{nfO{ o;/L JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5<br />
. "It is widely accepted in international<br />
law and practice that an arbitration<br />
clause survives the unilateral<br />
termination by the State of the contract<br />
in which it is inserted and continues in<br />
force even after that termination. This is<br />
a logical consequence of the<br />
interpretation of the intention of the<br />
contracting parties, and appears to be<br />
one of the basic conditions for creating<br />
a favorable climate for foreign<br />
investment."<br />
@)= ;f] ;DaGwdf oxfF<br />
ef/tsf] ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] Indian Drugs<br />
& Pharmaceuticals Ltd. vs Indo-Swiss<br />
Gem mfg Co.Ltd. sf] d'2fdf u/]sf]<br />
JofVof klg pNn]vlgo 5 . pQm d'2fdf<br />
klg ;Demf}tf e+u u/] klg arbitration<br />
clause survive u5{ eGg] JofVof ePsf]<br />
b]lvG5 .<br />
@!= o;af6 klg ;Demf}tfsf<br />
cGo Joj:yf <strong>jf</strong> zt{ / lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg<br />
ug] { dWo:ysf] arbitration clause sf]<br />
Joj:yf leGg :jtGq / independent<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
Joj:yf xf] eGg] k|df0fLt x'G5 . ;Demf}tf<br />
e+u u/] klg agreement to Arbitrate<br />
cyf{t dWo:ysf] Joj:yf survive u5{ .<br />
ctM ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg kIfn] dfly<br />
pNn]lvt cj:yf cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfO{<br />
dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf<br />
frustrate ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .<br />
@@= k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>x?n]<br />
dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf & cg';f/<br />
cfk"mdf ePsf] appointing authority sf]<br />
clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
;dfwfg ug] { ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yfnfO{<br />
frustrate ug{ ;Demf}tfsf Ps kIfn] lng<br />
;Sg] pk/f]Qm lhls/ tyf bkmf ^-!_ sf]<br />
DofbnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL Dofb leq<br />
ePdf / j}slNks k"<strong>jf</strong>{ cj:yf <strong>jf</strong> pkrf/<br />
;d]t invoke u/] gu/]sf] x]/L cfkmgf]<br />
clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{<br />
k5{ .<br />
@#= ca t]>f] k|Zgsf<br />
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf<br />
;Demf}tfsf] Ps kIf ljkIfL k|m]G8;\<br />
sGi6«S;g k|f=ln= n] dWo:y lgo'lQm<br />
ul/kfpFm elg tLg JolQmx?sf] gfd<br />
k|:tfj u/L ldlt @)^@.!).!& df lgj]bs<br />
sDkgLnfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]df ldlt<br />
@)^@.&.! sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn]<br />
d"n ;+Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! sf] pkbkmf #<br />
adf]lhd xfdL aLr dWo:ytf P]g<br />
adf]lhd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cufl8 a9fpg ;Dej<br />
gb]lv+bf sfg"g adf]lhdsf] af6f]<br />
canDag u/]df sDkgLnfO{ s'g} cfklQ<br />
gx'g] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOG5 elg h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .<br />
@$= k|:t't lj<strong>jf</strong>b;+u b'O{<br />
;Demf}tf ;DaGwLt b]lvG5 . Pp6f<br />
;Demf}tf lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL k|m]G8;<br />
223
224<br />
c+s @<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{ {<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
sGi6«S;g k|f=ln= / csf] ;Demf}tf lgj]bs leq <strong>lg0f</strong>{o glbPsf] ldltn] <strong>jf</strong><br />
sDkgL / :<strong>jf</strong>:Yo dGqfno cGtu{tsf] OlGhlgo/n] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf lrQ<br />
lgsfo hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfn aLr ga'em]df OlGhlgo/n] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbPsf] ldltn]<br />
ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL () lbg leq bkmf %!-@_ adf]lhd<br />
k|m]G8; sGi6«S;g k|f=ln= aLr ePsf] dWo:ysf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cufl8 a9fpg kg]<br />
;Eemf}tfsf] bkmf !$ df Æj}wflgstfÆ x'G5 . o;/L dWo:yåf/f lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg<br />
cGtu{t Æo; ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ /fv]sf] k|:tfj lgj]bs sDkgLn]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>kt cy<strong>jf</strong> o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf c:jLsf/ u/]df k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;dIf<br />
bkmfx?df <strong>jf</strong> o;} ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v lgj]bg lbg kg] b]lvG5 . bkmf %!-!_<br />
gePsf b/ <strong>jf</strong> ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf sfo{ adf]lhd ;j{k|yd OlGhlgo/ ;dIf bfjL<br />
leq kg] s'g} s'/fdf dtleGgtf, k]z ug'{kg]<br />
clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ Joj:yf xf] .<br />
<strong>jf</strong>blj<strong>jf</strong>b ePdf o;} 7]Ssfbftf - k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] bkmf %! sf] Joj:yf<br />
g]=s+=s+=g]=_ sf] ;+rfns ;ldltn] lbPsf] adf]lhd OlGhlgo/ ;dIf bfjL k]z u/]sf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{onfO{ clGtd <strong>lg0f</strong>{o dflgg] 5Æ eGg] eGg] lgj]bg Pj+ lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>kmaf6<br />
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . bkmf !$ df b]lv+b}g . ljkIfL 7]s]bf/n] bkmf %!-!_ sf]<br />
;Demf}tfnfO{ lnP/ pTkGg lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;a} zt{ k"/f / kfngf u/] gu/]sf] /<br />
dWo:yåf/f ;dfwfg ug] eGg] zt{ <strong>jf</strong> dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_ sf]<br />
s'/f <strong>jf</strong> Joj:yf ;dfj]z gePsf] x'Fbf<br />
Dofb leq lgj]bg k/]sf] xf] xf]Og < ;f]<br />
bkmf !$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ dWo:ysf] gx]/L P]gsf] bkmf & sf] clwsf/ k|of]u<br />
Joj:yf dfGg ;lsPg . t/ lgj]bs u/L dWo:y lgo'lQm u/]sf] ldlt<br />
sDkgL / hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfn aLr @)^#.$.@* sf] cfb]z gldn]sf]n] pQm<br />
ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! df dWo:ysf] cfb]z pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L<br />
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . bkmf %! arbitration lbPsf] 5 . lakIfL k| ]m08; sG:6«S;g<br />
clause xf] . ljkIfL k|m]G8; sGi6«S;g k|f=ln=n] dWo:ysf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL cufl8<br />
sDkgLn] ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! nfO{ a9fpg k"j{ ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! sf]<br />
;dftL dWo:ytf lgo'lQm ul/kfpFm eg]sf] j}slNks k"<strong>jf</strong>{j:yfx? cGtu{t OlGhlgo/<br />
b]lvG5 . bkmf %! cg';f/ dWo:ytf ;dIf cfˆgf] bfjL k]z ug'{kg]<br />
b]lvG5 .<br />
lgo'lQm ug] k"<strong>jf</strong>{j:yf dWo:ytf u/fpg To;/L OlGhlgo/ ;dIf bfjL k]z u/]sf]<br />
rfxg] kIfn] lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;j{k|yd OlGhlgo/ t/ OlGhlgo/n] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o glbP <strong>jf</strong><br />
;dIf k]z ug'{kg]<br />
b]lvG5 . ;j{k|yd OlGhlgo/n] lbPsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf lrQ<br />
OlGhlgo/ ;dIf lj<strong>jf</strong>b k]z ug{ kg] ga'e]msf] eP dfq dWo:y ;dIf bfjL k]z<br />
clg<strong>jf</strong>o{ / <strong>jf</strong>WofTds zt{ xf] . bkmf %!- ug{ ;lsG5 . ca ljkIfL k|m]G8;<br />
!_ adf]lhd OlGhlgo/ ;dIf k]z eO{ k]z sGi6«S;g sDkgLn] dWo:y lgo'lQmsf]<br />
u/]sf] lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf OlGhlgon] s'g} <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lgj]bg ug' cufl8 ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %!<br />
glbPdf <strong>jf</strong> OlGhlgo/n] lbPsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf sf] j}slNks k"<strong>jf</strong>{j:yfsf] invoke u/]<br />
lrQ ga'em]df dfq OlGhlgo/n] () lbg gu/]sf] cy<strong>jf</strong> kfngf u/] gu/]sf] x]/L
pQm k"<strong>jf</strong>{j:yfx? kfngf u/]sf] t/ pQm<br />
k"<strong>jf</strong>{j:yf klg lgj]bs sDkgLn] frustrate<br />
u/]sf] / P]gsf] bkmf ^-!_ sf] Dofb leq<br />
To; <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;dIf lgj]bg k/]sf] eP<br />
P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhd b'a} kIfnfO{ dfGo<br />
x'g] dWo:y lgo'Qm ug{ ' elg k/dfb]z<br />
;d]t hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf]<br />
bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n<br />
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=kjgs'df/ cf]emf<br />
Olt ;Dat @)^$ ;fn sflt{s @& ut]<br />
/f]h z'ed\–––––––––––––<br />
zfvf clws[tM– v8\u /fh clwsf/L<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
225
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(#$ g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;+o'tm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn<br />
;Dat\ @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#!<strong>@%</strong><br />
cfb]z ldltM @)^$.!@.%.#<br />
la<strong>if</strong>o M– pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .<br />
lga]bsM cGt/f{li6«o Plss[t kj{tLo<br />
ljsf; s]Gb|sf] d'Vo k|zf;sLo<br />
Pj+ sfg"gL k|ltlglw 8fO/]S6/<br />
hg/n h]=u|fj]n sfDj]n<br />
lj?4<br />
ljkIfLM >d <strong>cbfnt</strong> cgfdgu/, sf7df8f} +<br />
;d]t<br />
� ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]<br />
wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t g]kfn<br />
;/sf/ ;/sf/L c+u / g]kfn<br />
sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t /fHosf<br />
Instrumentalities åf/f g]kfn<br />
sfg"g k|of]u u/L ul/Psf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] dfq GofoLs<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5 . g]kfn sfg"g<br />
afx]ssf cGo Document, ljwfg<br />
<strong>jf</strong> Charter sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] GofoLs k'gj/fnf]sg<br />
ub} {g cyf{t\ o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] wf/f<br />
**-@_ cGtu{t ICIMOD sf]<br />
service law ;/xsf] Human<br />
Resources Policy sf] AofVof /<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ g;Sg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=!)_<br />
226<br />
c+s @<br />
� g]kfn sfg"g Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o b'a}<br />
sfg"gn] Convention on the<br />
Privileges and immunities of<br />
the Specialized Agencies df<br />
g]kfn kIf ePsf] /x]5 eg] kIf<br />
ePkl5 pQm Convention sf]<br />
Aoj:yf kIf /fi6« ePsf] sf/0f<br />
g]kfnn] sfg"g ;/x nfu" /<br />
kfngf ug'{kg]<br />
{ .<br />
� g]kfn sfg"g tyf Head<br />
Quarters Agreement n]<br />
ICIMOD sf sd{rf/Ln] st{Jo<br />
kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf]<br />
sfddf g]kfnL <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
clwsf/If]qaf6 pGd'lQm k|bfg<br />
ug] { .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=@&_<br />
� Goflos sfo{<strong>jf</strong>xLsf] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>tf g}<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{<br />
cufl8 ;a} s'/f a'emL<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{kg]<br />
{ xf] t/ >d<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfk"mn] klg ga'emL /<br />
a'em\g] k|oTg klg gu/L sfg"g /<br />
;lGwsf] unt AofVof dfq xf]Og<br />
sfo{ljlw g} k"/f gu/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
u/]sf] b]lvbf eljiodf o:tf]<br />
unt cfb]z gx'g b]xfo adf]lhd<br />
ug'{<br />
.<br />
-s_ >d sfof{nodf slDtdf >d P]g /<br />
cfˆgf] clwsf/If]q a'em]sf]<br />
clwsf/LnfO{ dfq kbf:yfkg ug'{<br />
egL<br />
/lhi6f/, ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] >d;+u<br />
;DalGwt lgsfodf n]lv k7fpg' .<br />
-v_ xfd|f] <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf km};nfx? ljb]zL<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ;d]t dfGotf lbg] :t/sf]<br />
x'g'kb{5 . >d <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o x]bf{
yk s]xL s'/f pNn]v x'g cfjZos<br />
b]lvof] . Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt ;d]t<br />
k|of]u u/L km};nf ug{ xfdL clwsf/<br />
;DkGg 5f} + . g]kfnsf] ljleGg /fi6«;+u<br />
a9\bf] bf}To ;DaGw, g]kfndf ;+o'Qm<br />
/fi6«;+3sf] sfof{no, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s}<br />
ljleGg Specialized Agencies x?sf]<br />
sfof{no / Specialized Agencies<br />
;/xsf] x}l;ot /fVg] ;fs{ nufot<br />
ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o NGO x? tyf<br />
bft[ /fi6«sf ljleGg ;xfotf<br />
lgof]ux?sf sfof{no g]kfndf :yfkgf<br />
ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fhb'tf<strong>jf</strong>; /<br />
/fhb'tf<strong>jf</strong>;sf clwsf/Lx?n] u/]sf]<br />
cf}krfl/s sfddf Vienna<br />
Convention on Diplomatic Relation<br />
nufotn] pGd'lQm k|fKt x'G5 . >d<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] pNn]lvt <strong>lg0f</strong>{o x]bf{<br />
/fhb'tf<strong>jf</strong>; <strong>jf</strong> clwsf/Ln] u/]sf]<br />
cf}krfl/s sfddf klg g]kfnsf]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{ ;Sg]<br />
u/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf] b]lvof] . g]kfnsf]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ##-<br />
8_, !))-!_, !))-@_, !%^ / Singhvi<br />
Decleration sf] wf/f $) / g]kfn<br />
;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( sf]<br />
Aoj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;lGw<br />
;Demf}tf ;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"g tyf<br />
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g;+u ;DalGwt<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf eljiodf ca o:tf] unt<br />
km};nf gx'g >d <strong>cbfnt</strong>df sfd ug] {<br />
GofoflwznfO{ / z'? d'2f x]g] {<br />
Gofoflwzx?nfO{ ;lGw ;Demf}tf<br />
;DaGwL, Convention ;DaGwL<br />
vf;u/L Vienna Convention on<br />
Diplomatic Relation s'6gLlts ;'ljwf<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
227<br />
/ pGd'lQm ;DaGwL, Head Quarters<br />
Agreement ;DaGwL nufotsf<br />
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g ;DaGwL<br />
dfGotfx?sf] af/]df Go"gtd hfgsf/L<br />
lbnfpg /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgn]<br />
s]lx lbgsf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
tkm{ Gofo kl/<strong>if</strong>b\ ;lrjnfO{<br />
Wofgfs<strong>if</strong>{0f u/fO{ of] km};nfsf]<br />
k|ltlnlk /fvL /lhi6«f/n] Gofo kl/<strong>if</strong>b\<br />
;lrjnfO{ n]lv k7fpg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=@*_<br />
lgj]bs tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf<br />
s'';'d<br />
>]i7 / ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
rqmljqmd zfx<br />
ljkIfL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf<br />
/fhgf/fo0f kf7s, ljåfg<br />
clwjQmfåo /d]zk|;fb sf]O/fnf<br />
/ ljZjnfn >]i7<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
cfb]z<br />
Gof=jn/fd s]=;L=Mg]kfn<br />
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u/]sf]df ljkIfL dfgaxfb'/ s6'<strong>jf</strong>nn]<br />
ICIMOD lj?4 ?=^,^),))).– Ifltk"lt{<br />
lbnfO{ kfpF egL ldlt @)^).$.! df >d<br />
sfof{no, afUdtL c~rn sf7df8f} +df >d<br />
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf <strong>@%</strong>-!_ / -@_<br />
adf]lhd bfjL u/]sf]df >d sfof{non]<br />
klg >d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod<br />
@#-!_-u_ df pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] /sd<br />
e'QmfgL ug'{<br />
egL >d P]g, @)$*<br />
cGtu{t lgj]bs pk/ cfb]z u/]sf] / >d<br />
sfof{nosf] pQm cfb]z ab/ u/fpg<br />
231
lgj]bsn] >d <strong>cbfnt</strong>df k'g/fj]bg ubf{<br />
>d <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] klg >d sfof{nosf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
;b/ u/]sf] sf/0f k|:t't lgj]bg kg{<br />
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ca ;f] ;DaGwdf<br />
b]xfosf lj<strong>if</strong>odf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg'kg] { b]lvG5 .<br />
{<br />
-s_ ICIMOD, Human Resources<br />
policy Manual cGtu{t eP u/]sf]<br />
sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLdf o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf]<br />
-v_<br />
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_<br />
adf]lhd k|fKt c;fwf/0f clwsf/<br />
cGtu{t Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{<br />
;S5, ;Sb}g,<br />
lgj]bsn] bfjL u/] ;/x lgj]bs<br />
s'6g}lts ;'ljwf tyf pGd'lQm<br />
k|fKt lgsfo xf], xf]Og <<br />
-u_ >d sfof{nosf] ldlt<br />
@)^).!@.!@ sf] cfb]z / >d<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL u/]sf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ x'g kg] xf], xf]Og .<br />
%= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/<br />
ubf{, k|fKt kmfonaf6 ljkIfL dfgaxfb'/<br />
s6'<strong>jf</strong>nnfO{ ICIMOD, Human<br />
Resources policy Manual cGt{ut<br />
lgj]bs ICIMOD n] s/f/df lgo'lQm<br />
lbPsf]df ljkIfL dfgaxfb'/nfO{ k6s<br />
k6s ;r]t u/fpFbf klg g;'lw|Psf]n]<br />
s/f/ gjLs/0f gu/L ;]<strong>jf</strong> cGTo u/]sf]<br />
eGg] ( May, @))# sf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 .<br />
;]<strong>jf</strong> cGTo u/] pk/ >d sfof{non]<br />
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gbf ICIMOD sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
ljk/Lt <strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf]n] ;f] lgj]bg kg{<br />
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg nfu" g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f<br />
232<br />
c+s @<br />
**-@_ df o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] c;fwf/0f<br />
clwsf/If]qsf] Aoj:yf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .<br />
wf/f ** -@_ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t<br />
wf/f @# cg';f/ kg{ cfPsf] s'g} lgj]bg<br />
;'g'<strong>jf</strong>O{ u/L k"0f{ Gofo k|bfg ug{ prLt /<br />
cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;S5<br />
^= wf/f **-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f<br />
clwsf/ Writ Juridiction xf] . o;<br />
clwsf/ cGtu{t Goflos / cw{Goflos<br />
lgsfox?sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5<br />
. of] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+ljwfg<br />
<strong>jf</strong> sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t ;fj{hlgs<br />
h<strong>jf</strong>kmx]bL ePsf /fHo <strong>jf</strong> /fHosf c+u<br />
cyf{t\ ;/sf/ <strong>jf</strong> ;/sf/L sfof{no <strong>jf</strong><br />
;/sf/sf] clwsf/Lx? <strong>jf</strong> /fHon] ug] {<br />
sfd ug{ sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t ;+:yf <strong>jf</strong><br />
lgsfo cyf{t\ state / state sf<br />
instrumentalities n] u/]sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{ox? h;<br />
pk/ ;'g'<strong>jf</strong>O{ ug{ cGo pkrf/sf] Aoj:yf<br />
ePsf] x'Fb}g,<br />
To:tf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o <strong>jf</strong> sfo{sf]<br />
tYoleq k|j]z gu/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf]<br />
k|lqmofsf] dfq Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg<br />
ul/G5 . o;nfO{ k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf]<br />
ef<strong>if</strong>fdf Merit of the Decision sf] xf]Og<br />
Decision Making Process sf] dfq<br />
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]<br />
wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ tYoleq k|j]z ug'{<br />
x'Fb}g<br />
eGg] ;DaGwdf ef/tsf] ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] State of UP vs Dharmendra<br />
Prasad Singh sf] d'2fdf o;/L AofVof<br />
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
Judicial review under Art.226<br />
cannot be converted into an
appeal. Judicial review is directed,<br />
not against the decision, but is<br />
confined to the examination of the<br />
decision making–process. When<br />
the issues raised in judicial review<br />
is whether a decision is vitiated by<br />
taking into account irrelevant or<br />
neglecting to take into account of<br />
relevant factors or is so man<strong>if</strong>estly<br />
unreasonable that no reasonable<br />
authority, entrusted with the power<br />
in question could reasonably have<br />
made such a decision, the judicial<br />
review of the decision making<br />
process includes examination, as a<br />
matter of law, of the relevance of<br />
the factors.<br />
&= wf/f **-@_ adf]lhd<br />
/fHosf c+ux?n] u/]sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t' <strong>jf</strong><br />
tYoleq k|j]z ul/+b}g s]jn sfg"gL s'/f<br />
dfq x]l/G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf oxfF Garner<br />
sf] Administrative Law pNn]v ug{<br />
cfjZos b]lvG5 . Garner n] sfo{sf/L0fL<br />
k|zf;sLo <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] c;fwf/0f<br />
clwsf/ cGtu{t x:tIf]k ug] {<br />
cfwf/x?dfM–<br />
-s_ Breach of the principles of Natural<br />
Justice<br />
-v_ Excess of Power<br />
-u_ Error of Procedures<br />
-3_ Error of Law<br />
-ª_ failure to perform a duty<br />
-5_ Bad faith or abuse of power, in<br />
the sense of using a power in a<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
233<br />
meaning other than that<br />
contemplated enabling statute<br />
eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
*= o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] tTsfnLg<br />
;+ljwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ /<br />
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f<br />
!)&-@_ cGtu{t k|fKt c;fwf/0f clwsf/<br />
pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / cj:yfdf k|of]u ub{5 .<br />
wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|of]u u/L s] s:tf]<br />
cj:yfdf / s] s;/L Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;Dat\<br />
@)%& ;fnsf] l/6 g+=##@^ lgj]bs lj/h'<br />
/GhLt la?4 lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno<br />
ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf Garner sf]<br />
Administrative Law sf pk/f]Qm<br />
l;4fGtsf] ;d]t pNn]v u/L ldlt<br />
@)^!.!!.#.@ df lj:t[t AofVof u/L<br />
;lsPsf] 5 .<br />
(= tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f<br />
**-@_ sf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] c;fwf/0f<br />
clwsf/If]q cGtu{t s] s:tf] cj:yfdf<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] lgj]bg ;'gL cfb]z hf/L<br />
ug{ ;S5 eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bs k|bLk<br />
s'df/ cu|<strong>jf</strong>n lj?4 s/ sfof{no df]/ª<br />
;d]tsf] d'2fdf & hgfsf] j[xb k"0f{<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>;n] klg AofVof ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
pQm d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGt cg';f/<br />
Goflos <strong>jf</strong> cw{Goflos clwsf/Lsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
<strong>jf</strong> cfb]z clwsf/If]qlalxg 5 eg] <strong>jf</strong><br />
lghn] k|of]u u/sf] sfg"gg} ;+ljwfg<br />
;Ddt 5}g eg] <strong>jf</strong> clwsf/ gePsf]<br />
lgsfon] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/]sf] 5 eg]<br />
<strong>jf</strong> k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf o;
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] wf/f **-@_ sf] clwsf/If]q<br />
u|x0f u/L prLt cfb]z lbg ;S5 eGg]<br />
AofVof ePsf] 5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf<br />
ICIMOD sf sd{rf/Ln] s]Gb|sf] sfd ubf{<br />
g]kfnsf] <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{<br />
g;Sg]df >d sfof{no / >d <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/]sf] sfo{<br />
clwsf/If]qlalxg x'Fbf<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] wf/f<br />
**-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ u|x0f u/L<br />
prLt cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;S5 .<br />
!)= k|:t't lgj]bgdf ljkIfL<br />
dfgaxfb'/ s6'<strong>jf</strong>n lgj]bs ICIMOD df<br />
s/f/df sfo{/t AolQm eGg] b]lvG5 .<br />
ICIMOD Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L<br />
;+:yfg eGg] b]lvG5 . ICIMOD sf]<br />
Human Resources Policy, ICIMOD df<br />
sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ nfu" x'g] b]lvG5 .<br />
ICIMOD sf] Human Resources Policy<br />
g]kfn sfg"g xf]Og . o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] wf/f<br />
**-@_ cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/ ;/sf/L<br />
c+u / g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t<br />
/fHosf Instrumentalities åf/f g]kfn<br />
sfg"g k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] dfq<br />
GofoLs k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5 . g]kfn sfg"g<br />
afx]ssf cGo Document <strong>jf</strong> ljwfg <strong>jf</strong><br />
Charter sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{osf]<br />
GofoLs k'gj/fnf]sg ub} {g cyf{t\ o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] wf/f ** -@_ cGtu{t<br />
ICIMOD sf] service law ;/xsf]<br />
Human Resources Policy sf] AofVof /<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sb}g . wf/f **-@_<br />
cGtu{t k|:t't lgj]bg xfdLn] ICIMOD<br />
sf] Human Resources Policy / Human<br />
Resources Policy cGtu{t ICIMOD sf]<br />
clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] k'g/fjnf]sg<br />
ul/Psf] xf]Og . >d sfof{no / >d<br />
234<br />
c+s @<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L<br />
cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] Public Authority ePsf]<br />
sf/0f tL clwsf/Lx?af6 cfk"mnfO{<br />
clwsf/ gePsf] d'2f x]/]sf] sf/0f<br />
clwsf/If]qlalxg ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] Goflos<br />
k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] xf] .<br />
!!= o:t} lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t' ;dfj]z<br />
ePsf] ICIMOD Human Resources<br />
Policy h:t} vfnsf] INGO gj] {sf] Red<br />
Varna / kl5 ;]e b lrN8« ]g ePsf]<br />
gj] {sf] Staff Regulation cGtu{t ePsf]<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL <strong>jf</strong> <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ;DaGwL lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{tsf]<br />
clwsf/If]qdf k/]sf] lgj]bgdf ;]e b<br />
lrN8« ]g gj] {sf] Staff Regulation g]kfn<br />
sfg"g gePsf] / pQm Regulation<br />
cGtu{t <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug] { clwsf/L klg g]kfn<br />
sfg"g cGtu{tsf] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f<br />
u/]sf] AolQm ;d]t gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{<br />
;]e b lrN8« ]g gj] {sf] pQm <strong>lg0f</strong>{o o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g<br />
;Sb}g, t/ pQm lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf >d sfof{no /<br />
>d <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 klg <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] / >d<br />
sfof{no / >d <strong>cbfnt</strong> Public Authority<br />
ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
>d sfof{no / >d<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{osf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg<br />
x'g ;Sg] egL o:t} lj<strong>if</strong>oj:t' ;dfj]z<br />
ePsf] @)%( ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@^)^<br />
lgj]bs eb| s]=;L=lj?4 >d <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
ePsf] lgj]bgdf @)^@.%.& df o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 lj:t[t JofVof u/L l;4fGt<br />
:yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 .<br />
!@= ca bf]>f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/<br />
ubf{, lgj]bs ICIMOD, g]kfn ;/sf/ /<br />
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] Specialized Agency<br />
UNESCO lar #), September !(*!
df ePsf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cGt/f{li6«o<br />
Plss[t kj{tLo ljsfz s]Gb| P]g, @)$)<br />
cg';f/ :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 / * April,<br />
!(*$ df tTsfnLg ;/sf/ / ICIMOD<br />
lar Head Quarter Agreement ePsf]<br />
b]lvG5 .<br />
!#= P]g cyf{t\ cGt/f{li6«o<br />
Plss[t kj{lto ljsf; s]Gb| P]g, @)$)<br />
sf] bkmf !$-!_ df af]8{sf] ;ldltsf]<br />
;b:o / ICIMOD sf] lgb] {zs /<br />
pklgb] {zsnfO{ s'6g}lts AolQmnfO{ lbP<br />
;/xsf] pGd'lQm lbg] Aoj:yf / pkbkmf -<br />
@_ df ICIMOD sf sd{rf/LnfO{ st{Ao<br />
kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf !($& gf]e]Da/, @!<br />
df kfl/t ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong><br />
;+:yfx?sf] ;'ljwf tyf pGd'lQm ;DaGwL<br />
;lGw kq cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf cyf{t\<br />
Convention on the Privileges and<br />
Immunities of the Specialized Agencies<br />
cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf lbg] Aoj:yf ePsf]<br />
b]lvG5 .<br />
!$= * clk|n, !(*$ df<br />
tTsfnLg ICIMOD / g]kfn ;/sf/aLr<br />
Head Quarter Agreement ePsf] b]lvG5<br />
. g]kfn ;/sf/ / ICIMOD aLr ePsf] *<br />
clk|n, !(*$ sf] Head Quarter<br />
Agreement sf] pGd'lQm ;DaGwL wf/f !@<br />
o; k|sf/ b]lvG5 .<br />
Privileges and Immunities for the Staff<br />
Member and Officials of the Centre.<br />
12.1 The members of the Centre's<br />
Board of Governors and its<br />
Director and Deputy Director<br />
shall enjoy, during their stay in<br />
the kingdom of Nepal and while<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
235<br />
discharging their duties, the<br />
privileges, facilities and<br />
immunities accorded to<br />
members of foreign Diplomatic<br />
Missions accredited to HMG/N.<br />
These privileges shall not,<br />
12.2<br />
however, be accorded to the<br />
nationals of Nepal<br />
The Officials of the Centre shall<br />
during their stay in the kingdom<br />
of Nepal and while discharging<br />
their duties enjoy the privileges<br />
and immunities as laid down in<br />
the Convention.<br />
12.3 Such privileges and immunities<br />
as provided in section 12.1 and<br />
12.2 above shall be accorded<br />
by HMG/N at the request of the<br />
Centre.<br />
12.4 The Centre shall provide the<br />
name, position, nationality of<br />
the officials of the centre and<br />
the description of the nature of<br />
their work to the Foreign<br />
12.5<br />
Ministry of HMG/N. the Foreign<br />
Ministry of HMG/N shall also be<br />
appraised of any change made<br />
therein.<br />
persons claiming privileges and<br />
immunities under this article<br />
shall be rquired to show their<br />
identity cards issued by the<br />
Centre.<br />
!%= Head Quarter<br />
Agreement sf] wf/f !@-!_ df s]Gb|sf]
af]8{ ckm ue{g/sf ;b:ox? /<br />
8fO/]S6/x?nfO{ g]kfndf /x+bf a:bf /<br />
s]Gb|sf] sfd ubf{ s'6g}lts k|ltlglwnfO{<br />
lbg] pGd'lQm / ;'ljwf lbOg] Aoj:yf<br />
ePsf] / pkwf/f !@-@_ df s]Gb|sf<br />
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ g]kfndf /x+bf / a:bf /<br />
s]Gb|sf] sfd ubf{ Convention on the<br />
Privileges and Immunities of the<br />
Specialized Agencies sf] ;'ljwf /<br />
pGd'lQm lbOg] Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvof] .<br />
k|:t't lgj]bgdf wf/f !@-@_ nfu" x'g]<br />
b]lvof] .<br />
!^= pNn]lvt Agreement sf]<br />
wf/f !@ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ICIMOD<br />
sf sd{rf/Lx?n] u/]sf] cf}krfl/s sfd<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLdf g]kfnsf] sfg"gL sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLaf6<br />
pGd'lQm k|bfg ug'{kg]<br />
{ b]lvG5 .<br />
!&= g]kfn pQm Convention<br />
cyf{t\ Convention on the Privileges and<br />
Immunities of the Specialized<br />
Agencies sf] ;]K6]Da/ @*, !(<strong>^%</strong> b]lv<br />
kIf ePsf] eGg] P]gaf6 g} b]lvG5 .<br />
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]<br />
wf/f ##-8_ df /fHo kIf ePsf]<br />
cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L<br />
sfof{Gjog ug] { /fHosf] bfloTj x'g] eGg]<br />
;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties<br />
sf] wf/f @^ df Pacta Sunt Servanda<br />
sf] dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/– Every Treaty<br />
in force is binding upon the Parties to it<br />
and must be performed by them in<br />
good faith eGg] Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
!*= Head Quarter<br />
Agreement / ICIMOD ;DaGwL g]kfn<br />
sfg"g b'a}n] ICIMOD / ICIMOD sf<br />
236<br />
c+s @<br />
sd{rf/LnfO{ ICIMOD sf] cf}krfl/s<br />
sfd sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLdf pQm Convention<br />
cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf tyf pGd'lQm k|bfg ug] {<br />
eg]sf] / g]kfn Convention on the<br />
privileges and Immunities of the<br />
Specialized Agencies sf] kIf ePsf]<br />
x'Fbf<br />
k|:t't lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf Convention sf] wf/f<br />
VI sf] section !( sf] ;'ljwf / pGd'lQm<br />
ICIMOD / ICIMOD sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{<br />
k|fKt x'g] b]lvof] .<br />
!(= Convention sf] wf/f VI<br />
sf] Section !( df Officials of the<br />
specialized agencies shall be immune<br />
from legal process in respect of words<br />
spoken or written and all aspects<br />
performed by them in their official<br />
capacity eGg] Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
;f] Aoj:yfn] pQm Convention sf] kIf<br />
/fi6«x? Specialized Agency sf<br />
kbflwsf/Lx?n] u/]sf] cf}krfl/s cyf{t\<br />
official sfdsf] ;Gbe{df p7]sf] lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf<br />
To:tf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] sfg"gL<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLaf6 pGd'lQm k|bfg ug{ s6La4<br />
5g\ . pQm Convention sf] wf/f VI,<br />
Section @@ cg';f/ To:tf] pGd'lQm<br />
sd{rf/Lx?sf] AolQmut kmfObfsf] nflu<br />
ge} ;+u7gsf] lxtsf] nfuL k|bfg ul/G5<br />
egL Section @@ df Privileges and<br />
immunities are granted to officials in<br />
the interest of the specialized agencies<br />
only and not for the personal benefit of<br />
the individuals themselves eGg] pNn]v<br />
5 .<br />
@)= Convention on the<br />
privileges and Immunities of the<br />
specialized Agencies sf kIf /fi6«x?
pQm Convention nfu" x'g] specialized<br />
Agencies sf k|ltlglw <strong>jf</strong> ;b:o<br />
nufotsf ;Da4 clws[tn] u/]sf sfd<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLdf convention cg';f/ Host<br />
Government sf] sfg"gL k|s[ofaf6<br />
pGd'lQm k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;+o'Qm<br />
/fi6« ;+3sf] Gofokflnsf cyf{t\<br />
International Court of Justice n] @(<br />
clk|n !((( df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]<br />
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf Special<br />
Rapporteur Dato k/d s'df/f:<strong>jf</strong>dLsf<br />
;DaGwdf International Court of Justice<br />
sf] ljwfgsf] wf/f <strong>^%</strong> cGtu{t lbPsf]<br />
Advisory Opinion dxTjk"0f{ 5 .<br />
@!= k/d s'df/f:<strong>jf</strong>dL k|Voft<br />
dn]l;og h'l/i6nfO{ ;g\ !(($ df<br />
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un]<br />
Independence of Judges and Lawers<br />
sf] Special Rapporteur lgo'Qm u/]sf]<br />
lyof] . Special Rapporteur<br />
s'df/f:<strong>jf</strong>dLn] !((% sf] gf]e]Dj/<br />
dlxgfsf] k|sfzgdf International<br />
Commercial Litigation sf] k|sfzgnfO{<br />
lbPsf] cGt/<strong>jf</strong>tf{nfO{ lnP/ dn]lzofdf<br />
rn]sf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xLdf s'df/f:<strong>jf</strong>dL United<br />
Nations Commission on Human Rights<br />
(UNCHR) sf] Special Rapporteur<br />
ePsf] sf/0f s'df/f :<strong>jf</strong>dLnfO{<br />
Convention on Privileges and<br />
immunities of the Specialized Agencies<br />
sf] wf/f VI Section @@ cg';f/<br />
Immunity k|fKt x'G5 . dn]lzofsf]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] clwsf/If]q x'g g;Sg] egL<br />
!$–! sf] ax'dtn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf]<br />
Advisory Opinion lbPsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
237<br />
Advisory Opinion sf] Ratio o; k|sf/<br />
5 .<br />
The Court is of the Opinion<br />
By fourteen votes to one,<br />
That Article VI, Section 22, of<br />
the Convention on the privileges and<br />
Immunities of the United Nations is<br />
applicable in the case of Dato' Param<br />
Cumaraswamy as Special Rapporteur<br />
of the Commission on Human Rights<br />
on the Independence of Judges and<br />
Lawyers;<br />
By fourteen votes to one,<br />
That Dato' Param<br />
Cumaraswamy is entitled to immunity<br />
from legal process of every kind for the<br />
words spoken by him during an<br />
interview as published in an article in<br />
the November 1995 issue of<br />
International Commercial Litigation;<br />
By thirteen votes to two,<br />
That the Government of<br />
Malaysia had the obligation to inform<br />
the malaysian courts of the finding of<br />
the Secretary-General that Dato'<br />
Param Cumaraswamy was entitled to<br />
immunity from legal process;<br />
By fourteen votes to one,<br />
That the Malaysian courts had<br />
the obligation to deal with the question<br />
of immunity from legal process as a
preliminary issue to be expeditiously<br />
decided in liminelitis;<br />
Unanimously,<br />
That Dato; Param<br />
Cumaraswamy shalll be held financially<br />
harmless for any costs imposed upon<br />
him by the Malaysian courts, in<br />
particular taxed costs;<br />
By thirteen votes to two,<br />
That the Government of<br />
Malaysia has the obligation to<br />
communicate this advisory opinion to<br />
the Malaysian courts, in order that<br />
Malaysia's international obligations be<br />
given effect and Dato' Param<br />
Cumaraswamy's<br />
respected.<br />
immunity be<br />
@@= Convention sf] wf/f (<br />
Settlement of Disputes sf] Section #@<br />
df Convention n] k|bfg u/]sf] pGd'lQm<br />
k|bfg ug] { egL s'g} ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v<br />
ePsf]df ;Demf}tfsf kIfx?aLr pGd'lQm<br />
;DaGwL lj<strong>jf</strong>b pTkGg ePdf<br />
International Court of Justice (I.C.J.)<br />
;+u Advisory Opinion dfUg' kg] { /<br />
International Court of Justice n] cfˆgf]<br />
ljwfgsf] wf/f <strong>^%</strong> cg';f/ lbPsf]<br />
Advisory Opinion cflwsfl/s AofVof x'g]<br />
eGg] :ki6 Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]<br />
;DaGwdf oxfF Convention sf] wf/f (<br />
sf] Section #@ / I.C.J. sf] ljwfgsf]<br />
wf/f <strong>^%</strong> x]g'{kg]<br />
{ x'gcfof] .<br />
238<br />
c+s @<br />
Convention sf] wf/f ( sf] Section #@<br />
o; k|sf/ 5 .<br />
All d<strong>if</strong>ferences arising out of the<br />
interpretation or application of the<br />
present convention shall be referred to<br />
the International Court of Justice unless<br />
in any case it is agreed by the partics to<br />
have recourse to another mode of<br />
settlement. If a d<strong>if</strong>ference arises<br />
between one of the specialized<br />
agencies on the one hand, and a<br />
member on the other hand, a request<br />
shall be made for an advisory opinion<br />
on any legal question involved in<br />
accordance with Article 96 of the<br />
Charter and Article 65 of the Statute of<br />
the court and the relevant provisions of<br />
the agreements concluded between the<br />
United Nations and the specialized<br />
agency concerned. The opinion give by<br />
the court shall be accepted as decisive<br />
by the parties.<br />
o;}u/L I.C.J sf] ljwfgsf] wf/f <strong>^%</strong> o;<br />
k|sf/ 5 .<br />
1. The Court may give an advisory<br />
opinion on any legal question at the<br />
request of whatever body may be<br />
authorized by or in accordance with the<br />
Charter of the United Nations to make<br />
such a request.<br />
2. Questions upon which the<br />
advisory opinion of the court is asked<br />
shall be laid before the court by means<br />
of a written request containning an<br />
exact statement of the question upon
which an opinion is required, and<br />
accompanied by all documents likely to<br />
throw light upon the question.<br />
@#= International Court of<br />
Justice sf] Advisory Opinion, Head<br />
Quarters Agreement sf] wf/f !@ tyf<br />
Convention on the Privileges and<br />
immunities of the Specialized Agencies<br />
sf] wf/f !( / wf/f @@ sf] AofVofdf<br />
Pursuasive Authority dfq xf]Og<br />
cflwsfl/s AofVof g} dfGg' k5{ .<br />
@$= k|:t't d'2fdf ICIMOD sf]<br />
Statute sf] wf/f !(, Head Quarters<br />
Agreement sf] wf/f !@, Convention on<br />
the Privileges and immunities of the<br />
Specialized Agencies sf] wf/f !(, @@<br />
/ ICIMOD P]g sf] bkmf !$ vf; u/L<br />
pkbkmf ! / @ tyf bkmf !^ sf] Aoj:yf<br />
cg';f/ ICIMOD sf sd{rf/Ln] s]Gb|;+u<br />
;DalGwt cfˆgf] st{Ao kfngf u/]sf]<br />
l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] sfo{df To:tf<br />
sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] sfg"gL k|lqmofaf6<br />
pGd'lQm k|fKt x'G5 eGg] AofVofdf I.C.J.<br />
sf] pQm Advisory Opinion dxTjk"0f{ Aid<br />
dfGg'k5{ .<br />
<strong>@%</strong>= ca t]>f] k|Zgsf]<br />
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, ICIMOD ;DaGwL<br />
sfg"gsf] bkmf !$, Head Quarters<br />
Agreement sf] wf/f !@-@_ ;d]t n]<br />
ICIMOD nfO{ Convention on the<br />
Privileges and immunities of the<br />
Specialized Agencies sf] wf/f VI,<br />
Section !(-!_ / Section @@ cg';f/<br />
pGd'lQm k|fKt x'G5 . ICIMOD sf<br />
sd{rf/Låf/f s]Gb|;+u ;DalGwt eP u/]sf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
239<br />
sfo{nfO{ lnP/ g]kfnsf] <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
clwsf/If]q nfu" x'Fb}g<br />
. >d sfof{no Pj+<br />
>d <strong>cbfnt</strong> b'j}n] clwsf/ u|x0f u/L d'2f<br />
x]/]sf] sfo{ clwsf/If]qlalxg eO{ q'l6k"0f{<br />
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . ldlt<br />
@)^).!@.!@ sf] >d sfof{no<br />
sf7df8f} +sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o / pQm <strong>lg0f</strong>{o pk/<br />
>d <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL u/]sf] ldlt<br />
@)^@.%.( sf b'a} <strong>lg0f</strong>{o pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf]<br />
cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'G5 . >d sfof{no,<br />
afUdtL c~rn / >d <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
sf7df8f} +sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog gug{ ",<br />
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfL x?sf gfpFdf<br />
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/lbPsf]<br />
5 .<br />
@^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d<br />
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ##-8_ df /fHo<br />
kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf]<br />
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug] { /fHosf]<br />
bfloTjsf] Aoj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f !))-<br />
!_ df <strong>cbfnt</strong>x?n] Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt<br />
cg';f/ klg Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug] {<br />
Aoj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f !%^ sf] ;lGw<br />
<strong>jf</strong> ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL Aoj:yf / g]kfn<br />
;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( sf] Aoj:yf<br />
cg';f/ g]kfn kIf ePsf] ;lGw xfd|f]<br />
nflu g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] Aoj:yf<br />
ePs] x'Fbf<br />
ICIMOD ;+u ePsf] Head<br />
Quarters Agreement, ICIMOD sf]<br />
Statute / Convention on the Privileges<br />
and immunities of the Specialized<br />
Agencies sf] Aoj:yfx? vf;u/L k|:t't<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf wf/f !( / wf/f @@ sf<br />
Aoj:yfx? xfd|f] nflu g]kfn sfg"g ;/x<br />
k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . tL k|fjwfgx? ljk/Lt<br />
x'g] u/L s'g} sfo{ ug{ ;ls+b}g . oxfF
Draft Universal Declaration on the<br />
Independence of Justice h;nfO{<br />
Singhvi Decleration klg elgG5, pQm<br />
Declaration sf] wf/f $) / $! dxTjk"0f{<br />
5 .<br />
Article 40,<br />
Judges shall keep themselves<br />
imformed about international<br />
covnentions and other instruments<br />
establishing human rights norms, and<br />
shall seek to implement them as far as<br />
feasible, within the limits set by their<br />
national constitutions and laws.<br />
Article 41,<br />
These Principles and standards<br />
shall apply to all persons exercising<br />
judicial functions, including international<br />
judges, assessors, arbitratiors, Public<br />
Prosecutors and procurators who<br />
peform judicial functions, unless a<br />
reference to the context necessarily<br />
makes them inapplicable or<br />
inappropriat. eGg] Aoj:yf ePsf] 5 .<br />
@&= pQm Declaration / xfd|f]<br />
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-8_, wf/f<br />
!)!-!_, g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf<br />
( sf] Aoj:yfn] klg GofofwLzx? g]kfn<br />
sfg"g dfq xf]Og dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL<br />
Convention x? / cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g;+u<br />
klg kl/lrt /xg'k5{ eGg] b]lvG5 . >d<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] k'g/fj]bs ICIMOD ljkIfL<br />
dfgaxfb'/ s6'<strong>jf</strong>n ePsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{<br />
kfpF eGg] d'2fdf Amicus curia ;d]tsf]<br />
240<br />
c+s @<br />
d2t lnO{ u/]sf] ldlt @)^@.%.( sf]<br />
km};nf x]bf{, vf; k|sf/sf] d'2f x]g{ u7g<br />
ePsf] specialized court sf] ?kdf<br />
:yflkt >d <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] Gofo ;Dkfbg<br />
cyf{t\ performance k|:t't d'2faf6<br />
;Gtf]<strong>if</strong>hgs b]lvPg . g]kfn sfg"g Pj+<br />
cGt/f{li6«o b'a} sfg"gn] Convention on<br />
the Privileges and immunities of the<br />
Specialized Agencies df g]kfn kIf<br />
ePsf] /x]5 eg] kIf ePkl5 pQm<br />
Convention sf] Aoj:yf kIf /fi6« ePsf]<br />
sf/0f g]kfnn] sfg"g ;/x nfu" / kfngf<br />
ug'{kb{5<br />
. Singhvi Declaration sf] wf/f<br />
$) cg';f/ Gofoflwzx? ;a} cGt/f{li6«o<br />
Law making Treaties and Convention<br />
x?af6 ;';"lrt eP/ /xg' kb{5 . t/<br />
To;sf] ljk/Lt pQm Convention / xfd|f]<br />
ICIMOD ;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"g tyf<br />
Head Quarters Agreement n] ICIMOD<br />
sf sd{rf/Ln] st{Jo kfngsf]<br />
l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] sfddf g]kfn<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] clwsf/If]qaf6 pGd'lQm k|bfg<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{df To;sf] ljk/Lt >d sfof{no /<br />
>d <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f u/L<br />
dfgaxfb'/ s6'<strong>jf</strong>nnfO{ >d sfg"gsf]<br />
;'ljwf lbg] u/L ICIMOD lj?4 cfb]z<br />
u/]sf] b]lvof] .<br />
@*= Head Quarters<br />
Agreement sf] wf/f !@-#_ df ICIMOD<br />
sf] cg'/f]wdf ICIMOD sf] sd{rf/Ln]<br />
st{Ao kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf]<br />
sfddf g]kfnsf] <strong>cbfnt</strong>df ;'g'<strong>jf</strong>O{ x'g<br />
g;Sg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ICIMOD sf]<br />
cg'/f]wdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'ljwf tyf<br />
pGd'lQm pknAw u/fpg] eg]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
wf/f !@-$_ df s]Gb|n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
pGd'lQm k|fKt x'g'kg] { clwsf/Lsf]<br />
gfdfjnL kb cflb pknAw u/fpg' kg] {<br />
eg]sf] 5 . lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pGd'lQmsf]<br />
bfjL u/]kl5 >d sfof{no / >d<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] Convention / Head Quarter<br />
Agreement sf] Aoj:yf a'em\g g;s] klg<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ICIMOD sf] s; s;nfO{<br />
s] s:tf] pGd'lQm tyf ;'ljwf pknAw<br />
u/fPsf] 5 g]kfn ;/sf/;+u a'em]/ dfq<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{kg]<br />
{ lyof] . a'lem <strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf]<br />
eP ;a} s'/f k|i6 x'g] lyof] . Goflos<br />
sfo{<strong>jf</strong>xLsf] <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong>tf g} <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{<br />
cufl8<br />
;a} s'/f a'lem <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{kg]<br />
{ xf] t/ >d<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfk"mn] klg ga'emL / a'em\g]<br />
k|oTg klg gu/L sfg"g / ;lGwsf] unt<br />
AofVof dfq xf]Og sfo{ljlw g} k"/f gu/L<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf] b]lvof] . ctM eljiodf o:tf]<br />
unt cfb]z gx'g b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{<br />
.<br />
-s_ >d sfof{nodf slDtdf >d P]g /<br />
cfˆgf] clwsf/If]q a'em]sf]<br />
clwsf/LnfO{ dfq kbf:yfkg ug'{<br />
egL /lhi6f/, ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
>d;+u ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]lv<br />
k7fpg' .<br />
-v_ xfd|f] <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf km};nfx? ljb]zL<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ;d]t dfGotf lbg] :t/sf]<br />
x'g'kb{5 . >d <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o x]bf{<br />
yk s]xL s'/f pNn]v x'g cfjZos<br />
b]lvof] . Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt<br />
;d]t k|of]u u/L km};nf ug{ xfdL<br />
clwsf/ ;DkGg 5f} + . g]kfnsf]<br />
ljleGg /fi6«;+u a9\bf] bf}To ;DaGw,<br />
g]kfndf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] sfof{no,<br />
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s} ljleGg<br />
Specialized Agencies x?sf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
241<br />
sfof{no / Specialized Agencies<br />
;/xsf] x}l;ot /fVg] ;fs{ nufot<br />
ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o NGO x? tyf<br />
bft[ /fi6«sf ljleGg ;xfotf<br />
lgof]ux?sf sfof{no g]kfndf<br />
:yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fhb'tf<strong>jf</strong>;<br />
/ /fhb'tf<strong>jf</strong>;sf clwsf/Lx?n]<br />
u/]sf] cf}krfl/s sfddf Vienna<br />
Convention on Diplomatic<br />
Relation nufotn] pGd'lQm k|fKt<br />
x'G5 . >d <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] pNn]lvt<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o x]bf{ /fhb'tf<strong>jf</strong>; <strong>jf</strong><br />
clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] cf}krfl/s sfddf<br />
klg g]kfnsf] <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] clwsf/If]q<br />
u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf]<br />
b]lvof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,<br />
@)^# sf] wf/f ##-8_, !))-!_,<br />
!))-@_, !%^ / Singhvi<br />
Decleration sf] wf/f $) / g]kfn<br />
;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( sf]<br />
Aoj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;lGw<br />
;Demf}tf ;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"g tyf<br />
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g;+u ;DalGwt<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bdf eljiodf ca o:tf] unt<br />
km};nf gx'g >d <strong>cbfnt</strong>df sfd<br />
ug] { GofoflwznfO{ / z'? d'2f x]g] {<br />
Gofoflwzx?nfO{ ;lGw ;Demf}tf<br />
;DaGwL, Convention ;DaGwL<br />
vf;u/L Vienna Convention on<br />
Diplomatic Relation s'6gLlts<br />
;'ljwf / pGd'lQm ;DaGwL, Head<br />
Quarters Agreement ;DaGwL<br />
nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g<br />
;DaGwL dfGotfx?sf] af/]df<br />
Go"gtd hfgsf/L lbnfpg /fli6«o<br />
Goflos k|lti7fgn] s]lx lbgsf]
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kg]<br />
{ tkm{ Gofo<br />
kl/<strong>if</strong>b\ ;lrjnfO{ Wofgfs<strong>if</strong>{0f u/fO{<br />
of] km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk /fvL<br />
/lhi6«f/n] Gofo kl/<strong>if</strong>b\ ;lrjnfO{<br />
n]lv k7fpg] .<br />
of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx?nfO{<br />
lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn<br />
Olt ;Dat\ @)^$ ;fn r}q % ut] /f]h<br />
# z'ed\––––––<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[t M ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL<br />
242<br />
c+s @
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(#% g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, ;+o'Qm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn<br />
;Djt\ @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ()#^, ($(@<br />
km};nf ldltM @)^$.!!.*.$<br />
d'2fM ?k}of+ lkmtf{ u/fO{ kfpFm .<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLM sf7df8f} lhNnf,<br />
sf7df8f} gu/kflnsf j8f g+= #)<br />
7d]n sd{rf/L ;+rosf]<strong>if</strong> ejg<br />
l:yt lxdfnog a} +Í ln=sf<br />
tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt sDkgL<br />
;lrj, z'zLn hf]zL<br />
la?4<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f<br />
g+= @( 7d]n a:g] b'uf{b]jL 8Ëf]n<br />
;d]t<br />
Pj+<br />
k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=<br />
j8f g+ + @( a:g] >LdtL b'uf{b]jL<br />
8Ëf]n ;d]t<br />
la?4<br />
k|ToyL{ <strong>jf</strong>bLM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=<br />
#) 7d]n sd{rf/L ;+rosf]<strong>if</strong><br />
l:yt lxdfnog a} +s ln= sf<br />
tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt sDkgL<br />
;lrj z'zLn hf]zL<br />
z'? km};nf ug] {M<br />
df=lh=Gof=zDe'axfb'/ sfsL{<br />
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug] {M<br />
df=Gof= dw';'bgnfn >]i7<br />
df=Gof= xl/afa' e§/fO{<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
243<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
� s/f/ ug] kIfx?n] cfkm\gf] ;'ljwf<br />
/ s/f/sf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu<br />
k|:tfjx? /fVg / zt{x? lgwf{/0f<br />
ug{ :<strong>jf</strong>oQ / :jtGq x'G5g\<br />
To:tf] k|:tfj <strong>jf</strong> zt{ csf] kIfn]<br />
:jLsf/ ug{ <strong>jf</strong> OGsf/ ug{ klg<br />
:<strong>jf</strong>oQ x'G5 . zt{x?df :jLs[lt<br />
lbO{ ;xL5fk u/]sf] <strong>jf</strong> tbg's'n<br />
cfr/0f / Jojxf/ u/]sf] ;d]t<br />
cj:yfdf s/f/ ;DkGg x'g] /<br />
s/f/sf tL zt{x? kIfx? pk/<br />
sfg"g ;/x aGwgsf/L x'g] .<br />
� <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] s/f/sf zt{x?sf]<br />
�<br />
JofVof ubf{ s/f/sf kIfx?sf]<br />
clek|fo -Intention_ sf] cfwf/df<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
.<br />
s/f/sf] AofVofdf klg sfg"gsf]<br />
AofVof ;DaGwL lgodx? g}<br />
cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t x'g] / s/f/ <strong>jf</strong> cGo s'g}<br />
lnvtsf] JofVof ubf{ ;f] s/f/ <strong>jf</strong><br />
lnvtsf] s'g} vf; c+z dfq<br />
geO{ k"/} s/f/ <strong>jf</strong> lnvtsf]<br />
cWoog u/L AofVof ug'{kg]<br />
.<br />
-k|s/0f g+=&_<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg<br />
clwjQmfåo sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] /<br />
z}n]Gb|s'df/ bfxfn<br />
k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg<br />
clwjQmf xl/ZrGb|k|;fb ;'j]bL<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
km};nf<br />
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM Gofo<br />
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ sf]
pkbkmf ! sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lgj]bg k/L o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { cfb]z e} k]z<br />
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg o;}<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] e} ;+lIfKt<br />
tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 .<br />
ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdo / qm]l86<br />
sf8{;+u ;DalGwt Joj;fo ug{sf] lgldQ<br />
lakIfLx?sf] ;+o'Qm lt/f]df /x]sf]<br />
sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+ + @( df /x]sf]<br />
3/sf] e'O{ tNnfsf] <strong>@%</strong>$ :S<strong>jf</strong>o/ lkm6 /<br />
k|yd tNnfsf] ##( :S<strong>jf</strong>o/ lkm6 u/L<br />
hDdf %($ :S<strong>jf</strong>o/ lkm6 lkm/fbL a} +sn]<br />
jxfndf lng] u/L !) a<strong>if</strong>{sf] nfuL<br />
dfl;s ?= (),))).– lbg] u/L #! cui6<br />
@))) b]lv ;Demf}tf eP cg';f/ clu|d<br />
ef8f <strong>jf</strong>kt ?= @!,^),))).– a} +ssf]<br />
r]s=g+= ))!)))&))% ldlt ^ ;]K6]Dj/<br />
@))) sf] ldltdf @ a<strong>if</strong>{sf] clu|d ef8f<br />
e'StfgL lbO{ lnPsf] 3/ lkm/fbL a} +snfO{<br />
cfjZos gePsf] x'Fbf<br />
Lease Agreement<br />
sf] bkmf % sf] b]xfo -;L_ adf]lhd<br />
lakIfLnfO{ Ps dlxgfsf] clu|d ;"rgf<br />
lbO{ { !$ ;]K6]Dj/ @))! df n]vL<br />
k7fPsf]df lakIfL k|= dWo]sf] /fh'dfg<br />
8+uf]nn] ;"rgf a'emL lng' ePsf] /<br />
axfndf lnPsf] 3/ ;d]t lakIfL<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?nfO{ g} pQm ldltaf6 lhDdf<br />
lbPsf]df o;/L lakIfLx? / a} +ssf]<br />
aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tf /2 ePkl5 xfdL<br />
a;]sf] cjlwsf] jxfn s§f u/L <strong>jf</strong>+sL x'g<br />
cfpg] ?= (,%!,))).– lkmtf{ a'emfpg'<br />
kg] {df ga'emfPsf] x'Fbf<br />
x'nfs dfkm{t kq<br />
n]vL k7fPsf]df lghx?n] ga'emL kq<br />
lkmtf{ cfPsf]n] lakIfL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?af6<br />
s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ adf]lhd<br />
244<br />
c+s @<br />
lkmtf{ kfpg] /sd lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfp+ eGg]<br />
lkm/fb bfjL .<br />
lakIfL <strong>jf</strong>bL ;+u xfdL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL #tLg_<br />
hgfsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tf eO{ 3/<br />
ef8fdf lng] lbg] u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf]df<br />
s'g} lj<strong>jf</strong>b 5}g . s/f/df :ki6 ?kdf b'a}<br />
kIfsf] ;xdlt ePsf]df <strong>jf</strong>x]s s'g} klg<br />
;dodf s/f/ /2 ePdf clu|d ?kdf<br />
a'emfPsf] 3/ef8f lkmtf{ lbg' kg] { egL<br />
s/f/ ul/Psf] 5}g . s/f/ /4 ul/Psf]<br />
hfgsf/L klg xfdL # hgfnfO{ 5}g . Ps<br />
hgfnfO{ dfq hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . ;fy}<br />
s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ df :ki6<br />
?kn] b'O{ kIfsf] ;xdltdf s/f/ /2<br />
ePdf dfq /sd <strong>jf</strong> s'g} nfe lnO;s]sf]<br />
eP lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n]<br />
o;df xffdL s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ yfxf<br />
hfgsf/L geO{ s/f/ /4 ePsf]n]<br />
xfdLx?n] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{ xf]Og,<br />
To;sf/0f k|:t't lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;+o'Qm k|ltpQ/ lhls/ .<br />
lakIfL <strong>jf</strong>bLx? ;+u ;Demf}tf<br />
ePsf] xf] / ;f]xL adf]lhd s/f/ eO{<br />
Joxf]/fx? n]vL ;xL 5fk u/L lbPsf] x'F<br />
.<br />
Joxf]/f kl5 sDKo'6/df n]lvPsf] /x]5 .<br />
;xL5fk d]/f] g} xf] ;2] xf] egL k|= sf=<br />
<strong>jf</strong>/];n] u/]sf] &* g+= adf]lhdsf] jofg .<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf ;fIfLx?n] cf–<br />
cfkm\gf] kIfdf u/]sf] askq ldl;n<br />
;fd]n /x]5g\ .<br />
o;df oL <strong>jf</strong>bLn] bfjL lnP<br />
cg';f/ ;Demf}tf /2 u/]kl5 pQm 3/df<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL kIfaf6 h8fg u/]sf j:t' x6fO{<br />
k|=x?nfO{ lhDdf lbPsf] s'/f k'li6 x'g<br />
gcfPsf] ;fy} jxfn lng] kIfn]<br />
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf % -;L_ adf]lhd
;Demf}tf /2 u/]df clGtd e'StfgL ePsf]<br />
/sd lkmtf{ ug{ kg] { eGg] pQm ;Demf}tfdf<br />
pNn]v gePsf] ;d]taf6 <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL<br />
adf]lhd ?= (,%!,))).– lbnfO{ kfp+ eGg]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] z'?<br />
sf7df8f} lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>s]f ldlt<br />
@)%(.(.!% sf] km};nf .<br />
o;df z'?sf] km};nfdf lrQ<br />
a'em]g . k'g/fj]bs a} +s / lakIfLx? aLr<br />
#! cui6 @))) df 3/ jxfnsf]<br />
;Demf}tf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt<br />
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ sf] Joj:yf x]bf{<br />
# j6f zt{x? /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j} +sn] s'g}<br />
klg avt s/f/sf] cjlw k'/f gx'Fb}<br />
Ps<br />
dlxgfsf] k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ s/f/ /2 ug{<br />
;Sg] 5 . -v_ a} +sn] cfkm'n] ef8fdf<br />
lnPsf] 3/ 5f]8\g' kbf{ 3/wgLnfO{ 3/<br />
5f]8\g kg] { s'g} sf/0f lbg a} +s <strong>jf</strong>Wo x'g]<br />
5}g / 3/wgLx?n] a} +sn] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf<br />
%-;L_ adf]lhd 3/ 5f]8\g] ;"rgf u/]sf]<br />
lbg ;Ddsf] eGbf a9L lbgsf] jxfn lng<br />
kfpg] 5}g eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ePaf6<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL a} +sn] 3/ jxfn <strong>jf</strong>kt clu|d ?kdf<br />
a'emfPsf] /sd ? @!,^),))).– <strong>jf</strong>6<br />
a} +sn] 3/ jxfndf k|of]u u/]sf] !# dlxgf<br />
!# lbgsf] /sd s6fO{ <strong>jf</strong>+sL x'g cfpg]<br />
?= (,%!,))).– lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{ s'/fnfO{<br />
pQm s/f/sf] bkmfn] :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v<br />
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf Gofo lg/f]k0f ug{<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] Joj:yf ;+u ;DalGwt sfg"gL<br />
k|fawfgsf] ljj]rgf u/L OG;fkm ug'{kg]<br />
{df<br />
;f] gu/L <strong>jf</strong>bL / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL aLrsf] d"n<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_<br />
sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ unt JofVof u/L<br />
ul/Psf] km};nf k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf %$ /<br />
d'n'sL P]g c=a+= !*$s g+= ;d]tsf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
k|lts"n / q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] x'Fbf<br />
lgh<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?;+u ;g @))) cu:6 #! df<br />
ePsf] 3/ jxfn ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_<br />
sf] cfwf/df s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf<br />
*$ g+= adf]lhd 3/ jxfnsf] lx;fj<br />
ldnfg u/L <strong>jf</strong>FsL x'g cfpg] /sd ?=<br />
(,%!,))).– ?k}ofF lkmtf{ u/fO{ kfp+ eGg]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL lxdfno a} +ssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ .<br />
sf=lh=c= n] 7x/ v08df pNn]v<br />
u/]sf] lrQ a'em]g . <strong>jf</strong>bLn] ?=<br />
@!,^),))).– sf] r]s ;+emf}tf adf]lhd<br />
lb+bf s/f/df tLghgf kIf dWo]<br />
ljZjdfgsf] gfddf lbO{ a'emL lnPsf]df<br />
c? s/f/sf @ hgfn] /sd a'em]sf] 5}g<br />
eGg g;s]s]f cj:yfdf # hgfsf] gfddf<br />
s/f/ /2 ug] { kq tof/ u/L /fh'dfgn]<br />
a'emL c=a+= &* g+= adf]lhd ;gfvt ubf{<br />
kqdf ePsf] ;xLnfO{ ;sf/ u/]kl5 pQm<br />
kq a'em]sf]df c?n] klg a'em\g' kb{Yof]<br />
a'em]sf] 5}g, o;}n] pQm ;Demf}tf /2<br />
ePsf] xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L g} 5}g eGg<br />
ldn]g . kq a'em]kl5 ;Demf}tf /2 ePsf]<br />
kqs]f hfgsf/L ;a}nfO{ /x] ePsf] b]lvg<br />
cfp+5 . ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] pQm<br />
/sd k'g/fj]bs dWo] @ hgf /fh'dfg /<br />
b'uf{ b]jLn] kfPsf 5}gg\ eGg] k|:t't<br />
d'2fsf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b gePs]f ;Gbe{df <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o eGbf <strong>jf</strong>lx/ uP/ xfdL<br />
/fh'dfg / b'uf{ b]jLn] bfjL ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfkm} p7fO{<br />
;f]xL s'/fnfO{ k|df0fdf lnO{ { P]g ;Da4<br />
k|df0f lnO{ 7x/ v08df pNn]lvt ;f]<br />
s'/f k|df0f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf #, %$ /<br />
g]=sf=k @)$# s]f k[i7 $() df sfod<br />
l;4fGt ;d]t ljk/Lt ePsfn] sf=lh=c=<br />
sf] ldlt @)%(.(.!% sf] km};nfdf #<br />
245
hgf dWo] ! hgfn] Termination of<br />
Agreement sf] kq a'emL tLg} hgfn]<br />
a'em]sf] dfGg'kb{5 / ;Demf}tf /2 eof]<br />
eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/L u/]sf] km};nf ;f]<br />
xb;Dd dfq ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?sf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ .<br />
tLg}hgf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] gfd pNn]v<br />
u/L s/f/ eË ePsf] kq k|fKt u/]sf]nfO{<br />
cGoyf k|dfl0ft x'g] u/L k|df0f lbg<br />
;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] / kqdf ePsf] ;xL<br />
cfkm\gf] ePsf] :jLsf/ u/L /fv]sf]n] s/f/<br />
eË ePsf] kq a'emL lnPsf] xf]Og eGg<br />
;lsg] b]lvPg . s/f/sf] bkmf %-;L_ sf]<br />
Joj:yf cg';f/ s/f/ eË ePsf]<br />
cj:yfdf clu|d e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd<br />
lkmtf{ kfpg] eGg] /x]sf] gx'Fbf<br />
clu|d<br />
e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfp+<br />
eGg] <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fO{ ePsf]<br />
sf7df8f} lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt<br />
@)%(.(.!% sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf<br />
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>,<br />
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^).(.!* sf] km};nf .<br />
sf7df8f} lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
km};nf pk/ xfd|f] lrQ a'em]g . s/f/sf<br />
s'g} zt{ aGb]hx? km]/abn <strong>jf</strong> yk36 ug] {<br />
clwsf/ s]jn s/f/sf kIfx?df dfq<br />
l;ldt x'G5 g ls c? kIfx?df . k|:t't<br />
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ sf] JofVof ug] {<br />
qmddf k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 pQm<br />
bkmfsf] Joj:yfn] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?n] s/f/ /2<br />
ePsf] ;"rgfsf] Ps dlxgf ;dfKt<br />
ePkl5 ;f] kZrftsf] cjlwsf] xsdf<br />
axfn kfpg] ] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g<br />
egL :ki6 pNn]v ePtfklg clu|d<br />
e"QmfgL <strong>jf</strong>kt lnPsf] ?k}of lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
246<br />
c+s @<br />
s'/f pNn]v gu/]sf] eGg] sfNklgs ts{<br />
;dfj]z u/L pQm ;Demf}tfsf] % -;L_ sf]<br />
k|fawfg / dg;fonfO{ lgis[o kg] { u/L<br />
u/]sf] JofVof / ;f]xL cfwf/df <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL<br />
gk'Ug] u/L u/]sf] km};nf j:t'lgi7 ge}<br />
cfTdlgi7 /xg'sf ;fy} <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] d"n lj<strong>if</strong>o eGbf aflx/ u} <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
<strong>jf</strong> k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] ?k u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g .<br />
k|:t't lj<strong>jf</strong>b s/f/ ;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf]n]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ubf{ s/f/df cfwfl/t<br />
e} ug'{kg]<br />
{df ;f] ge} efjgfdf c8]/<br />
ul/Psf] x'Fbf<br />
sfg"gsf] cfwf/df km};nf<br />
gePsf] x'Fbf<br />
d'n'sL P]g c=a+= !*% g+=<br />
;d]tsf] q'l6 /x]sf], ;fy} c=a+= &* g+=<br />
adf]lhd sfuh ubf{ ;xL ;2] xf] egL<br />
:jLsf/ u/L;s]kl5 o;tkm{ Wofg glbO{<br />
ul/Psf] km};nfdf c=a+= &* g+= tyf<br />
g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)%! lg=g+= $(*% c+s !)<br />
k[i7 &$$ tyf g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)$$ lg=g+=<br />
#!#@ c+s ^ k[= ^*( df k|sflzt<br />
;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt<br />
;d]tsf] jLk/Lt ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5<br />
. ctM sf7df8f} lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong> tyf<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> kf6gaf6 ePsf]<br />
km};nfdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]<br />
!@ sf] b]xfo ! v08 -s_ / -v_ sf]<br />
cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{<br />
x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg u/L pQm km};nf ab/<br />
u/L bfjL adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t<br />
lgj]bg .<br />
c=a+= &* adf]lhd aofg ubf{ s/<br />
k|of]hgsf nfuL lakIfL a} +ssf] vfnL<br />
Kof8df xfdL k'g/fj]bs dWo] /fh'dfgn]<br />
;xL u/L lbPsf] xf] . sfuhsf] k|s[lt x]bf{<br />
cIf/df d /fh'dfgs]f ;xLn] 5f]Psf] 5}g<br />
/ Receive eGg] cIf/ d]/f] xf]Og . ;f]
Kof8df ldlt ;d]t pNn]v 5}g . olb ;f]<br />
kqdf d /fh'dfgn] a'em]sf] eP ;f]<br />
Receive eGg] cIf/ d lgj]bsn]<br />
n]Vg'kg] {df ;f] tkm{ s'g} Goflos ljj]rgf<br />
g} gu/L u/]sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd c=a+=<br />
!*$s -!*%_ g+= ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{<br />
:jtM ab/efuL 5 . t;y{ k|df0f P]g<br />
@)#! sf] bkmf #, @^, @* / %$, c=a+=<br />
!*$s, !*% g+= tyf ;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6<br />
k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf]<br />
ljk/Lt x'Fbf<br />
tLg}hgf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] gfd<br />
pNn]v u/L s/f/ eË ePsf] kq k|fKt<br />
u/]sf]nfO{ cGoyf k|df0f lbg ;s]sf]<br />
gb]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/ lnO{<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gn] u/]sf]<br />
@)^).(.!* sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gx'Fbf<br />
Gofo k|zf;g @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_<br />
/ -v_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n] d'2f<br />
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df k/]sf] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lgj]bg .<br />
o;df <strong>jf</strong>bL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL aLr ;DkGg<br />
ePsf] s/f/sf] bkmf % -;L_ df !<br />
dlxgfsf] k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ ;Demf}tf Ps<br />
klIfo ?kdf /2 ug{ ;Sg] / ;f] kZrft<br />
axfn e'QmfgLsf] clwsf/ gx'g] Joj:yf<br />
ePsf] ;Gbe{df <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]<br />
7x/fPsf] z'? OG;fkmnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gsf] km};nfdf<br />
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ sf]<br />
q'6L b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]<br />
bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{<br />
x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lakIfLnfO{<br />
lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)^!.!).^ sf] cfb]z .<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)^!.!).^<br />
sf] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 <strong>jf</strong>bL kIfn]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf]<br />
/ tLg hgfn] ;xL u/L s/f/ u/]sf]df<br />
PshgfnfO{ ;"rgf lbP k'U5 egL<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ePsf] km};nfdf<br />
oLg} kIf lakIf aLr ePsf] ldlt #!<br />
cui6 @))) df ePsf] s/f/sf] bkmf %-<br />
;L_ tyf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #,%$<br />
sf] uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 b]lv+bf Gofo<br />
k|zf;g P]g @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_<br />
cg';f/ d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg<br />
ul/Psf] 5 . bf]=lg=g+= $#^^ sf] lgj]bgdf<br />
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] ldl;n<br />
;d]t /fvL lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)^@.#.*.% sf] cfb]z .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd cfhsf]<br />
k]zL ;"rLdf r9L <strong>Ohnf</strong>; ;dIf k]z x'g<br />
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf]<br />
ldl;n k|df0f sfuhft cWoog u/L<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL lxdfnog a} +s lnld6]8sf<br />
tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf >L sf]dn<br />
k|sfz l3ld/] / z}n]Gb| s'df/ bfxfnn]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL aLrsf] d"n lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf]<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>o ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf % -;L_ / s/f/<br />
P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ nfO{ j]<strong>jf</strong>:tf<br />
u/L ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ sf]<br />
k|fjwfgnfO{ unt JofVof u/L ul/Psf]<br />
km};nf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ /<br />
d'n'sL P]g c=a+= !*$s g+= ;d]tsf]<br />
k|lts"n x'Fbf<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf<br />
pN6L u/L <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL adf]lhd xf];\ eGg]<br />
tyf k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf tkm{af6 ljåfg<br />
clwjQmf >L xl/ZrGb| ;'j]bLn] PstkmL{<br />
?kdf s/f/ e+u ePsf] ;"rgf s/f/ ug] {<br />
dWo]sf PshgfnfO{ dfq lbPsf] /<br />
PstkmL{ ?kdf s/f/ /2 ePdf clu|d<br />
a'emL lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{ Joj:yf<br />
247
s/f/df 5}g . sfg"g adf]lhd klg lkmtf{<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ gePsf]n] lj<strong>jf</strong>bsf] lj<strong>if</strong>o eGbf<br />
aflx/ uP/ xfd|f kIf /fh'dfg / b'uf{<br />
b]jLn] bfjL ug'{kg]<br />
{ lj<strong>if</strong>o <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cfkm}<br />
p7fO{ c;Da4 s'/fnfO{ k|df0fdf lnO{ 7x/<br />
u/]sf] k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] #, %$ /<br />
;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 k|ltkflbt sfg"gL<br />
l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'Fbf<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>,<br />
kf6gsf] km};nf pN6L xf];\ eGg] ;d]t<br />
ug'{ePsf]<br />
ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .<br />
#= b'a} tkm{sf ljåfg<br />
clwjQmfn] ug'{ePsf]<br />
ax; lhls/ ;d]t<br />
;'gL k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft<br />
cWoog u/L OG;fkm tkm{ larf/ ubf{<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gsf] OG;fkm<br />
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g / k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
lhls/ k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g, ;f]xL lj<strong>if</strong>odf<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg'kg] { b]lvg cfof] .<br />
$= <strong>jf</strong>bLn] cfkm' / k|ToyL{x?<br />
aLr ;g @))) cu:6 #! df !) a<strong>if</strong>{sf]<br />
nfuL dfl;s ?=() xhf/df 3/ef8f lng]<br />
lbg] u/L ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd @<br />
a<strong>if</strong>{sf] clu|d ef8f ^ ;]K6]Dj/ @))) sf]<br />
r]såf/f ?= @!,^),))).– lbPsf] / pQm<br />
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ adf]lhd !<br />
dlxgfsf] ;"rgf lbO{ ;Demf}tf /2 u/]sf]<br />
;"rgf k|ToyL{ /fh'dfgn] a'lemlnPsf] /<br />
axfndf lnPsf] 3/ ;d]t lakIfLx?nfO{<br />
;f]xL ldltdf lhDdf lbPsf] x'Fbf<br />
k|of]u<br />
u/]sf] cjlwsf] axfn s6fO{ ?=<br />
(,%!,))).– lkmtf{ gu/]sf]n] lkmtf{ lbnfO{<br />
kfp+ egL <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] lkm/fb bfjL /x]sf]df<br />
cfkm\gf] k|ltpQ/df <strong>jf</strong>bLn] s/f/sf]<br />
kl/kfngf c;Dej ePsf] cj:yfdf s/f/<br />
P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ cg';f/ /sd<br />
lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{ ePklg ;f] geO{ lakIfLn]<br />
248<br />
c+s @<br />
Ps kIfLo ?kdf s/f/ /2 eof] egL<br />
;"rgf u/]sf] s/f/sf] bkmf %-;L_ n]<br />
lakIfLx?nfO{ s/f/ /2 ug] { clwsf/<br />
ePklg clu|d lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
xf]Og . xfn;Dd klg 3/ a} +ss} lhDdfdf<br />
/xL Ps kIfLo ?kdf s/f/ /2 u/]sf] /<br />
;f] kq a'emfpFb}df lakIfLn] lbPsf] ef8f<br />
ltg'{<br />
kg] { 5}g eGg] ;d]t k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
lhls/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf axfn lng]<br />
kIfn] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ adf]lhd<br />
;Demf}tf /2 u/]df clu|d e'QmfgL ePsf]<br />
/sd lkmtf{ ug{ kg] { eGg] pQm ;Demf}tfdf<br />
pNn]v gePsf] ;d]taf6 <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL<br />
adf]lhd ?= (,%!,))).– lbnfO{ kfp=<br />
eGg] <strong>jf</strong>bL bffjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fPsf]<br />
sf7df8f} lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf pk/<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df z'?<br />
sf7df8f} lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf ;b/<br />
ug] { 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
km};nf pk/ b'a} kIfsf] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df<br />
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfp+ egL lgj]bg kg{ cfO{<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] cfb]zn] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{<br />
k'g/fj]bgsf] ?kdf k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .<br />
%= <strong>lg0f</strong>{o tkm{ larf/ ubf{<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bL lxdfnog a} +s ln=n] k|=x?sf] btf{<br />
lt/f] /x]sf] 3/sf] e"Otnf <strong>@%</strong>$ ju{ lkm6<br />
/ k|yd tnfsf] ##( ju{ lkm6 u/L %($<br />
ju{ lkm6 dfl;s ?=(),))).– axfn lbg]<br />
u/L !) a<strong>if</strong>{sf] nflu #! cu:6 @)))<br />
b]lv ef8fdf lng] k|=x?;+u ;Demf}tf<br />
u/]sf] / @ a<strong>if</strong>{sf] clu|d ef8f afkt<br />
?=@!,^),))).– a} +ssf] r]s=g+=<br />
))!))&))% ldlt ^ ;]K6]Dj/ @))) df<br />
oL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?n] a'emL lnPsf] s'/f kIf<br />
lakIfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] 3/<br />
a} +snfO cfjZos gx'Fbf<br />
s/f/sf] bkmf %-
;L_ adf]lhd lakIfLnfO{ ! dlxgfsf]<br />
;"rgf lbO{ !$ ;]K6]Dj/df s/f/ /2<br />
ePsf] egL /fh'dfgn] ;"rgf a'emL lnO{<br />
3/ klg lhDdf lbPsf]df a;]sf] cjlwsf]<br />
axfn s§f u/L afFsL ?k}ofF ga'emfPsf]n]<br />
;f] afFsL /sd lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfpFm egL<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k|:t't lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/<br />
;f] <strong>jf</strong>FsL /sd lkmtf{ lbg kg] { s/f/df<br />
s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] egL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] ;f]<br />
/sd lkmtf{ lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] 5 .<br />
^= <strong>jf</strong>bLn] bfjL ubf{ cfkm';+u<br />
ePsf] s/f/sf] bkmf %-;L_ sf] cfwf/df<br />
/sd lkmtf{sf] bfjL u/]sf]n] a} +sn]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL;+u u/]sf] pQm s/f/ adf]lhd<br />
s/f/ e+u u/]sf] cj:yfdf a} +sn] clu|d<br />
e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd k|= n] lkmtf{ lbg' kg] {<br />
xf] xf]Og eGg] g} k|:t't d'2fdf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
lbg'kg] { d'Vo k|Zg /x]sf] 5 . b'a} kIf<br />
jLr #! cu:t ;g @))) df ePsf]<br />
pQm s/f/sf Joj:yfx?sf] cWoog ubf{<br />
s/f/sf] bkmf %-aL_ df æb}jL k/L e'sDk,<br />
cfunfuL, af9Lh:tf sfa' aflx/sf]<br />
cj:yf eO{ 3/ eTsL gi6 ePdf s/f/sf]<br />
kl/kfngf c;Dej ePdf !% lbgsf]<br />
;"rgf lbO{ s/f/ e+u ug{ ;lsg] / o:tf]<br />
ePdf <strong>jf</strong>FsL cjlwsf] clu|d /sd lkmtf{<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t},<br />
bkmf %-;L_ df 3/ axfn lng]n] jxfn<br />
cjlw e'QmfgL x'g' cufj} s'g}klg ;dodf<br />
s'g} cf}lrTo gb]vfO{ Ps dlxgfsf] k"j{<br />
;"rgf lbO{ s/f/ e+u ug{ ;Sg]5 / axfn<br />
lng]n] o:tf] ;"rgf lbPsf] cj:yfdf<br />
jxfn lbg]nfO{ ;f] lbg ;Ddsf] axfn<br />
<strong>jf</strong>x]s cGo e'StfgLsf] clwsf/ x'g] 5}gÆ<br />
eGg] zt{ pNn]v /x]sf] pQm s/f/sf]<br />
k|ltlnkL<strong>jf</strong>6 b]lvG5 .<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
&= s/f/ ug] { kIfx?n] cfkm\gf]<br />
;'ljwf / s/f/sf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu<br />
k|:tfjx? /fVg / zt{x? lgwf{/0f ug{<br />
:<strong>jf</strong>oQ / :jtGq x'G5g\ / To:tf] k|:tfj<br />
<strong>jf</strong> zt{ csf] { kIfn] :jLsf/ ug{ <strong>jf</strong> OGsf/<br />
ug{ klg :<strong>jf</strong>oQ x'G5 . zt{x?df :jLs[lt<br />
lbO{ ;xL5fk u/]sf] <strong>jf</strong> tbg's'n cfr/0f<br />
/ Jojxf/ u/]sf] ;d]t cj:yfdf s/f/<br />
;DkGg x'g] / s/f/sf tL zt{x? kIfx?<br />
pk/ sfg"g ;/x aGwgsf/L x'G5 . <strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx? jLr ;xL5fk ePsf] #!<br />
cu:t ;g\ @))) sf] pQm s/f/<br />
:j]R5fk"j{ssf] s/f/ eO{ b'a} kIfx? pk/<br />
aGwgsf/L ePsf]df lj<strong>jf</strong>b 5}g . pQm<br />
s/f/sf] pko'{Qm<br />
b'a} zt{x?sf]<br />
cWoogaf6 3/ axfn lbg] / lng]<br />
kIfx?sf jLr b'O{ leGgf leGg} cj:yfdf<br />
s/f/ e+u u/L 3/ vfnL ug{ ;lsg]<br />
p2]Zosf nfuL leGgf leGg} zt{ /fVg]<br />
clek|fo /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
s/f/sf zt{x?sf] JofVof ubf{ s/f/sf<br />
kIfx?sf] clek|fo -Intention_ sf]<br />
cfwf/df ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'G5 . ;fy} s/f/sf]<br />
AofVofdf klg sfg"gsf] AofVof ;DaGwL<br />
lgodx? g} cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t x'g] x'G5 / s/f/ <strong>jf</strong><br />
cGo s'g} lnvtsf] JofVof ubf{ ;f] s/f/<br />
<strong>jf</strong> lnvtsf] s'g} vf; c+z dfq geO{ k"/}<br />
s/f/ <strong>jf</strong> lnvtsf] cWoog u/L AofVof<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ x'G5 . ;f] adf]lhd s/f/sf] bkmf<br />
%-aL_ / %-;L_ sf b'O{ cj:yf k/L axfn<br />
lng] a} +sn] 3/ 5f8\g ;Sg] clek|fo<br />
pNn]v u/L clu|d axfnsf] /sdsf<br />
;DaGwdf leGgf leGg} clek|foaf6 zt{<br />
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . axfn lng]n]<br />
b}jL k/L s/f/sf] kl/kfngf c;+ej ePsf]<br />
cj:yfdf s/f/ e+u u/L 3/ vfnL ug{<br />
249
k/]df clu|d axfn /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
:ki6 Joj:yf s/f/sf] bkmf %-aL_ df<br />
/x]sf] 5 . t/ cfkm\gf] OR5f cg';f/<br />
sf/0f / cf}lrTo gb]vfO{ 3/ 5f8\g<br />
;lsg] zt{ bkmf %-;L_ df /x]sf] ePklg<br />
o:tf] cj:yfdf 3/ 5f8\bf cu|Ld axfn<br />
/sd lkmtf{ ug{ 'kg] { eGg] zt{ :ki6 ?kdf<br />
/fv]sf] pQm s/f/af6 b]lvg cfpFb}g .<br />
s/f/sf] JofVof ubf{ klg sfg"gsf] JofVof<br />
;DaGwL l;4fGt / lgod g} cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t x'g]<br />
ePsf]n] To;/L JofVof ubf{ s/f/sf cIf/<br />
/ zAbsf] cy{ ;fy} s/f/ ug] { kIfx?sf]<br />
dg;fosf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;f]<br />
adf]lhd pQm s/f/df e'sDk, <strong>jf</strong>9L h:tf<br />
b}jL k/L sfj' aflx/sf cj:yfdf s/f/<br />
e+u ug'{kg]<br />
{ ePdf tyf s'g} sf/0f /<br />
cf}lrTo lagf Ps kIfsf] OR5f cg';f/<br />
s/f/ e+u ul/Pdf ;d]t clu|d axfnsf]<br />
/sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{ s/f/sf kIfx?sf]<br />
;dfg cfzo / clek|fo eP ;f] b'a}<br />
cj:yfdf clu|d /sd lkmtf{ ug] {<br />
;DaGwdf ;dfg Joj:yf ul/g' kg] { x'GYof]<br />
. t/ ;f] geO{ b}jL k/L sfa' <strong>jf</strong>lx/sf]<br />
cj:yf k/L 3/ vfnL ug] { ;DaGwdf<br />
ePsf] bkmf %-aL_ df clu|d /sd lkmtf{<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf] 5 eg]<br />
s'g} sf/0f / cf}lrTo gb]vfO{ PstkmL{<br />
?kdf s/f/ e+u ug{ ;lsg] ;DaGwL bkmf<br />
%-;L_ df ;f] adf]lhd clu|d /sd lkmtf{<br />
ug'{kg]<br />
{ eGg] :ki6 zt{ /x]sf] pNn]v<br />
ePsf] kfOb}g . ;dfg ?ksf] 3/ vfnL<br />
ug] { cj:yfdf clu|d /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
;dfg Joj:yf / zt{ ;f] s/f/df pNn]v<br />
g/x]sf]n] s/f/ ubf{ clu|d axfn /sdsf<br />
;DaGwdf s/f/ ug] { kIfx?sf] leGgf leGg}<br />
250<br />
c+s @<br />
clek|fo /x]sf] lyof] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .<br />
k|:t't ;Gbe{df 3/ axfn lng] a} +sn]<br />
cfkm\gf] OR5f cg';f/ s'g} sf/0f /<br />
cf}lrTo ljgf s/f/ e+u u/]sf] / o:tf]<br />
cj:yfdf 3/ axfn lbg]n] clu|d axfn<br />
/sd lkmtf{ lbg' kg] { ;f] s/f/sf] zt{<br />
/x]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg]<br />
eGg] Unjust Enrichment sf] Theory<br />
cg';f/ klg eGg gldNg] x'G5 .<br />
*= ctM dfly ljj]rgf /<br />
AofVof ul/P cg';f/ <strong>jf</strong>bL / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
jLr ePsf] pQm s/f/sf] bkmf %-;L_ df<br />
axfn lng]n] s/f/ e+u u/L 3/ vfnL<br />
ubf{ clu|d lnPsf] axfn /sd 3/wgLn]<br />
lkmtf{ lbg' kg] { eGg] zt{ /x]sf]<br />
gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] cu|Ld lbPsf] axfn /sd<br />
lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfpF eGg] <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL k'Ug<br />
g;Sg] 7x/fPsf] sf7df8f} lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>, kf6gsf] km};nf dgfl;j x'Fbf<br />
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf] /<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug<br />
;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/L nut s§f<br />
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn<br />
Olt ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fn kmfNu'g dlxgf *<br />
ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ ––<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[tM xl/k|;fb zdf{ pkfWofo<br />
k+u]gL
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(#^ g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;af] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, ;+o'Qm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb<br />
sf]O/fnf<br />
;Djt\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= –##%*<br />
km};nf ldltM @)^$.&.@^.@<br />
d'2fM Hofg dfg] { pBf]u .<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLM k| ]daxfb'/ kf}8]nsf]<br />
hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/<br />
la?4<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLM lhNnf Onfd, cfdrf]s<br />
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & a:g]<br />
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]n<br />
z'? km};nf ug] {M<br />
df=lh=Gof= >L k| ]d/fh 9sfn<br />
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug] {M<br />
df=Gof= >L led]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{<br />
df=Gof= >L b'uf{k|;fb pk| ]tL<br />
{<br />
{<br />
{<br />
� Hofg dfg] pBf]usf] s;"/ x'gsf<br />
nflu kLl8tnfO{ nfu]sf] rf]6 <strong>jf</strong><br />
3fpsf] dfqf / kl/df0f dxTjk"0f{<br />
/ <strong>lg0f</strong>f{os tTj x'g] geO{ Hofg<br />
dfg] dg;fon] k|xf/ ul/Psf] /<br />
Hofg dg{ gkfPsf] <strong>jf</strong>ws tTjsf]<br />
ljBdfgtf lyof] lyPg eGg] g}<br />
dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpg] .<br />
� k|xf/stf{sf] dg;fo / lgot<br />
5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ p;sf] sfo{ /<br />
ck/flws lqmof<strong>jf</strong>6 g} kQf<br />
nufpg' kg] .<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
251<br />
� Hofg ;DjGwL dxnsf] !% g+= sf]<br />
cj:yf sfo{ / ck/flws lqmof<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<strong>jf</strong>6 b]lvg cfPsf]<br />
cj:yfdf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] Hofg dfg] {<br />
dg;fo lyPg egL eGg g;lsg]<br />
;fy} nfu]sf] 3fpsf] kl/df0f /<br />
dfqf ;fgf] k|s[lt / dg{ g;Sg]<br />
k|s[ltsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/df<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] Hofg dfg] { dg;fosf]<br />
tyf cj/f]w k'/\ofpg] t];|f]<br />
tTjsf] ljBdfgtfdf lghnfO{<br />
s;"/<strong>jf</strong>6 pGd'lQm lbg ;lsg]<br />
cj:yf gb]lvg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=^_<br />
k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg<br />
pkGofoflwjQmf Cl<strong>if</strong>s]z <strong>jf</strong>Un]<br />
k|ToyL{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
uf]ljGbjxfb'/ cfn] du/<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
km};nf<br />
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM Gofo<br />
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd<br />
o;} <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg] { k|:t't<br />
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5M–<br />
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf] lbg d<br />
l5d]sL sfhL /fO{nfO{ ;fydf lnO{ h]7f<br />
bfh';+u 7]Ssfdf lnPsf] hUufdf /x]sf]<br />
cn}rL<strong>jf</strong>/Ldf xf<strong>jf</strong>kfgLn] n8fPsf] ?v<br />
sf6\g uPsf] lyP . P] lbgsf] c= #)<br />
ah]sf] ;dodf d]/f] bfh' gftfsf<br />
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]n xftdf v'kf{ ;d]t <strong>jf</strong>]sL<br />
cfO{ dnfO{ Hofg} lng] lgotaf6 9'+uf<br />
tyf<br />
v'kf{ ;d]tn] k|xf/ u/L d]/f] 6fpsf]<br />
;d]tdf sf6L rf]6 k'¥ofPsf] sf6\b} ubf{
u'xf/sf] cf<strong>jf</strong>h ;'gL tTsfn 36gf:yndf<br />
7fn'dfg kf}8]n cfO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] xftaf6<br />
v'kf{ ;d]t vf];L lbPsf] sf/0f d]/f] Hofg<br />
aRg uPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]<br />
hfx]/L b/vf:t .<br />
lhNnf Onfd cfdrf]s uf=lj=;=<br />
<strong>jf</strong>8{ g+= & l:yt n'ª ;'ª bfª a:g]<br />
7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf] cn}rfL<strong>jf</strong>/Laf6 klZrd<br />
P] df /x]sf] g}gaxfb'/ kf}8]nsf<br />
cn}rL<strong>jf</strong>/Laf6 k'j{ P]df /x]sf] g/axfb'/<br />
kf}8]nsf] ds}<strong>jf</strong>/Laf6 blIf0f, P] df /x]sf]<br />
8Da/axfb'/ kf}8]nsf] cn}rL<strong>jf</strong>/Laf6 pQ/<br />
olt rf/ lsNnf aLrdf /x]sf] /xgaxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nsf] cn}rfL<strong>jf</strong>/Laf6 lardf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg} lng] u/L<br />
s'6lk6 u/]sf] 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf .<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfn] hfx]/Ldf ls6fg ubf{<br />
n]vfPsf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn]<br />
cfdfnfO{ em'SofO{ !% /f]kgL hUuf kf;<br />
u/L lnPsf] / ;f] yfxf kfO{ hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfn]<br />
;f] hUuf ;a} efOx?nfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{<br />
lbPsf] ;d]t /L; OjLsf] sf/0f <strong>jf</strong>/bftsf]<br />
cj:yfdf hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg lng]<br />
lgotaf6 v'kf{ ;d]t k|xf/ u/L sf6]sf]<br />
/x]5 . df}sfdf 7fn'dfg kf}8]n gk'u]sf]<br />
eP hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg aRg] pkfo lyPg<br />
eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k|=gf=gL u+uf<br />
s6'<strong>jf</strong>nsf] k|ltj]bg .<br />
k| ]daxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] 6fpsf]<br />
;d]tdf ulx/f] rf]6 k/]sf] eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] 3f hfFr kmf/fd l/kf]6{ .<br />
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf lbg<br />
lbp;f] c+= #=#+ ah]sf] ;dodf cfkm\gf]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>/L tkm{ uPsf] cj:yfdf l;dfgfdf<br />
/x]sf] ?v k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nn] sf6L /x]sf]<br />
b]lv gsf6\g eGg ;d]t gdfg]sf] / lgh<br />
252<br />
c+s @<br />
k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nn] dnfO{ klxn]af6} Hofb}<br />
;tfPsf] cfdfn] lbPsf] hUuf klg lkmtf{<br />
u/fPsf] dnfO{ em'7f d'2fdf km;fPsf]<br />
;d]t l/; Oljsf] sf/0f d}n] xftdf <strong>jf</strong>]sL<br />
/fv]sf] v'kf{n] k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nsf]<br />
6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/] . lghn] 5]Sbf 5]Sb}<br />
lghsf] lgwf/ glhs 6fpsf]df sf6Lg<br />
uof] .k|xf/ g5]s]sf] eP ulx/f] rf]6 kg] {<br />
lyof] . bf]>f] k|xf/ ug{ vf]Hbf lghn] v'kf{<br />
;dftL k|xf/ ug{ lbPgg\ . s]lxj]/kl5<br />
ufpn] cfPsf]n] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{<br />
;lsg . 7fn'dfg kf}8]n ;d]t gcfPsf]<br />
eP lghsf] Hofg aRg] lyPg eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] k|= /fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn] clwsf/<br />
k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg .<br />
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf lbg c+=<br />
#=#+) ah]sf] ;dodf k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]n /<br />
sfhL /fO{ cn}rL<strong>jf</strong>/Ldf sf7 sf6L /x]sf<br />
cj:yfdf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]n uO{<br />
klxn] 9'+ufn]<br />
lxsf{O{ s]xL k/ uPkl5<br />
nv]6\b} uO{ xftdf <strong>jf</strong>]s]sf] v'kf{n] ;d]t<br />
k|xf/ u/L 6fpsf] ;d]tdf sf6]sf]<br />
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn] k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nsf]<br />
Hofg lng] lgotaf6 n8fO{ 6fpsf]<br />
;d]tdf sf6L/x]sf] cj:yfdf 7fn' dfg<br />
kf}8]n ;d]tn] yfxf kfO{ tTsfn}<br />
36gf:yndf k'uL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k|xf/<br />
5]s]sf] sf/0f hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg aRg<br />
uPsf] xf] . 7fn'dfg kf}8]n df}sfdf<br />
gk'u]sf] eP hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg hfg]<br />
lyof] . lgh k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] hUuf lj<strong>if</strong>osf] k"j{<br />
/L;Oljsf] sf/0f Hofg} lng nfu]sf] /x]5<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsf 8Da/<br />
jxfb'/ kf}8]n, ugaxfb'/ kf}8]n,<br />
xf]daxfb'/ kf}8]n, e<strong>jf</strong>gLdfof kf}8]n,
naxfb'/ kf}8]n, x]daxfb'/ kf}8]n<br />
;d]tsf] k[ys k[ys sfuh .<br />
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf] lbg d<br />
k| ]daxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] cn}rL<strong>jf</strong>/Ldf uO{<br />
n8]sf ?vx? sf6L /x]sf] cj:yf lbgsf]<br />
#=#) ah]sf] ;dodf /fdaxfb'/ kf}8]n<br />
xftdf v'kf{ ;d]t lnO{ cfO{ k| ]daxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nnfO{ 9'+ufn]<br />
lxsf{P . lgh p7L efu] .<br />
efu]sf] b]lv d klg csf] { lbzf tkm{ efu]<br />
s]lx k/ k'u]kl5 /fdaxfb'/n] k| ]d jxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nnfO{ n8fO{ v'kf{n] sf6\g nfu] . d}n]<br />
xf/ u'xf/ u/]sfn] 7fn'dfg ;d]t df}sfdf<br />
cfPsf] sf/0f k| ]d jxfb'/sf] Hofg aRg<br />
uPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfhL<br />
/fO{sf] sfuh .<br />
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut] #=#)<br />
ah]sf] ;dodf /x/axfb'/ kf}8]naf6 k| ]d<br />
jxfb'/n] 7]Ssfdf lnPsf] cn}rL<strong>jf</strong>/Ldf<br />
xf/ u'xf/ egL s/fPsf] ;'lgPsf] / sfhL<br />
/fO{ ;d]t lrRofpb} cfPsf] b]lv<br />
36gf:yn tkm{ hfFbf k| ]d jxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nnfO{ /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nn] n8fO{<br />
v'kf{n] sf6\g nfu]sf] b]lv v'kf{ vf];]sf] x'F<br />
. d <strong>jf</strong>/bftsf] cj:yfdf gk'u]sf] eP<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg} lng] lyP .<br />
hUuf lj<strong>if</strong>osf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b /L;Oljsf] s/f0f<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg lng<br />
nfu]sf] /x]5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]<br />
7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf] sfuh .<br />
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf] lbg<br />
hfx]/Ldf ls6fg u/L xfn kqmfp k/L<br />
cfPsf k|= /fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf<br />
k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] Hofg} lng] u/L v'kf{<br />
h:tf] wf/Lnf] xltof/ k|xf/ u/L sf6]sf]<br />
xf] <strong>jf</strong>/bftsf] cj:yfdf 7fn'dfg kf}8]n<br />
gk'u]sf] eP hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg aRg<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
kfpFg] lyPg . 7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf<br />
pkl:ytsf] sf/0f hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg<br />
aRg uPsf] /x]5 . hUuf lj<strong>if</strong>odf /L;Olj<br />
lnO{ dfg] { ;Ddsf] pBf]u u/]sf] /x]5 eGg]<br />
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsf .<br />
lnnfdfof kf}8]nsf] gfddf btf{<br />
/x]sf] hUuf /flhgfdf kfl/t eO{<br />
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] gfddf bf=vf= ePsf]<br />
/ kl5 c+z a08fn] k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]n<br />
;d]tsf] gfddf bf=vf= eO{ uPsf] >]:tf<br />
<strong>jf</strong>6 b]lvPsf] eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no<br />
Onfdsf] kq .<br />
kLl8t hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfn] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
em'SofO{ cfkm\gL cfdfaf6 cfkm\gf] gfddf<br />
kf; u/fPsf] hUuf lkmtf{ u/fPsf] ;fy}<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL aLr hUufsf]<br />
l;dfgf lj<strong>if</strong>odf lj<strong>jf</strong>b /x]sf] ;d]tsf]<br />
s/f0f / l/;Oljaf6 k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fdaxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nn] Hofg dfg] { p2]Zon] 9'+uf<br />
/ v'kf{<br />
h:tf 3fts xltof/n] kLl8t<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfnfO{ k|xf/ u/L zVt 3fOt]<br />
t'NofO{ d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DalGw dxnsf]<br />
! g+= sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g<br />
cfPsf]n] lgh k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fdaxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nnfO{ P] !% g+= adf]lhd ;hfo<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]ukq<br />
.<br />
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut] d lbg e/<br />
cfkm\g} 3/df j;]s]f lyP . ;f] lbg<br />
cn}rL<strong>jf</strong>/Ldf uOg . 7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf]<br />
3/df d ;d]tn] k]N6«Ls ;]6 /fv]sf] /<br />
pQm k]N6«Ls;]6 ;d'xut ?kdf @! 3/<br />
ldnL /fv]sf]df a} +ssf] ?k}of ltg{ a}7s<br />
x'Fbf<br />
d}n] k| ]djxfb'/nfO{ k};f lgsfn eGbf<br />
hfGbLg egL lj<strong>jf</strong>b eO{ xfdL lardf<br />
emu8f eof], klxnf] sfsfsf] 5f]/f<br />
253
8Da/axfb'/ kf}8]nn] dnfO{ nf}/fn] s'6]<br />
To;kl5 k| ]d jxfb'/n] v'kf{n] 3'8f d'gL<br />
sf6]sf]n] j]xf]; eP . xf]; v'Nbf k| ]d<br />
jxfb'/ ToxfF lyPgg\ . dnfO{ k|x/Ln]<br />
s'6lk6 u/L dfg] { 3/ b]vfO{ jofgdf ;lx<br />
ug{ nufPsf x'g\ . jofgsf] Joxf]/f<br />
jgfj6L em'7f dfq xf] . d}n] k| ]d<br />
jxfb'/nfO{ sf6] s'6]sf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nn]<br />
cbfndf u/]sf] aofg .<br />
cfb]zfg';f/ a'lemPsf hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf<br />
k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]n, a'lemPsf dflg;x?<br />
sfhL/fO{, 7fn'dfg kf}8]n, xf]d jxfb'/<br />
kf}8]n, ?kgf/fo0f clwsf/L, bn jxfb'/<br />
kf}8]n, 8Dj/ jxfb'/ kf}8]n, g}g l;+x<br />
kf}8]n tyf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLx?sf ;fIfL ad<br />
jxfb'/ sfsL{n] <strong>cbfnt</strong>df u/]sf] askq<br />
ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 .<br />
cfb]zfg';f/ a'lemPsf 8f= lko';<br />
bfxfnn] u/]sf] askq ldl;n ;+nUg<br />
/x]sf] 5 .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nnfO{<br />
d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !% g+ +<br />
adf]lhd ^ a<strong>if</strong>{ s}b x'g] 7x/fO{ z'? Onfd<br />
lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ldlt @)^).#.@( df<br />
ePsf] km};nf .<br />
z'? Onfd lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] dnfO{<br />
x/fO{ cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd ^ a<strong>if</strong>{ s}b<br />
;hfo x'g] u/L u/]sf] km};nf d}n] u/]sf]<br />
aofg sfuh tyf ;fIfL ;/hLdgn]<br />
as]sf] s'/fnfO{ <strong>jf</strong>:tf gu/L uPsf]<br />
km};nf sfg"gL q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf<br />
;f] km};nf<br />
jb/ u/L ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t<br />
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fd jxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .<br />
254<br />
c+s @<br />
c=a+= @)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> lgodfjnL @)$* sf] lgod $&<br />
adf]lhd k|ToyL{ ;d]t lemsfO{ cfPkl5<br />
k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)^).!!.@$ sf] cfb]z .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nn]<br />
kLl8t hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]n dfly<br />
lghs} Hofg} lng] lgot /fvL lghnfO{<br />
s'6lk6 sf6 u/]sf] xf] egL 7x/ x'g ;Sg]<br />
cj:yf g/x]sf]df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fd jxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nn] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf k| ]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nsf]<br />
Hofg dfg] { pBf]u u/]sf] 7x/fO{ lgh /fd<br />
jxfb'/nfO{ d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DalGw<br />
dxnsf] !% g+ + adf]lhd ^ a<strong>if</strong>{ s}b ug] {<br />
u/L Onfd lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] ldlt<br />
@)^).#.@( df u/]sf] km};nf gldn]sf]<br />
x'Fbf<br />
pN6L e} ;f] cleof]u s;"/af6<br />
k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nn]<br />
;kmfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> Onfdsf] ldlt @)^!.@.<strong>@%</strong> sf]<br />
km};nf .<br />
kLl8t / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf aLrdf hUuf<br />
;DaGwL lj<strong>jf</strong>b ePsf] sf/0f k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
cfqmd0f Hofg] l/;OaLaf6 ePsf] xf] .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] klxnf 9'+ufn]<br />
k|xf/ u/L k5fl8<br />
hf]vLdL xltof/n] lk5f u/L k|xf/ u/]sf]<br />
tYo k|df0faf6 k'i6L ePsf] 5 . t]>f]<br />
JolQmsf] cg'kl:yt ePdf kLl8tsf] Hofg<br />
hfg] cj:yfdf k|df0fsf] d'Nof+sg g}<br />
gu/L k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] ;kmfO{ kfpg] u/L ePsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> Onfdsf] km};nf<br />
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf<br />
cleof]u bfjL cg';f/<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] ;hfo kfpg] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf pN6L x'g'kb{5 eGg]<br />
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df<br />
kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
o;df <strong>jf</strong>/bftdf pkl:yt<br />
7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf] askqaf6 lghn]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] v'kf{ vf];]sf] eGg] pNn]v<br />
ePsfn] yk k|xf/ x'gaf6 /f]lsPsf] eGg]<br />
b]lvPsf] cj:yf / kLl8tsf] vKk/df<br />
sf6]sf] 3fp b]lvPsf], ;f] k|ltafbLs}<br />
k|xf/af6 ePsf] eGg] x'Fbf<br />
o; l:yltdf<br />
Hofg dfg] { pBf]u tkm{ ;kmfO{ lbPsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ e}<br />
km/s kg] { x'Fbf<br />
5nkmnsf lgldQ c=a+=<br />
@)@ g+= adf]lhd lakIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5<br />
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
cfb]z .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs<br />
k]zL ;'lrdf r9L <strong>Ohnf</strong>; ;dIf k]z x'g<br />
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf<br />
;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cwoog ul/of] .<br />
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt laåfg<br />
pkGofoflwjQmf >L Cl<strong>if</strong>s]z <strong>jf</strong>Un]n]<br />
kLl8t / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL bfh'efO{ gftfsf JolQm<br />
eO{ 3/fo;L 3/ hUufsf] lj<strong>jf</strong>b /x]sf] /<br />
;f]xL sf/0faf6 k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] l/;OjL /fv]sf]<br />
lyof] eGg] tYo askqaf6 k'i6L x'g<br />
cfPsf] x'Fbf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] cfqmd0f Hofg}<br />
lng] dg;fo ;fy ePsf] tYo k|df0faf6<br />
k'i6L ePsf] 5 . k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] 9'+ufn]<br />
xfg]kl5<br />
kLl8t efUbf v]b\b} uO{ v'kf{n] xfg]sf] /<br />
t]>f] kIfsf] pkl:ytLn] kLl8t afr]sf]<br />
x'Fbf<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg]u/L ePsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> Onfdsf] km};nf pN6L<br />
u/L k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] cleof]u bfjL cg';f/<br />
;hfo kfpg'kb{5 egL ax; k|:t't<br />
ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
#= To;}u/L k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tkm{af6 pkl:yt laåfg clwjQmf >L<br />
uf}jxfb'/ cfn]du/n] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL bfh'<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
gftfsf / kLl8t efO{ gftfsf JolQm x'g<br />
. lghx? aLr 3/ hUufsf] lj<strong>jf</strong>x /x]sf]df<br />
;f] lj<strong>jf</strong>b ;dfwfg eO;s]sf] 5 . Ps}<br />
cfFtsf bfh'efO{ aLr Hofg} dfg] { pBf]u<br />
;Ddsf] dg;fo k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLdf x'g ;Qm}g .<br />
Onfd c:ktfnsf] 3f hfFr k|ltj]bgn]<br />
kLl8tdf nfu]sf] 3fpmnfO{ dfG5] gdg] {<br />
au{df /fv]sf] 5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> Onfdn] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ cf/f]lkt<br />
cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ lbg] u/]sf] km};nf<br />
ldn]s} x'Fbf<br />
;f]xL ;b/ x'g'kb{5 egL ax;<br />
lhls/ k|:t't ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
$= pko'{Qm<br />
laåfg sfg"g<br />
Joj;foLx?sf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t ;'gL<br />
OG;fkm tkm{ larf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> Onfdaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]<br />
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < / k'g/fj]bs <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;S5 ;Qm}g < eGg]<br />
;DaGwdf g} 7x/ <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg'kg] { b]lvg<br />
cfof] .<br />
%= tT;DaGwdf x]bf{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf k| ]d jxfb'/<br />
kf}8]nnfO{ Hofg dfg] { pBf]u u/]sf]n]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+=<br />
la?4sf] s;"/df P] dxnsf] !% g+=<br />
adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] <strong>jf</strong>bL g]kfn<br />
;/sf/sf] cleof]u bfjLdf z'? Onfd<br />
lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n] cleof]u bfjL cg';f/<br />
;hfo x'g] 7x/fO{ ePsf] km};nfdf lrQ<br />
ga'emL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> Onfddf kbf{ ;f]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ lbP pk/ <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
lrQ ga'emL o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df k'g/fj]bg kg{<br />
cfPsf] b]lvof] .<br />
^= <strong>lg0f</strong>{otkm{ larf/ ubf{<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf / k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ;xf]b/ bfh'efO{<br />
255
x]sf] / lghx?sL cfdfsf gfddf /x]sf]<br />
hUuf Psnf}6L vfg] u/L k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
cfkm\gf] gfpdf u/fPsf]df ;f] hUuf<br />
kLl8tn] lkmtf{ u/fPsf] l/;OjLn] ldlt<br />
@)%(.$.@( ut] v]tdf sfd u/L /x]sf]<br />
;dodf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfnfO{ 9'+ufn]<br />
xfGbf hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf efu]sf]df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
nv]6\b} uO{ v'kf{ h:tf] hf]lvdL wfl/nf]<br />
xltof/n] kLl8tsf] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/]sf]<br />
/ k'gM k|xf/ ug{ vf]Hbf v'kf{sf] la+8<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfn] ;dft]sf] / s/fPkl5 ;+u}<br />
ePsf sfhL /fO{n] / tTsfn cfO{ k'u]sf<br />
7fn'dfg kf}8]nn] v'kf{ vf];]sf] sf/0f<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] Hofg aRg uPsf] tYo hfx]/L<br />
b/vf:t, ;f]xL ldngsf] kLl8tsf]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df ePsf] askq Pj+ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
cg';+wfg clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
;d]t b]lvg cfpF5 . hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfn] klxn]<br />
b]lvg} cfkm"nfO{ ;tfPsf]n] 9'+uf<br />
l6kL<br />
9f8df xfg]sf] To;kl5 v'kf{n] Ps k6s<br />
xfgL csf] { k6s k|xf/ ug{ vf]Hbf v'kf{<br />
;dftL k|xf/ ug{ lbPgg egL s;"/hGo<br />
s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] jofg<br />
u/]sf 5g . ;fy} 36gf:yndf ;+u} /x]sf<br />
sfhL /fO{sf] v'kf{ vf]:g] 7fn'dfgsf]<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df ePsf] js;kq<strong>jf</strong>6 hUuf<br />
;DjGwL la<strong>jf</strong>b x'Fbf<br />
Hofg dfg] { p2]Zon]<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfnfO{ k|xf/ u/]sf] /<br />
v'kf{ cfkm"n] ;dftL lbPsf] egL cfkm\gf]<br />
jskqdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g . To:t}<br />
8Dj/jxfb'/ nufotsf JolQmn] v'kf{ k|xf/<br />
ug{ g/f]s]sf] eP Hofg dg{ ;SYof] egL<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] Hofg dfg] { pBf]u u/]sf] egL<br />
cfkm\gf] jskqdf JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 .<br />
ldl;n ;+nUg kLl8tsf] 3f hfFr s]z<br />
kmf/fddf An incised wound and two<br />
256<br />
c+s @<br />
multiple abrasion egL pNn]v u/]sf]<br />
;d]t b]lvg cfpF5 . Hofg ;DjGwL<br />
dxnsf] !% g+= df Hofg dfg] { dg;fon]<br />
uf]nL rnfpg] <strong>jf</strong> jd xfGg] <strong>jf</strong> 3fts<br />
xltof/n] sf6\g] <strong>jf</strong> dfg{sf nflu c?<br />
h'g;'s} s'/fsf] pBf]u u/L dg] { ;Ddsf]<br />
sfd u/]sfdf s'g} sf/0fn] Hofg dg{<br />
kfPsf] eg] /x]g5 eg] To:tf] sfd ug] { /<br />
ug{ nufpg] tyf ;f] 7fpFdf uO{ jrg<br />
lbg] <strong>jf</strong> d2t ug] {nfO{ kfFr j<strong>if</strong>{ b]lv <strong>jf</strong>x|<br />
j<strong>if</strong>{;Dd s}b ug'{k5{<br />
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf<br />
/x]s]f 5 . ;f] Joj:yfn] Hofg dfg{<br />
pBf]usf] s;"/ x'gsf nflu kLl8tnfO{<br />
nfu]sf] rf]6 <strong>jf</strong> 3fpsf] dfqf / kl/df0f<br />
dxTjk"0f{ / <strong>lg0f</strong>f{os tTj x'g] geO{ Hofg<br />
dfg] { dg;fon] k|xf/ ul/Psf] / Hofg dg{<br />
gkfPsf] <strong>jf</strong>ws tTjsf] ljBdfgtf lyof]<br />
lyPg eGg] g} dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 .<br />
k|xf/stf{sf] dg;fo / lgot 5'6\ofpg]<br />
cfwf/ p;sf] sfo{ / ck/flws lqmof<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
g} kQf nufpg' kb{5 . oL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
kLl8tnfO{ klxn] 9'+uf<br />
k|xf/ u/]sf] / lgh<br />
efu]kl5 v'kf{ h:tf] wfl/nf] xltof/ lnO{<br />
nv6\b} uO{ 6fpsf]df Psk6s k|xf/ u/L<br />
;ls bf];|f] k6s k|xf/ ubf{ kLl8t<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf :jo+n] cfkm" jRg v'kf{sf] jL8<br />
;dftL nft d'Ssfn] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{ xfg]sf]<br />
/ t];|f] JolQm 7fn'dfg kf}8nn] cfO{<br />
5'6\ofPsf] cj:yf ldl;n<strong>jf</strong>6 b]lvbf bf];|f]<br />
k6ssf] k|sf/ cfkm}n] 5]s]sf] geP tyf<br />
7fn'dfgn] 36gf:yndf k'uL pQm v'kf{<br />
gvf];]sf] ] eP lgh pk/ k'gM k|xf/ eO{<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nf oL kLl8tn] Hofg dg] { g} x'GYof]<br />
eGg] ldl;nsf] ;Dk"0f{ cWoog<strong>jf</strong>6 lgh<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] dfg] { dg;fo :ki6 /x]s]f<br />
b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgh k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]
v'kf{ h:tf] hf]lvdL wfl/nf] xltof/sf]<br />
k|of]u u/L klxnf] k|sf/ u/L ;lsO{ bf];|f]<br />
k|xf/ cfkm}n] 5]s]sf] / 7fn'dfgn] v'kf{<br />
vf];L cj/f]w u/]sf] b]lvbf ;f]xL sf/0fn]<br />
lgh hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfsf] Hofg dg{ gkfPsf]<br />
b]lvbf Hofg ;DjGwL dxnsf] !% g+= sf]<br />
cj:yf sfo{ / ck/flws lqmof lgh<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<strong>jf</strong>6 ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o:tf]<br />
cj:yfdf lgh k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] Hofg dfg] {<br />
dg;fo lyPg egL eGg g;lsg] x'G5 .<br />
;fy} lgh hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfnfO{ nfu]sf] 3fpsf]<br />
kl/df0f / dfqf ;fgf] / dg{ g;Sg]<br />
k|s[ltsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/df lgh<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] Hofg dfg] { dg;fosf] tyf<br />
cj/f]w k'/\ofpg] t];|f] tTjsf]<br />
ljBdfgtfdf lghnfO{ s;"/<strong>jf</strong>6 pGd'lQm<br />
lbg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvb}g .<br />
&= t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt<br />
tYo, cfwf/ / sf0f<strong>jf</strong>6 lgh k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
kLl8t hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfnfO{ Hofg dfg] {<br />
dg;fon] v'kf{ h:tf] wfl/nf] xltof/n]<br />
6fpsf]df Psk6s k|sf/ u/L ;ls]kl5<br />
k'gM csf] { k6s k|xf/ ubf{ kLl8t :jo+n]<br />
k|ltsf/ / t;|f] kIfsf] pkl:yt /<br />
Jojwfgsf] sf/0f lghsf] Hofg dg{af6<br />
aRg uPsf] b]lvPsf]n] lgh k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
Hofg ;DjGwLsf] !% g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf]<br />
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf Hofg dfg] { pBf]u<br />
u/]sf] 7x/fpg' kg] {df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{<br />
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ lbg]u/L ePsf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
257<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf ldn]sf]<br />
gx'Fbf<br />
pN6L x'g] / z'? lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>n]<br />
cleof]u bfjL cg';f/ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLnfO{<br />
s;"/bf/ 7x/fO{ ^ a<strong>if</strong>{ s}b ug] { u/]sf]<br />
km};nf dgfl;j 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n<br />
adf]lhd ug'{<br />
.<br />
tkl;n<br />
k|=/fdjxfb'/ kf}8]n s] dlfy<br />
OG;fkm v08df pNn]v eP cg';f/ lghn]<br />
hfx]/<strong>jf</strong>nfnfO{ Hofg dfg] { pBf]u u/]sf]<br />
7x/L lgh k|=nfO{ ^ j<strong>if</strong>{ s}b x'g] ;d]t<br />
7x/]sf]n] Onfd lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nf<br />
cg';f/ ^ j<strong>if</strong>{ s}b x'g] nut s;L cl3<br />
s}bdf j;]sf] eP ;f] cjlw c=j+= !@) g+=<br />
jdf]lhd ldgfxf lbO{ <strong>jf</strong>FsL s}b sfg"g<br />
jdf]lhd c;'n pk/ ug'{<br />
egL z'? Onfd<br />
lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>df n]vL k7fOlbg' –––––!<br />
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/L nut s§f u/L<br />
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' ––@<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=/fh]Gbk|;fb sf]O/fnf<br />
Olt ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fn slt{s dlxgf @^<br />
ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ –––––<br />
zfvf clws[tM k/z'/fd e§/fO{
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(#& g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong>, ;+o'St <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL<br />
cG;f/L<br />
;Djt\ @)%& ;fnsf] l/6 g+=– #%(%<br />
cfb]z ldltM @)<strong>^%</strong>.@.@*.#<br />
lj<strong>if</strong>o M– pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] cfb]z nufot cGo<br />
pko'St cf1f cfb]z <strong>jf</strong> k'hL{ hf/L<br />
ul/kfpFm .<br />
lgj]bsM eStk'/ lhNnf l;<strong>jf</strong>8f]n<br />
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * a:g] ;l/tf<br />
a:g]t<br />
lj?4<br />
ljkIfLM zfxL g]kfn afo';]<strong>jf</strong> lgud,<br />
sfGtLky, sf7df8f} + ;d]t<br />
{<br />
� cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg' /<br />
;hfo gx'g' eGg] km/s km/s<br />
s'/f x'g\ . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf<br />
ljleGg p2]Zox? dWo] Pp6f<br />
p2]Zo eg]sf] ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo<br />
u/L To; ck/fwL :jo+nfO{ k'gM<br />
ck/fw ug{af6 /f]Sg'sf ;fy} Tof]<br />
;hfosf] eo b]vfP/ c?<br />
JolStnfO{ klg ck/fwd"ns sfo{<br />
ug{af6 /f]Sg' /x]sf] x'G5 . ;hfo<br />
k|bfg u/]/ ;hfosf] eoaf6<br />
ck/fw /f]Sg] sfd ck/fwL hLljt<br />
/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq ;+ej x'G5 .<br />
ck/fw ug] JolStsf] d[To' ePsf]<br />
cj:yfdf eg] ck/fwLnfO{<br />
sf/fuf/df /fvL ;hfo<br />
258<br />
c+s @<br />
{<br />
{<br />
sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg] e}<br />
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{<br />
gx'g] ePsf]n] ck/fwLnfO{<br />
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sfg"gL k|0ffnLn] o; s'/fnfO{<br />
ck/fwL;+u} ck/fw klg d5{ eGg]<br />
l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cjnDag u/]sf]<br />
kfOg] .<br />
kmf}Hbf/L d'2f nfu]sf] dflg;sf]<br />
d'2f km};nf eO;s] kl5 lghsf]<br />
d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ nfu]sf]<br />
hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf, s}b <strong>jf</strong> lazf} +b dfkmL<br />
x'g] s'/fsf] Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g<br />
b08 ;hfosf] # g+= df kfO{G5<br />
eg] d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf<br />
d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf s] x'g] eGg]<br />
s'/f d'n'sL P]g <strong>cbfnt</strong>L<br />
�<br />
aGbf]a:tsf] !&^ g+= df u}x|<br />
d'2fdf cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg;<br />
km};nf gx'b} d¥of] eg] ;f] dg] {nfO{<br />
vtaft nfUb}g . ;sf/ u/]sf]<br />
d'2fdf klg ;sf/ ug] JolStnfO{<br />
;f] ;sf/ u/]sf] gftfn] dfq<br />
ck/fwL 7x¥ofpg gx'g] eGg]<br />
kfObf cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg;sf]<br />
d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ ;f] ck/fw<br />
u/] <strong>jf</strong>kt x'g ;Sg] s}b hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf<br />
gnfUg] tyf lghsf] d'2f ;sf/<br />
ug] JolStnfO{ ck/fwL 7x/ ug{<br />
gldNg] .<br />
cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg;sf] gfpFdf<br />
lghsf] d[To' eO;s]sf] x'gfn]<br />
b08 hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfsf] nut ;Dd<br />
gsl;g] xf] . ck/fwsf] sf/0faf6<br />
l;lh{t b]<strong>jf</strong>gL bfloTjaf6 eg]
lgh d[ts <strong>jf</strong> lghsf] xsbf/<br />
plDsg kfpg] cj:yf g/xg] .<br />
� cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg]<br />
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf<br />
kltsf] lgnDag km's'<strong>jf</strong> x'g]<br />
cj:yf g/x]sf]n] ;'ljwf kfpg<br />
g;Sg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=#_<br />
lgj]bs tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
;ltf/fd lt<strong>jf</strong>/L<br />
ljkIfL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmfåo<br />
k"0f{dfg zfSo / lg/Ghg kf08]<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
km};nf<br />
Gof=uf}/L 9sfnM tTsflng g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#<br />
tyf ** cGt{ut o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>df kg{<br />
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/<br />
o; k|sf/ 5 M–<br />
d]/f] klt hgs/fh a:g]t ljkIfL<br />
sfof{nosf] lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o<br />
ljdfg:yndf lkog -nf]8/_ kbdf sfo{/t<br />
/xg' x'Fbf<br />
nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w r/]; lgsf;L<br />
;dt]sf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] eGg] csf] {<br />
cleo'Stn] u/]sf] kf]n k/L kqmfp eO{<br />
d'2f rnL k'k{Ifsf] nflu y'gfdf /x+bfsf]<br />
qmddf ldlt @)%%.!.@! b]lv ljkIfL<br />
lgudsf] ;]<strong>jf</strong>af6 :jtM lgnDagdf /xg'<br />
ePsf]df lghsf] ldlt @)%&.!.! df<br />
sf/fuf/df d[To' ePsf] lyof] . d]/f] klt<br />
;d]tnfO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL agfO{ rnfOPsf] pSt<br />
nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w d'2f sf7df8f} + lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 )%&.!.* df km};nf x'Fbf<br />
y'gfdf /x]sf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL hgs/fh a:g]t<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
259<br />
aL/ c:ktfndf @)%&.!.! ut] /ftL #<br />
ah] d/L ;s]sf] egL sf/fuf/ zfvf<br />
sf7df8f} +n] @)%&.!.@ df n]lv k7fPsf]<br />
b]lv+bf lghsf] xsdf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{k/]g<br />
Æ<br />
eGg] 7x/ v08df af]nL tkl;n v08df<br />
;d]t Æ sf/fuf/df dl/;s]sf] b]lv+bf s]xL<br />
ug'{k/]g<br />
Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . d]/f]<br />
klt cleof]u k|dfl0ft gx'Fb}<br />
d/]kl5<br />
ljkIfL lgudaf6 d]/f] kltn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{<br />
afFsL /sd kfpF egL ldlt @)%&.!.!#<br />
df / ldlt @)%&.#.% df ljkIfL lguddf<br />
lgj]bg lbPsf]df ljkIfL lgudsf] ;+rfns<br />
;ldltsf] @)%&.%.@^ sf] a}7saf6<br />
lgudsf] sd{rf/L ;]<strong>jf</strong> lgodfjnL cg';f/<br />
lgnDagdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] cleof]u<br />
k|dfl0ft x'g g;sL ;kmfO{ kfPdf lghn]<br />
lgnDagsf] cjlwdf kfPsf] lhljsf eQf<br />
s§f u/L afFsL k'/} tna kfpg] Joj:yf<br />
ePsf] t/ pk/f]St s]zdf d[To'sf]<br />
sf/0fn] s]xL ug'{<br />
k/]g eg]sf]n] lghn]<br />
;kmfO{ kfPsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n]<br />
tkfOn] lbPsf] lgj]bg cg';f/ sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL<br />
gug] { Æ eGg] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f<br />
ldlt )%&.^.@ sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L<br />
u/fOPsf] lyof] . ;f] <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf k'gM ljrf/<br />
ul/kfpFm egL <strong>dfggLo</strong> ko{6g dGqLHo"<br />
;dIf ldlt )%&.^.!) df lgj]bg<br />
lbPsf]df <strong>dfggLo</strong> dGqLHo"af6 ;xfg'e"lt<br />
k"j{s ljrf/ u/L lgodfg';f/ ldNg]<br />
sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL ug] { egL tf]s nflu lguddf<br />
uPsf]df lgudaf6 @)%&.!!.!) df d]/f]<br />
lgj]bgdf k'g{ljrf/ gul/g] / ;f] ;DaGwL<br />
lnlvt ;"rgf klg lbg gldNg] eGg]<br />
df}lvs hfgsf/L u/fOof] . d]/f] kltnfO{<br />
nufOPsf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g .<br />
cleof]u nfUg' eg]sf] bf]<strong>if</strong>L k|dfl0ft x'g'
xf]Og eGg] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cfwf/e"t<br />
l;4fGt xf] . bf]<strong>if</strong>L k|dfl0ft ge} d[To'<br />
ePsf] cj:yfdf d]/f] kltsf] lgnDag<br />
:jtM km's'<strong>jf</strong> ePsf] dflg lghn] kfpg]<br />
;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug'{kg]<br />
{df ;f] gubf{ g]kfn<br />
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !!-<br />
!_, !& cg';f/ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs<br />
xsdf cf3ft k/]sf]n] ljkIfL lgudsf]<br />
;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%&.%.@^ sf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o, tbg';f/ hf/L ePsf] @)%&.^.@<br />
sf] kq tyf o; ;DaGwdf dnfO{<br />
hfgsf/L glbO{ dnfO{ ljk/Lt c;/ kg] {<br />
ul/sg cGo s'g} <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] /x]5 eg]<br />
;f] ;d]t pTk| ]<strong>if</strong>0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L<br />
lbO{ d]/f] kltsf] ;]<strong>jf</strong> lgudaf6<br />
g6'6];Ddsf] cjlwe/df lghn] kfpg]<br />
ljleGg ;'ljwfsf /sdx? k|bfg ug'{<br />
egL<br />
ljkIfLx?sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufotsf<br />
cGo cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6<br />
lgj]bg .<br />
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <<br />
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg<br />
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt<br />
ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%<br />
lbgleq lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km lnO cfkm} <strong>jf</strong><br />
cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwåf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL<br />
l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL<br />
ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km<br />
cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong> cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{<br />
eGg]<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldlt @)%&.!@.@ sf]<br />
cfb]z .<br />
l/6 lgj]bssf klt hgsaxfb'/<br />
a:g]t o; zfxL g]kfn <strong>jf</strong>o' ;]<strong>jf</strong> lgud<br />
cGt/ut lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o<br />
ljdfg:yndf lkog kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf]<br />
cj:yfdf nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w r/]; lgsf;L<br />
260<br />
c+s @<br />
;d]tsf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] cleof]udf<br />
kqmfp e} o; sfof{noaf6 lgnDag<br />
ePsf] / sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;dIf<br />
d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] d[To'<br />
eO{ ;s]sf] b]lv+bf s]xL u/L /xg'k/]g egL<br />
sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 km};nf<br />
ePsf] 5 . lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] cj:yf<br />
5}g . zf=g]=<strong>jf</strong>=lg=sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]<strong>jf</strong><br />
zt{ lgodfjnL @)#! sf] lgod !!=3=$<br />
-ª_ df lgnDagdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]<br />
cleof]u k|dfl0ft x'g g;sL ;kmfO{<br />
kfPdf lghn] kfPsf] tna eQf s§f u/L<br />
afFsL k'/} tna kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .<br />
lgj]bssf kltn] <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 ;kmfO{<br />
kfPsf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] / cGo lgh<br />
hgsaxfb'/ a:g]t ;+u} kqmfp k/]sf<br />
cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo ;d]t ePsf]<br />
cj:yfdf ljkIfLsf] kltsf] tna ;'ljwf<br />
pknJw u/fpg gldNg] x'Fbf<br />
l/6 lgj]bg<br />
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] zfxL g]kfn <strong>jf</strong>o';]<strong>jf</strong><br />
lgud tyf ;f]= sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf]<br />
;+o'St lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs<br />
k]zL ;"rLdf r9L o; <strong>Ohnf</strong>; ;dIf k]z<br />
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{af6<br />
pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L l;tf/fd<br />
lt<strong>jf</strong>/Ln] tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfn <strong>jf</strong>o';]<strong>jf</strong><br />
lguddf lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t<br />
hgs a:g]t dfly nufOPsf] nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w<br />
d'2f km};nf gx'b} lghsf] d[To' ePsf]<br />
cj:yf 5 . <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 pSt d'2f km};nf<br />
x'Fbf<br />
lghsf] d[To' e};s]sf] x'Fbf<br />
lghsf]<br />
xsdf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{k/]g<br />
egL pNn]v<br />
u/LPsf] 5 . <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 :ki6 ?kdf<br />
cleof]u k|dfl0ft gePsf] cj:yfdf<br />
lghnfO{ lgbf] {<strong>if</strong> dfGg'kg] { x'G5 . h'g
d'2faf6 lgnDagdf k/]sf] xf] ;f] d'2fdf<br />
lghsf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft gePkl5<br />
lgnDag :jtMkm's'<strong>jf</strong> x'g] ePsf]n] lghn]<br />
kfpg' kg] { ;'ljwf /sd kfpg] g} x'gfn]<br />
lgj]bg bfjL cg';f/ l/6 hf/L x'g'k5{<br />
egL / ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg<br />
clwjQmf >L k"0f{dfg zfSo tyf lg/Ghg<br />
kf08]n] lgj]bssf] klt hgs a:g]t pk/<br />
nufOPsf] nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w d'2fsf] cf/f]kaf6<br />
lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg] s'/f km};nfaf6<br />
b]lvb}g . :ki6 ?kdf ;kmfO{ gkfPsf]<br />
cj:yfdf lgnDag :jtM km's'<strong>jf</strong> x'g] xf]Og<br />
t;y{ /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL<br />
ug'{<br />
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . b'j}<br />
kIfsf] ax; ;'lg ldl;n cWoog u/L<br />
x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu bfjL cg';f/sf] cfb]z<br />
hf/L ug'{kg]<br />
{ gkg] { s] xf] < ;f] ;DaGWfdf<br />
g} <strong>lg0f</strong>{o lbg'kg] { x'g cfof] .<br />
#= <strong>lg0f</strong>{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{<br />
cfkm\gf] klt zfxL g]kfn afo';]<strong>jf</strong><br />
lguddf lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t<br />
/x+bfsf cj:yfdf lgh lj?4 nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w<br />
d'2f nufO{ <strong>cbfnt</strong>df cleof]u kq bfo/<br />
u/]kl5 lgudsf] ;]<strong>jf</strong>af6 :jtM lgnDag<br />
x'g'ePsf]df d'2f rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf<br />
km};nf gx'Fb}<br />
lghsf] d[To' ePsf] / kl5<br />
km};nf x'Fbf<br />
d[To' e};s]sf]n] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
ug'{k/]g<br />
egL pNn]v e} lgh pk/<br />
nufOPsf] cleof]u k'li6 gePsf]n]<br />
lghsf] lgnDag :jtM km's'<strong>jf</strong> x'g] cj:yf<br />
x'Fbf<br />
lghsf] hLjgsfndf zfxL g]kfn<br />
<strong>jf</strong>o' ;]<strong>jf</strong> lgudaf6 kfpg' kg] { ;'ljwf<br />
lbnfO{ kfpF egL lgj]bg lbPsLdf<br />
lgudaf6 ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] egL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
ePsf]n] ;f] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ab/ u/L ;'ljwf lbnfO{<br />
kfpF eGg] lgj]bg ePsf]df lgj]bssf]<br />
kltn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
261<br />
cj:yf gb]lv+bf lgnDag :jtM km's'<strong>jf</strong><br />
x'g] cj:yf gx'Fbf<br />
lghnfO{ ;'ljwf lbg<br />
ldNg] xf]Og eGg] ljkIfL zfxL g]kfn<br />
<strong>jf</strong>o';]<strong>jf</strong> lgudsf] lnlvt h<strong>jf</strong>km k/]sf]<br />
kfOof] . lgj]bssf klt hgs/fh a:g]t<br />
tTsflng zfxL g]kfn afo';]<strong>jf</strong> lguddf<br />
lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t /x+bfsf<br />
cj:yfdf lgh ;d]t pk/ nfu' cf}<strong>if</strong>w<br />
r/]; lgsf;L ;d]tsf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf]<br />
egL sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>df<br />
cleof]ukq bfo/ e} lghnfO{ d'2f<br />
k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf /flvPsf]<br />
cj:yfdf ldlt @)%&.!.! ut] lghsf]<br />
d[To' ePsf] b]lvG5 . lghsf] d[To' kZrft<br />
pSt d'2f sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6<br />
ldlt )%&.!.* df km};nf x'Fbf<br />
pSt<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>n] lghsf] xsdf <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{k/]g<br />
egL pNn]v u/]sf] / pSt d'2fdf ljleGg<br />
kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kbf{ k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
kf6gaf6 @)^#.@.@! df sf7df8f} + lhNnf<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] km};nfdf ab/ u/L k'gM <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
ug{ sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>df lkmtf{<br />
k7fPsf]df sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6<br />
k'gM@)^$.%.@* df km};nf ePsf] kfOG5<br />
. sf7df8f} + lhNnf <strong>cbfnt</strong>af6 km};nf x'Fbf<br />
pSt d'2fdf s'g} klg cleo'Stn] ;kmfO{<br />
kfPsf] b]lv+b}g eg] ;hfo tf]Sbf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL<br />
hgs/fh a:g]tsf] xsdf lgh k'k{Ifsf]<br />
lgldQ y'gfdf /x]s} cj:yf d[To' e}<br />
;s]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] b]lv+bf<br />
lghnfO{ s'g} ;hfo u/L /xg' k/]g egL<br />
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pSt km};nf x]bf{<br />
hgs/fh a:g]tn] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{<br />
kfPsf] ge} lghn] ;hfo ;Dd gkfPsf]<br />
cj:yf b]lvG5 . cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{<br />
kfpg' / ;hfo gx'g' eGg] s'/f km/s<br />
km/s s'/f x'g\ . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf
ljleGg p2]Zox? dWo] Pp6f p2]Zo<br />
eg]sf] ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo u/L Tof]<br />
ck/fwL :jo+nfO{ k'gM ck/fw ug{af6<br />
/f]Sg'sf ;fy} Tof] ;hfosf] eo b]vfP/<br />
c? JolStnfO{ klg ck/fw d'ns sfo{<br />
ug{af6 /f]Sg' /x]sf] x'G5 . ;hfo k|bfg<br />
u/]/ ;hfosf] eoaf6 ck/fw /f]Sg] sfd<br />
ck/fwL lhljt /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq<br />
;+ej x'G5 . ck/fw ug] { JolStsf] d[To'<br />
ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] ck/fwLnfO{<br />
sf/fuf/df /fvL ;hfo sfof{Gjog ug{<br />
g;lsg] e} kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pSt<br />
p2]Zo k"lt{ gx'g] ePsf]n] ck/fwLnfO{<br />
;hfoaf6 d'St ul/G5 . xfd|f] sfg"gL<br />
k|0fnLn] of] s'/fnfO{ ck/fwL;+u} ck/fw<br />
klg d5{ eGg] l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cjnDag<br />
u/]sf] kfOG5 . kmf}Hbf/L d'2f nfu]sf]<br />
dflg;sf] d'2f km};nf eO{;s] kl5 lghsf]<br />
d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ nfu]sf] hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf s}b<br />
<strong>jf</strong> lazf} +b dfkmL x'g] s'/fsf] Joj:yf<br />
d'n'sL P]g b08 ;hfosf] # g+= df kfO{G5<br />
eg] d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf d[To'<br />
ePsf] cj:yfdf s] x'g] eGg] s'/f d'n'sL<br />
P]g <strong>cbfnt</strong>L aGbf]a:tsf] !&^ g+= df<br />
Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;f] gDa/df<br />
ePsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ æu}x| d'2fdf cleof]u<br />
nfu]sf] dflg; km};nf gx'b} d¥of] eg] ;f]<br />
dg] {nfO{ vtaft nfUb}g . ;sf/ u/]sf]<br />
d'2fdf klg ;sf/ ug] { JolStnfO{ ;f]<br />
;sf/ u/]sf] gftfn] dfq ck/fwL<br />
7x¥ofpg x'b}gÆ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]<br />
kfO{G5 . k|:t't Joj:yfn] cleof]u<br />
nfu]sf] dflg;sf] d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ ;f]<br />
ck/fw u/] <strong>jf</strong>kt x'g ;Sg] s}b hl/<strong>jf</strong>gf<br />
gnfUg] tyf lghsf] d'2f ;sf/ ug] {<br />
JolStnfO{ ck/fwL 7x/ ug{ gldNg] tkm{<br />
262<br />
c+s @<br />
;Dd O{ +lut u/]sf] xf] . cleof]u nfu]sf]<br />
dflg;sf] gfpFdf lghsf] d[To' eO{ ;s]sf]<br />
x'gfn] b08 hl/<strong>jf</strong>gfsf] nut ;Dd<br />
gsl;g] xf] . ck/fwsf] sf/0faf6 ;[lht<br />
b]<strong>jf</strong>gL bfloTjaf6 eg] lgh d[ts <strong>jf</strong><br />
lghsf] xsbf/ eg] plDsg kfpg] cj:yf<br />
/xb}g . lgj]bssf klt hgs/fhnfO{<br />
;hfo gug'{sf<br />
k5fl8 klg oxL sf/0f<br />
/x]sf] xf] . lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6<br />
;kmfO{ kfPsf] sf/0f ;hfo gePsf] xf]Og<br />
. zfxL g]kfn <strong>jf</strong>o" ;]<strong>jf</strong> lgudsf<br />
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]<strong>jf</strong> zt{ lgodfjnL @)#!<br />
sf] !!=#=$ -ª_ df ePsf] Joj:yf<br />
cg';f/ lgj]bssf klt hgs/fh a:g]tn]<br />
lgh pk/ nfu]sf] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{<br />
kfPdf dfq lghsf] lgnDag km's'<strong>jf</strong> e}<br />
lghn] kfpg' kg] { ;'ljwf kfpg] xf] .<br />
lghn] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg]<br />
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] lgnDag<br />
km's'<strong>jf</strong> x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] lgj]lbsfsf]<br />
dfu cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] klg b]lvg<br />
cfPg . t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt<br />
cfwf/x?af6 lgj]lbsfsf] dfu cg';f/<br />
cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]<br />
{ cj:yf gb]lv+bf<br />
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bgsf]<br />
bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n<br />
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pSTf /fodf d ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/L<br />
Olt ;Djt @)<strong>^%</strong> ;fn h]i7 dlxgf @*<br />
ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ================<br />
<strong>Ohnf</strong>; clws[t– zf=c= lzlz//fh<br />
9sfn
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o g+=&(#* g]<strong>=sf=k=</strong> @)<strong>^%</strong><br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;Fo'Qm <strong>Ohnf</strong>;<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L tflx/cnL cG;f/L<br />
<strong>dfggLo</strong> GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb| |k|;fb sf]O/fnf<br />
;Djt @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= –*(&^<br />
km};nf ldltM @)<strong>^%</strong>.@.#!.^<br />
d'2fM– df]xL nut s§f .<br />
k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLM df]/ª lhNnf<br />
uf]ljGbk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # 3/<br />
eO{ xfn P]= s;]gL uf=lj=;=j8f<br />
g+=^ a:g] jnjxfb'/ j'9fyf]sL<br />
la?4<br />
k|ToyL{ <strong>jf</strong>bLM df]/ª lhNnf 8f+uLxf6<br />
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % a:g] dlrGb|<br />
jxfb'/ lnDa'<br />
z'? <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug] {<br />
e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L Zofd e08f/L<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug] {M<br />
df=Gof= uf]ljGb s'df/ >]i7<br />
df=Gof= /f3jnfn j}B<br />
� <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> P]g <strong>jf</strong> cGo s'g}<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> sfg"gdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb<br />
yfDg] ydfpg] :ki6 Joj:yf<br />
gePsf] ca:yfdf ;fdfGo P]gsf]<br />
?kdf /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, <strong>cbfnt</strong>L<br />
jGbf]a:tsf] %( g+= cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t x'Fb}g<br />
eGg' Gofo;+ut gePsf]n]<br />
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df c=j+=<br />
%( g+= cg';f/ yfDg kfpg]<br />
;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=%_<br />
263<br />
� e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf<br />
%%-!_ adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf]<br />
Dofb #% lbg / c= j+= %( g+=<br />
adf]lhd yfDg kfpg] Dofb #)<br />
lbg u/L <strong>^%</strong> lbg leq k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df k|:t't k'g/fj]bg btf{<br />
u/]sf] ca:yfdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf]<br />
xbDofb leq} k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgnfO{<br />
xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/ ePsf] eGg<br />
gldNg] .<br />
-k|s/0f g+=^_<br />
k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg<br />
clwjQmf eLdjxfb'/ 9sfn<br />
k|ToyL{ <strong>jf</strong>bL tkm{<strong>jf</strong>6M ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
df]lt/fh uf}td<br />
cjnlDjt ghL/M<br />
km};nf<br />
Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/LM<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf<br />
pk/ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] d'2f<br />
bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bgdf o;<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*<br />
sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_<br />
adf]lhd bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg e}<br />
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo<br />
Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M–<br />
d]/f gfd btf{sf] lhNnf df]/ª<br />
s;]gL uf= lj= ;= j8f g+= ^-v_ sf] ls=<br />
g+= #%@ sf] h= lj= )–&–% P]= P]= sf] ls=<br />
g+= &@ sf] h= lj= )–!)–!% P]= j8f g+=<br />
^-3_ sf] ls= g+= *! sf] h= lj= )–!–!*<br />
À P]= P]= sf] ls= g+= *# sf] )–!@–!)<br />
P]= P]= sf] ls= g+= &$ sf] )–!^–% P]= P]=<br />
sf] ls= g+= $% sf] )–@–!) P]= P]= sf]
ls= g+= &! sf] )–!@–) ;d]t hUufsf]<br />
df]xL dxndf k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ljkIfL jn jxfb'/<br />
j'9fyf]sLsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] / lghn]<br />
pNn]lvt hUuf #).#$ a<strong>if</strong>{ cufl8 b]lv g}<br />
df]xLdf hf]t cf<strong>jf</strong>b ug{ 5f8L cGoq}<br />
uPsf] x'Fbf<br />
pQm hUuf d hUuf wgL<br />
cfk}mn] hf]t–cf<strong>jf</strong>b u/L cfPsf] x'Fbf<br />
e'=<br />
;+= P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_-u_ cg';f/<br />
df]xLsf] nut s§f ul/kfpFm eGg] <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
ph'/L lgj]bg .<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf gfddf sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
hf/L ePsf] Dofb ldlt @)%&.!.!) df<br />
tfd]n eO{ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>b gk/L z'? Dofb g}<br />
;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
z'? sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6 ldlt<br />
@)%&.@.% ut] :ynut ;h{ldg x'Fbf<br />
pNn]lvt hUuf #@.## a<strong>if</strong>{ cufl8 b]lv<br />
df]xLn] hf]t cf<strong>jf</strong>b ug{ 5f8L cGoq}<br />
uPsf] x'Fbf<br />
pQm hUuf h= w= cfk}mn] hf]t<br />
sdf]b u/L cfPsf] eGg] Ps} Joxf]/fsf]<br />
d'r'Nsf ;d]tsf cfwf/df o;<br />
sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6 ldlt @)%&.@.( df df]xLsf]<br />
nut s§f x'g] u/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o e} >]:tf<br />
k'hf{df ;d]t df]xLsf] gfd s§f e}<br />
uPsf]df pQm <strong>lg0f</strong>{o d}n] ldlt<br />
@)%&.$.!! df gSsn ;f/L ln+bf yfxf<br />
x'g uPsf] x'Fbf<br />
yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] ^<br />
dlxgf #% lbg leq cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf]<br />
cGofo lk/ dsf{ ;d]t v'nfO{ c= j+=<br />
@)* g+= adf]lhd k|ltpQ/ btf{ u/L<br />
sfo{<strong>jf</strong>xLdf j:g kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]<br />
k|ltpQ/ kq btf{ e} k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL ;d]t<br />
tf/]vdf /x]sf] .<br />
df]xL nut s§f u/L lbg] u/L o;<br />
sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6 @)%&.@.( df ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
kZrft klg df]xL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLn] cfˆgf] /<br />
cfˆgf kl/<strong>jf</strong>/ tk{maf6 hUuf hf]t cf<strong>jf</strong>b<br />
264<br />
c+s @<br />
u/]sf] gb]lvPsf], df]xL nut e/]sf]<br />
cg';"lr ;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf], cfˆgf]<br />
st{Ao / bfloTj k'/f gu/L hUuf hf]Tg<br />
5f8L hUufwgL :jo+n] hUuf hf]lt cfPsf]<br />
b]lvPsf]n] df]xL nut s§f x'g] u/L ldlt<br />
@)%&.@.( df ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf kl/jt{g<br />
x'g ;Sg] cfwf/x? gb]lvPsf]n] df]xL<br />
nut s§f ug] { u/L ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
oyfl:yltdf /xg] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ul/ lbPsf] 5'<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? e"ld;'wf/<br />
sfof{no df]/ªsf] ldlt @)^).(.#.% sf]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o .<br />
k|df0fsf] sfo{ljlwut k|s[of k'/f<br />
gu/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o u/]sf], e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,<br />
@)@! sf] bkmf @^-u_ sf] unt AofVof<br />
u/]sf], #).#$ a<strong>if</strong>{ b]lv df]xL cGoq u}<br />
j]kQf ePsf] egL lkm/fb bfjL lnPsf]<br />
Psftk{m 5 eg] csf] { tk{m @)%( ;fnsf]<br />
s't<strong>jf</strong>nL lbPg, lbnfO{ kfpF egL csf] {<br />
lkm/fb klg lbPsf], To;tk{m s'g} Wofg<br />
lbOPsf] 5}g . <strong>jf</strong>bL k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] k|df0f Ps<br />
cfk;df ;'gfO{ c= j+= &* g+= sf] k|s[of<br />
k'/f ug'{kg]<br />
{df ;f] gu/]sf], @)%( ;fnsf]<br />
<strong>jf</strong>nL lbPg lbnfO{ kfpF egL <strong>jf</strong>bLn]<br />
lbPsf] d'2f lghs} lj?4 k|df0f nufpg'<br />
kg] {df ;f] tk{m ;d]t Wofg gk'¥ofPsf],<br />
olb d}n] bflj adf]lhd #).#% a<strong>if</strong>{ cufl8<br />
b]lv hUuf hf]Tg 5f8]sf] eP sfg"gsf]<br />
Dofb leq <strong>jf</strong>bLn] ph'/ ug{ ;Sg' kg] {<br />
lyof], ;f] eP u/]sf] 5}g . ctM z'?<br />
k}m;nf cGofok"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ pN6L u/L<br />
d]/f] df]xL xs oyfjt sfod ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg .<br />
o;df hUufwgLn] df]xL<strong>jf</strong>6 ls=<br />
g+= #%@, &@, *!, *#, &$, $$, *!
;d]t lsQf hUufsf] @)%^ ;fnsf]<br />
s't<strong>jf</strong>nL s;]gL uf= lj= ;= sf] /f]xj/df<br />
@)%^.!!.@@.! df j'emL lnPsf] / e"ld<br />
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_-u_<br />
adf]lhd df]xLn] hUuf hf]Tg 5f8]sf]<br />
;"rgf ;d]t hUufwgLn] glbPsf]<br />
ca:yfdf #$.#% a<strong>if</strong>{ cl3 b]lv g} df]xLn]<br />
hf]Tg 5f8]sf] egL nut s§f ug] { u/]sf]<br />
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªsf] O{G;fkm<br />
gldn]sf]n] c= j+= @)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod $&<br />
adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 <strong>jf</strong><br />
cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt<br />
@)^!.#.!$.@ sf] cfb]z .<br />
o;df k'g/fj]bsn] o; d'2fdf<br />
cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t gx'g] c= j+= %( g+= cg';f/<br />
u'h| ]sf] Dofb ydfO{ k'g/fj]bg kq btf{<br />
u/L sf/<strong>jf</strong>O{ rnfPsf] b]lvPsf] / ;f]<br />
yfdL kfPsf] Dofb ;d]t <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
P]g, @)%( adf]lhd yfDg kfpg] !% lbg<br />
eGbf a9Lsf] b]lvg cfPsf] ;d]t<br />
sf/0f<strong>jf</strong>6 btf{ g} x'g g;Sg] k'g/fj]bg<br />
kq btf{ x'g cfPsf] sf/0fn] k'g/fj]bssf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg lhls/ leq k|j]z u/L /xg<br />
k/]g . t;y{ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg vf/]h x'g]<br />
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!^ sf]<br />
k}m;nf .<br />
e"ld ;DaGwL P]gdf k'g/fj]bgsf]<br />
Dofb u'h| ]df ydfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf<br />
gePsf] ca:yfdf c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd<br />
Dofb ydfpg kfpg] k|rng /xL cfPsf]<br />
5 . To:t} ljkIfL <strong>jf</strong>bLn] d pk/ s't<br />
lbnfO{ df]xL lgisfzg ul/kfpFm elg<br />
@)%( ;fndf d'2f bfo/ u/]<strong>jf</strong>6 ;d]t<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
265<br />
lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufsf] df]xL d ePsf] s'/f<br />
k'i6L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} pQm d'2fn] hUuf<br />
hf]Tg 5f8]sf] x'Fbf<br />
df]xLsf] nut s§f<br />
ul/kfpFm elg lbPsf] d'2fdf ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
vl08t ePsf] ca:yf 5 . o:tf]<br />
ca:yfdf e"ld ;DaGwL P]gdf ePsf]<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUufsf] df]xL d /x] ePsf] / lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUuf d}n] g} sdfO{ cfPsf]df s]jn<br />
;h{ldgsf cfwf/df dfq df]xLsf] nut<br />
s§f ug{ ldNb}g . ctM ;Ddflgt ;<strong>jf</strong>] {<strong>Rr</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6 nvg d'lvof ljg lj?4<br />
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo -;= c= j'n]l6g<br />
@)%& a<strong>if</strong>{ ( cÍ !@, k[= !@_, s[i0fdfg<br />
>]i7 lj?4 lrgsf yf? -;= c= j'n]l6g<br />
@)%% cÍ &, k[= &_ ;d]tsf d'2fdf<br />
k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt Pj+ e"ld<br />
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @(-@_ v,<br />
@(s sf] b]xfo -v_ Pj+ d'n'sL P]g c= j+=<br />
#% g+= ljk/Lt ePsf] k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] q'6Lk"0f{ k}m;nf ab/ u/L Gofo<br />
kfpF eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tk{maf6 o; <strong>cbfnt</strong> ;dIf k/]sf] d'2f<br />
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg .<br />
o;df e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Ln] df]xL<br />
nut s§f ;DaGwL d'2fdf u/]sf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
pk/ k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>df k'g/fj]bg ubf{<br />
c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd #) lbgsf] Dofb<br />
yfDg yfldg ;Sg] egL o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6<br />
;Dat @)%# ;fnsf] b]= k'= g+= #%!@<br />
nvg d'lvof ljg lj?4 s]zjk|;fb<br />
pkfWofo ePsf] s't lbnfO{ df]xL<br />
lgisfzg d'2fdf k}m;nf e} l;4fGt sfod<br />
ePsf] b]lvG5 . -;= c= j'n]l6g @)%&<br />
cÍ !@ k[= !@_ pNn]lvt glh/ / c= j+=<br />
%( g+= sf] unt AofVof u/L k'g/fj]bg g}
vf/]h x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6<br />
ePsf] k}m;nfdf c= j+= %( g+= /<br />
pNn]lvt glh/sf] AofVofdf ulDe/ q'6L<br />
ePsf] b]lvbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*<br />
sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ sf]<br />
cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f<br />
k|bfg u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfL lemsfO{<br />
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{<br />
eGg] o; <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
cfb]z .<br />
@= lgod adf]lhd k]zL<br />
;"rLdf r9L <strong>Ohnf</strong>; ;dIf k]z ePsf]<br />
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf<br />
tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf eLd<br />
jxfb'/ 9sfnn] lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufsf] df]xL<br />
k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bL e} lghn] g} lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUuf hf]t sdf]b u/L cfPsf]df hUuf<br />
wgLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] k|:t't df]xL nut<br />
s§f d'2fdf df]xL nut s§f x'g] u/L<br />
@)%).@.( df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6<br />
sfg"g ljk/Lt <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] 5 . ;f]<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o pk/ k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tk{maf6 c= j+=<br />
@)* g+= adf]lhd k/]sf] k|ltpQ/<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
;d]t pQm @)%&.@.( df ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
kl/jt{g gu/L ;f]xL <strong>lg0f</strong>{o sfod ug] {<br />
u/L z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ª<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
@)^).(.# df <strong>lg0f</strong>{o eof] . ;f] pk/<br />
sfg"gsf Dofb leq k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df<br />
Dofb gf3L k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] elg<br />
k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h ug] { u/L ePsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf<br />
q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . hUufwgLsf] tk{maf6 @)%(<br />
;fndf k/]sf] s"t lbnfO{ df]xL lgisfzg<br />
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2f<strong>jf</strong>6 ;d]t lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt<br />
hUuf d]/f] kIfn] sdfO{ cfPsf] tYo<br />
k|dfl0ft ePsf] ca:yfdf c= j+= %( g+=<br />
sf] Dofb leq k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h<br />
266<br />
c+s @<br />
ug] { u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
k}m;nf sfg"g ;+ut gx'Fbf<br />
ab/ ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof]<br />
. k|ToyL{<br />
<strong>jf</strong>bLsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf<br />
df]tL/fh uf}tdn] lj<strong>jf</strong>lbt hUufsf] lkmN8<br />
a'ssf] df]xLsf] dxndf k'g/fj]bssf] gfd<br />
n]lvPsf] ePtfklg lghn] #), #$ a<strong>if</strong>{<br />
b]lv hUuf sdfpg 5f8]sf]n] ;f]xL ldlt<br />
b]lv hUuf wgLn] g} sdfO{ cfPsf 5g\ .<br />
o:tf] ca:yfdf st{Ao lg<strong>jf</strong>{x gug] {<br />
df]xLnfO{ lgisfzg u/L ePsf] e"ld;'wf/<br />
sfof{nosf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{odf s'g} q'6L 5}g .<br />
To;}u/L k|:t't d'2fdf <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> P]g<br />
adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t<br />
x'g]df c=j+= %( g+= adf]lhdsf] Dofbdf<br />
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h u/L ePsf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nfdf<br />
s'g} q'6L gx'Fbf<br />
pQm k}m;nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm<br />
eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug'{eof]<br />
.<br />
#= b'a} tk{msf] ljåfg<br />
clwjQmfx?sf] ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog<br />
u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] k}m;nf<br />
ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL la<strong>if</strong>odf<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{kg]<br />
{ b]lvof] .<br />
$= o;df, k|ToyL{ <strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tk{maf6 e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ªdf<br />
k/]sf] df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf e"ld<br />
;DagwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ sf]<br />
v08 -u_ adf]lhd df]xL nut s§f x'g]<br />
7x/L ;f] sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6 ldlt @)%&.@.( df<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
gfddf tfd]n ePsf] Dofb j]/Ltsf] eGb}<br />
;f] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o pk/ log} k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf]<br />
tk{maf6 c= j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd<br />
k|ltpQ/ k/]sf]df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no<strong>jf</strong>6<br />
ePsf] pQm @)%&.@.( sf] k"j{ <strong>lg0f</strong>{onfO{
g} oyfjt sfod /fvL df]xL lgisfzg<br />
ug] { u/L <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{<br />
hUuf wgLsf] tk{maf6 df]xLn] s"t<br />
ga'emfPsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ @)%(.!@.@& df<br />
k/]sf] s"t lbnfO{ df]xL lg:sfzg d'2fdf<br />
df]xL nut s§f eO{ df]xLsf] xs} ;dfKt<br />
e} ;s]sf]n] <strong>jf</strong>bL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L<br />
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/ª<strong>jf</strong>6 @)^).(.#<br />
df <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . csf] { tk{m oL<br />
k'g/fj]bs k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf tk{maf6 k/]sf]<br />
hUuf <strong>jf</strong>8kmfF8 d'2fdf df]xLsf] xs g}<br />
;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf<br />
hUuf <strong>jf</strong>F8kmfF8 x'g<br />
g;Sg] egL bfjL g} vf/]h ug] { u/L<br />
@)^).(.# df <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ePsf] ;d]t b]lvof]<br />
. k|:t't df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/<br />
sfof{noaf6 ePsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o pk/ log}<br />
k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tk{maf6 k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/<strong>jf</strong>6 laz]<strong>if</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> P]g, @)%( adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq<br />
k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ gu/L c= j+= %( g+=<br />
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]n] Dofb<br />
gf3L k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ePsf] eGb} OG;fkm<br />
tk{m k|j]z gu/L k'g/fj]bg vf/]h u/]sf]<br />
b]lvof] .<br />
%= o:tf] ca:yfdf k'g/fj]bg<br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df k|lt<strong>jf</strong>bLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf]<br />
k'g/fj]bg Dofb leq 5 <strong>jf</strong> 5}g ;f]xL<br />
s'/fsf] ;j{k|yd <strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{kg]<br />
{ b]lvof] .<br />
o; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ df]xL nut<br />
s§f ;d]tsf d'2fx?sf] sf/<strong>jf</strong>xL / <strong>lg0f</strong>{o<br />
<strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong> P]g, @)#! cg';f/ ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
u/L e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf<br />
%#-!_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf]<br />
bkmf %%-!_ n] e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!<br />
cGtu{tsf] <strong>lg0f</strong>{o pk/ k}tL; lbg leq<br />
k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>df k'g/fj]bg nfUg]<br />
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)<strong>^%</strong>, c+ +s @<br />
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] <strong>jf</strong>x]s e"ld<br />
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb<br />
yfDg] ydfpg] ;DaGwL :ki6 sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvb}g . <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !! df <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong>df k/]sf] d'2f / ;f] <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf]<br />
k}m;nf pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf !%<br />
lbg;Dd Dofb tf/]v yfDg kfpg] ;Ddsf]<br />
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf !! n]<br />
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df yfDg kfpg]<br />
cjwL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5}g . o;/L <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong><br />
<strong>cbfnt</strong> P]g <strong>jf</strong> cGo s'g} <strong>ljz</strong>]<strong>if</strong> sfg"gdf<br />
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb yfDg] ydfpg] :ki6<br />
Joj:yf gePsf] ca:yfdf ;fdfGo P]gsf]<br />
?kdf /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, <strong>cbfnt</strong>L<br />
jGbf]a:tsf] %( g+= cfsl<strong>if</strong>{t x'Fb}g<br />
eGg'<br />
Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g<br />
. o:tf] ca:yfdf<br />
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df c= j+= %( g+=<br />
adf]lhd yfDg ydfpg kfpg] sfg"gL<br />
Joj:yf nfu' x'g] :ki6 5 . o;} ;DaGwdf<br />
o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6 k'g/fj]bs nvg d'lvof<br />
ljg lj?4 s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo ePsf]<br />
s't lbnfO{ df]xL lg:sfzg d'2fdf -;=c=<br />
j'n]l6g @)%& cÍ !@, k[= !@_<br />
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h| ]df c= j+= %( g+=<br />
cg';f/ yfDg kfpg] ;'ljwf k'g/fj]bsnfO{<br />
k|fKt x'g] egL o; <strong>cbfnt</strong><strong>jf</strong>6 klxnf g}<br />
AofVof eO;s]sf] 5 .<br />
^= dfly pNn]v ul/Psf]<br />
sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt<br />
;d]tsf cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fdf oL<br />
k'g/fj]bssf] gfddf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no<br />
df]/ª<strong>jf</strong>6 hf/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb<br />
ldlt @)^).!).@@ df tfd]n e} ;f]<br />
ldlt<strong>jf</strong>6 e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]<br />
bkmf %%-!_ adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb<br />
267
#% lbg / c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd yfDg<br />
kfpg] Dofb #) lbg u/L <strong>^%</strong> lbg leq<br />
@)^).!@.!# df k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong><br />
lj/f6gu/df k|:t't k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/]sf]<br />
ca:yfdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbDofb leq}<br />
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgnfO{ xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/<br />
ePsf] eGg ldn]g .<br />
&= t;y{ Dofb gf3L<br />
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df cf}lrTo<br />
leq k|j]z gu/L k'g/fj]bg vf/]h ug] {<br />
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/f6gu/sf]<br />
ldlt @)^@.#.!^.% sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf]<br />
gb]lvbf ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . cj sfg"g<br />
adf]lhd hf] h] a'‰g' k5{ a'emL xbDofb<br />
leq k/]sf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg<strong>jf</strong>6} 7x/<br />
268<br />
c+s @<br />
<strong>lg0f</strong>{o ug'{<br />
egL pkl:yt kIfx?nfO{ tf/]v<br />
tf]sL z'? / k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong>sf] ldl;n<br />
;d]t k'g/fj]bg <strong>cbfnt</strong> lj/fgu/df k7fO{<br />
lbg] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L /]s8{<br />
ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' .<br />
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .<br />
Gof=/fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf<br />
Olt ;Djt @)<strong>^%</strong> ;fn h]7 #! ut]<br />
/f]h ^ z'ed ==== .<br />
O{hnfz clws[tM /d]zk|;fb 1<strong>jf</strong>nL