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History of Tucson

Tucson Arizona

Tucson is a city in and the county seat of Pima County,

Arizona, United States, and is home to the University of

Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population

at 520,116, while the 2015 estimated population of the

entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was

980,263. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-

Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total

population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is

the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix,

both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is

108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97

km) north of the U.S.–Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd

largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the

United States.

Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley

and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the

city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown.

Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or

overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina

The history of Tucson, Arizona, begins

thousands of years ago. Paleo-Indians

practiced plant husbandry and hunted game

in the Santa Cruz River Valley from 10,000

B.C. or earlier. Archaic peoples began making

irrigation canals, some of the first in North

America, around 1,200 B.C. The Hohokam

people lived in the Tucson area from around

450-1450 A.D, in a complex agricultural

society.

Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino

founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac

in 1700. Through the 1700s, Spanish

missionaries tried to get the Native Americans

to convert to Catholicism and a Spanish

lifestyle. The Spanish built a fort at Tubac in

1751. It was moved to Tucson in 1775 where

Hugo O’Conor, an Irishman working for the

Spanish crown, officially founded Presidio

San Augustin del Tucson.

The Spanish stayed in the area, fighting

down repeated attacks on the fort by Apache

warriors. In 1821, Tucson becomes part of the

new state of Sonora in Mexico, who had won

independence from Spain. In 1854, Tucson,

along with much of the surrounding area, was

purchased from Mexico by the United States

in the Gadsden Purchase and was made

part of the New Mexico Territory. President

Lincoln created the Arizona Territory in 1863,

and Tucson was named capitol from 1867 to

1877. On February 14, 1912, Arizona became

the 48th state in the United States.

Native Americans

Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-

Indians, known to have been in southern

Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent

archaeological excavations near the Santa

Cruz River have located a village site dating

from 2100 BC.[3] The floodplain of the Santa

Cruz River was extensively farmed during the

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Foothills, Flowing Wells, Midvale Park, Tanque Verde, Tortolita,

and Vail. Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson

to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green

Valley to the south.

Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when

Hugo O’Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San

Agustín del Tucsón. It was included in the state of Sonora

after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire

in 1821. The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from

Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson

temporarily served as the western capital of the Confederate

Arizona Territory during the American Civil War. Tucson was

Arizona’s largest city by population during the territorial period

and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix between

1910 and 1920. Nevertheless, population growth remained

strong during the late 20th century. In 2017, Tucson was the

first American city to be designated a “City of Gastronomy” by

UNESCO.

The Spanish name of the city, Tucsón [tukˈson], is derived

from the O’odham Cuk Ṣon meaning “(at the) base of the

black [hill]”, a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as

Sentinel Peak. Tucson is sometimes referred to as “The Old

Pueblo”.

Early Agricultural Period, circa 1200 BC to

AD 150. These people constructed irrigation

canals and grew corn, beans, and other

crops while gathering wild plants and hunting.

The Early Ceramic period occupation of

Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery

vessels for cooking and storage. The groups

designated as the Hohokam lived in the area

from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their

vast irrigation canal systems and their red-onbrown

pottery.

Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino

visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692,

and founded the Mission San Xavier del

Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream

from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A

separate Convento settlement was founded

downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near

the base of what is now “A” mountain. Hugo

O’Conor, the founding father of the city of

Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction

of a military fort in that location, Presidio

San Agustín del Tucsón, on August 20, 1775

(near the present downtown Pima County

Courthouse). During the Spanish period of

the presidio, attacks such as the Second

Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted

by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be

called “Tucson” and became a part of the state

of Sonora after Mexico gained independence

from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish

Empire in 1821.

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Mexican Period

In 1821 Mexico gained independence from

Spain. The Mexican Occidente state borders

extended further north to include the town of

Tucsón. In 1853 the United States acquired

from Mexico, in the Gadsden Purchase, a

strip of land that included Tucson that would

later be used to construct a transcontinental

railroad along a deep southern route by the

Southern Pacific Railroad.

#5

Before the Capture of Tucson (1846) a

Mormon Battalion marched across southern

Arizona along the San Pedro River, north of

Tucson, there the Mormon soldiers fought

the humorously named Battle Of the Bulls.

The Mormon soldiers encountered wild cattle

along the banks of the San Pedro River

where several bulls charged their column,

tipping over wagons and killing mules and

injuring two soldiers. The soldiers shot and

killed a number of the wild cattle. The soldiers

sarcastically named the encounter the “Battle

of the Bulls.” On December 16, 1846, they

marched into Tucson. The smaller Mexican

garrison of Fort Tucson, quickly fled without

conflict. A brief occupation ensued and then

the Mormons continued their march to the

Pacific.

Early United States

and Confederate States period

In July 1861, after the Civil War began, a

force of Texan cavalry and Arizonan militia

under Lt. Colonel John Baylor conquered

the southern New Mexico territory, including

Mesilla and Tucson on August 1, 1861, and

the victorious Baylor proclaimed the existence

of a Confederate Arizona Territory, which

comprised the area defined in the Tucson

convention the previous year, with Tucson as

its capital. He appointed himself permanent

governor.

The proposal to organize the territory was

passed by the Confederate Congress in early

1862 and proclaimed by President Jefferson

Davis on February 14, 1862. Efforts by the

Confederacy to secure control of the region

led to the New Mexico Campaign. Later in

1862, Baylor was ousted as governor of the

territory by Davis, and the Confederate loss at

the Battle of Glorieta Pass forced their retreat.

The following month, a small Confederate

picket force defeated a Union cavalry patrol

north of Tucson at the Battle of Picacho Pass.

Despite the Union retreat, Tucson eventually

was captured by the California Column.

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Tohono Chul Park

Tohono Chul is a botanical garden, nature

preserve and cultural museum located

in Casas Adobes, a suburb of Tucson,

Arizona. The words “tohono chul” translate

as “desert corner” and are borrowed from

the language of the Tohono O’odham, the

indigenous people of southern Arizona. The

mission of Tohono Chul is to connect people

with the wonders of nature, art and culture

in the Sonoran Desert region and inspiring

wise stewardship of the natural world.

The 49-acre (19.8 ha) site itself offers a

setting for Tohono Chul’s regional focus.

Views of the Santa Catalina Mountains form

a backdrop for the natural desert habitat

and its location within existing migratory

tracks provides a temporary home for many

species of wild, native fauna. Thirty-eight

species of birds make their permanent

home here while another 57 migrant

species visit seasonally, and a variety of

reptiles and mammals, from Gila monsters

to bobcats, may be spotted on the grounds.

Within these surroundings, Tohono Chul

has developed thematic displays using

its botanical collections which consist

primarily of plants native to the Sonoran or

Chihuahuan Deserts. They include more

than 150 species of shrubs and trees;

300 species of cacti and succulents; and

50 species of wildflowers. In addition,

Tohono Chul has the largest private

collection of native Night-blooming Cereus

- Peniocereus greggii - and each summer

hosts “Bloom Night”, the one night it is

predicted the greatest number of cereus

flowers will open.

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Pima Air & Space Museum

The Pima Air & Space Museum, located

in Tucson, Arizona, is one of the world’s

largest non-government funded aerospace

museums. The museum features a display

of nearly 300 aircraft spread out over 80

acres (320,000 m²) on a campus occupying

127 acres (610,000 m²). It has also been the

home to the Arizona Aviation Hall of Fame

since 1991.

A large number of the museum’s aircraft

are displayed outside with the remainder

located in one of the museum’s four display

hangars. In addition to the display hangars,

the museum has a restoration hangar.

Opened to the public in May 1976 with 48

aircraft then on display, the Museum’s main

hangar houses an SR-71A Blackbird, an A-10

Warthog, a United States Air Force Through

the Years exhibit, and a mock-up of a control

tower.

The museum is adjacent to Davis-Monthan

Air Force Base. The 309th Aerospace

Maintenance and Regeneration Group

(AMARG), affiliated with the base, also

known as the “Graveyard of Planes” or “The

Boneyard”, is the largest aircraft storage and

preservation facility in the world.

The museum opened to the public on May 8,

1976. In early 1982 the first hangar on the site

was completed. A second was built in 1987, a

third in 1992, and a fourth in 1994.

In 2012, the museum collaborated with artists,

in The Boneyard Project, to place some

abandoned aircraft on display as canvases

for art.

During 2015, Boeing donated to the museum

the second 787 aircraft to be built. It is

exhibited in the colors of the 787 customer,

ANA.

In November 2016, Orbis International

donated their first McDonnell-Douglas DC-

10 Flying Eye Hospital to the museum, after

receiving a second DC-10 from FedEx. The

DC-10, which was the oldest flying example

of its type at the time of its donation, is being

restored for display at Davis–Monthan Air

Force Base.

Out of a collection of 300 aircraft, these are

the most prominent:

• Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

• Boeing B-29 Superfortress

• The first prototype Boeing 777-200, B-HNL

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• Consolidated B-24 Liberator

• Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird

• Martin PBM Mariner

• North American F-107

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San Xavier del Bac

Mission San Xavier del Bac is an historic

Spanish Catholic mission located about

10 miles (16 km) south of downtown

Tucson, Arizona, on the Tohono O’odham

Nation San Xavier Indian Reservation. The

mission was founded in 1692 by Padre

Eusebio Kino in the center of a centuriesold

settlement of the Sobaipuri O’odham,

a branch of the Akimel or River O’odham

located along the banks of the Santa Cruz

River. The mission was named for Francis

Xavier, a Christian missionary and

co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit

Order) in Europe. The original church was

built to the north of the present Franciscan

church. This northern church or churches

served the mission until it was razed during

an Apache raid in 1770.

The mission that survives today was built

between 1783 and 1797, which makes it

the oldest European structure in Arizona.

Labor was provided by the O’odham. An

outstanding example of Spanish Colonial

architecture in the United States, the

Mission San Xavier del Bac hosts some

200,000 visitors each year. It is a wellknown

pilgrimage site, with thousands visiting

each year on foot and on horseback,

some among ceremonial cavalcades or

cabalgatas.

The site is also known in the O’odham language

as “goes in” or “comes in”, meaning

“where the water goes in”, as the water in

the Santa Cruz River came up to the surface

a few miles south of Martinez Hill and

then submerged again near Los Reales

Wash. The Santa Cruz River that used to

run year-round in this section was once

critical to the community’s survival, but now

runs only part of the year.

Mission San Xavier del Bac was established

in 1692 by Father Eusebio Francisco

Kino, who founded a chain of Spanish

missions in the Sonoran Desert. A Jesuit

of Italian descent, Kino often visited and

preached in the area, then the Pimería Alta

colonial territory of the Viceroyalty of New

Spain. Construction of the first mission

church, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the site

of today’s mission, began on April 28, 1700,

as noted in his diary:

On the twenty-eighth we began the foundations

of a very large and capacious church

and house of San Xavier del Bac, all of the

many people working with much pleasure

and zeal, some in digging for the foundations,

others in hauling many and very good

stones of tezontle from a little hill which was

about a quarter of a league away. On the

twenty-ninth we continued laying the foundations

of the church and of the house.

The “little hill” is believed to be that southeast

of San Xavier del Bac. Charles III

of Spain distrusted Jesuits and in 1767

banned them from Spanish lands in the

Americas. He installed what he considered

the more pliable and “reliable” Franciscans

as replacements. The original church

proved vulnerable to Apache attacks, which

finally destroyed it in about 1770. From

1775 on, the mission community and its

Indian converts were protected somewhat

from Apache raids by the Presidio San

Agustín del Tucsón, established roughly

7 miles (11 km) downstream on the Santa

Cruz River.

The present mission building was constructed

under the direction of Franciscan


fathers Juan Bautista Velderrain and Juan

Bautista Llorenz between 1783 and 1797.

With 7,000 pesos borrowed from a Sonoran

rancher, they hired architect Ignacio

Gaona, who employed a large workforce of

O’odham to create today’s church.

Following Mexican independence in 1821,

what was then known as Alta California was

administered from Mexico City. In 1822, the

mission was included under the jurisdiction

of the Catholic Diocese of Sonora. In

1828, the Mexican government banned all

Spanish-born priests, with the last resident

Franciscan departing San Xavier for Spain

in 1837.

Left vacant, the mission began to decay.

Concerned about their church, local Indians

began to preserve what they could. With

the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, the site

of San Xavier became a part of the United

States and the new Territory of Arizona. The

church was re-opened in 1859 when the

Santa Fe Diocese added the mission to its

jurisdiction. It ordered repairs paid for with

diocesan money, and assigned a priest to

serve the community. In 1868 the Diocese

of Tucson was established. It provided for

regular services to be held again at the

church.

In 1872, the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet

opened a school at the mission for the

Tohono O’odham children. In 1895, a grant

of $1,000 was given to repair the building.

More classrooms were added in 1900.

The Franciscans returned to the mission in

1913. In 1947, they built a new school next

to the church for the local children.

Extensive restoration in the late 20th century

has returned the mission interior to its historic

splendor. Cement-based stucco added

in the 1980s had trapped water inside the

church and damaged its interior decorations.

It is being removed and replaced with

traditional mud plaster incorporating pulp

from the prickly pear cactus. This material

“breathes” better and allows excess water

to escape, but it requires more frequent

inspection and has higher maintenance

costs. Following extensive and ongoing restoration

of decorations, the mission church

interior appears much in its original state,

with brilliant colors and complex designs.

San Xavier has an elegant white stucco,

Moorish-inspired exterior, with an ornately

decorated entrance. Visitors entering the

massive, carved mesquite-wood doors are

often struck both by the coolness of the interior

and the dazzling colors of the paintings,

carvings, frescoes, and statues. Its rich

ornamentation displays a mixture of New

Spain and Native American artistic motifs.

The floor plan of the church resembles the

classic Latin cross, with a main aisle separated

from the sanctuary by the transept,

which has chapels at either end. The dome

above the transept is 52 feet (16 m) high,

supported by arches and squinches. At

least three different artists painted the artwork

inside the church.[citation needed] It

is considered by many to be the finest example

of Spanish mission architecture in

the United States.

Unlike the other Spanish missions in Arizona,

San Xavier is still actively run by Franciscans,

and continues to serve the native

community by which it was built. Widely

considered to be the finest example of

Spanish Colonial architecture in the United

States, the Mission hosts some 200,000

visitors each year. It is open to the public

daily, except when being used for church

services. The Franciscan Sisters of Christian

Charity, who have taught at the school

since 1872, continue with their work and reside

in the mission convent.

The mission makes a cameo appearance

in Willa Cather’s 1927 novel Death Comes

for the Archbishop when it is described by

Vaillant as “the most beautiful church on the

continent, though it had been neglected for

more than two hundred years.”

Mission San Xavier del Bac was declared a

National Historic Landmark in 1960 and was

listed on the National Register of Historic

Places in 1966.The San Xavier Festival is

held the evening of the Friday after Easter

and features a torch-light parade of Tohono

O’odham and Yaqui tribal members.

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#13


#14

Old Tucson Studios

Old Tucson is an American movie studio and

theme park just west of Tucson, Arizona, adjacent

to the Tucson Mountains and close to

the western portion of Saguaro National Park.

Built in 1939 for the movie Arizona (1940), it

has been used for the filming of many movies

and television westerns since then, such as

Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), Rio Bravo

(1959), El Dorado (1966), and Little House

on the Prairie TV series of the 1970s-1980s.

It was opened to the public in 1960, and historical

tours are offered about the movies

filmed there, along with live cast entertainment

featuring stunt shows and shootouts.

Old Tucson was originally built in 1939 by

Columbia Pictures on a Pima County-owned

site as a replica of 1860s era Tucson for the

movie Arizona (1940), starring William Holden

and Jean Arthur. Workers built more than

50 buildings in 40 days. Many of those structures

are still standing.

After Arizona completed filming, the location

lay dormant for several years, until the filming

of The Bells of St. Mary’s (1945), starring

Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman. Other early

movies filmed on this set included The Last

Round-Up (1947) with Gene Autry and Winchester

‘73 (1950) with James Stewart and

The Last Outpost (1951) with Ronald Reagan.

The 1950s saw the filming of Gunfight

at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Lone Ranger

and the Lost City of Gold (1958), Cimarron

(1960) and Rio Bravo (1959) among others.

In 1959, entrepreneur Robert Shelton

leased the property from Pima County and

began to restore the aging facility. Old Tucson

re-opened in 1960, as both a film studio

and a theme park. The park grew building by

building with each movie filmed on its dusty

streets. John Wayne starred in four movies

at Old Tucson. Rio Bravo (1959) added

a saloon, bank building and doctor’s office;

McLintock! (1963) added the McLintock Hotel;

El Dorado (1966) brought a renovation of

the storefronts on Front Street; and with Rio

Lobo (1970) came a cantina, a granite-lined

creek, a jail and a ranch house.

In 1968, a 13,000 square foot (1,208 square

meter) soundstage was built to give Old Tucson

greater movie-making versatility. The

first film to use the soundstage was Young

Billy Young (1968), starring Robert Mitchum

and Angie Dickinson.

The park also began adding tours, rides and

shows for the entertainment of visitors, most

notably gunfights staged in the “streets” by

stunt performers. One of the rides is a 2 ft

(610 mm) narrow gauge railroad powered by

two Chance Rides C.P. Huntington train sets,

which encircles most of the property.

Old Tucson served as an ideal location for

shooting scenes for TV series like NBC’s

The High Chaparral (1967–1971) with Leif

Erickson and Cameron Mitchell where the

ranch house survived the 1995 fire: The

1970s-1980s series Little House on the Prairie

with Michael Landon, and later Father

Murphy, featuring Merlin Olsen and Petrocelli

(1974–76) used the site. Three Amigos was

a popular comedy movie shot there in the

1980s with Steve Martin, utilizing the church

set. From 1989 to 1992, the western show

The Young Riders filmed here and at the

Mescal, Arizona sister site. The main street

appears prominently in 1990s westerns such

as Tombstone (1993) with Kurt Russell and

Val Kilmer. A partial mirror set exists at Mescal

and is featured in The Quick and the

Dead (1995), with Sharon Stone and Gene

Hackman which filmed all of the town of Redemption

scenes at the studios. In 2011,

Old Tucson embarked on a project to build

new movie-quality sets that fill out the park,

and restore the pre-fire feel of close-together

buildings, providing the look and depth of a

genuine old west town circa 1865-1900. “After

the rebuild of Old Tucson following the

1995 fire, the town just didn’t have the same

look and feel,” says Old Tucson CEO and

General Manager Pete Mangelsdorf. “We

started discussions with Bob Shelton several

years ago to develop a plan to fill the empty

space in Town Square with movie quality sets

that bring the magic back.”

The Heritage Square Project, a 5,000-squarefoot

spread with three new streets lined with

12 new buildings, was completed in November

2011 at an estimated cost of $300,000.

The design and construction of the new sets

was led by Production Designer Gene Rudolf,

credited with creating sets for movies

including Young Guns II, The Great Gatsby,

The Right Stuff, Raging Bull, Marathon Man,

and Three Days of the Condor. The project

added dressmaker shops, a general store

and a blacksmith, and are part of “living history”

presentations. One of the goals of the

Heritage Project was to add “more programs

that have to do with the different cultural

aspects, the Hispanic culture, the Chinese

culture, the Native American culture,” said

Mangelsdorf. Along those lines, another new

exhibit now open to the public features a Tohono

O’odham village as it would have appeared

in the 1860s. It includes traditional

houses, a garden and other facets of village

life.

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#16

Colossal Cave Mountain Park

Colossal Cave is a large cave system in southeastern Arizona,

United States, near the community of Vail, about 22 miles (35

km) southeast of Tucson. It contains about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of

mapped passageways, and was discovered by Soloman Lick in

1879. Temperatures inside average 70 °F (21 °C) year-round.

The cave is an ancient karst cave, classified as “dry” by guides

(though this is not a speleologic term). The meaning of this is that

its formations are completely dry, or “dead”, and do not grow. This

is because the cave was formed by water depositing limestone,

but this source has disappeared. It instead feeds the “active” nearby

Arkenstone Cave that continues to grow formations.

Colossal Cave was used from 900 to 1450 AD by the Hohokam,

Sobaipuri, and Apache Indians. The cave was rediscovered in

1879 by Solomon Lick, the owner of the nearby Mountain Springs

Hotel. He was searching for stray cattle when he discovered the

entrance to the cave. The cave was then used as a guano source,

and a tunnel, 25 metres (82 ft) long, was built in 1905, and a total

of seven train cars of guano were filled. The deposit was soon

exhausted, and the tunnel was abandoned. and Three Days of the

Condor. The project added dressmaker shops, a general store and

a blacksmith, and are part of “living history” presentations. One of

the goals of the Heritage Project was to add “more programs that

have to do with the different cultural aspects, the Hispanic culture,

the Chinese culture, the Native American culture,” said Mangelsdorf.

Along those lines, another new exhibit now open to the public

features a Tohono O’odham village as it would have appeared in

the 1860s. It includes traditional houses, a garden and other facets

of village life.

Today the cave is a popular tourist destination as part of Colossal

Cave Mountain Park. The park also features two other caves,

named Arkenstone and La Tetera, which are protected and are

being studied by researchers.

Other park attractions include:

• La Posta Quemada Ranch Museum - exhibits focus on the human

history and the natural history of Colossal Cave Mountain

Park and the Cienega Corridor region, with special emphasis on

the park’s caves.

• Civilian Conservation Corps Museum - history of the Civilian

Conservation Corps activities in the park

• “The Cowboy” - a bronze sculpture of a cowboy by Buck Mc-

Cain, reflecting the park’s history as a ranch

• Horseback trail rides

• Picnic and camping facilities

• Butterfly garden


Sabino Canyon

Sabino Canyon is a significant canyon located

in the Santa Catalina Mountains and the

Coronado National Forest north of Tucson,

Arizona, United States. Sabino Canyon is

a popular recreation area for residents and

visitors of Southern Arizona, providing a place

to walk, hike or ride. Minutes away from the

desert are large waterfalls along Sabino Creek

with minor bridges constructed over them.

Wildlife in the canyon includes deer, javelina,

skunks, tortoises, rattlesnakes and mountain

lions.

The history of Sabino Canyon began with the

formation of the Santa Catalina Mountains over

12 million years ago. Around 5 million B.C.,

the mountains ceased formation around the

Tucson valley. Present-day varieties of plant

life first appeared between 6,000 and 8,000

years ago, and some of the earliest human

occupants of Sabino Canyon were the Native

American Hohokam people.

The 1887 Sonora earthquake dislodged

massive boulders lining the canyon walls,

which came to rest in the valley below. In

1905 the newly created U.S. Forest Service

began administering Sabino Canyon. During

the Great Depression, the Works Progress

Administration (WPA) and Emergency Relief

Administration (ERA) built Sabino Dam and

nine bridges over Sabino Creek in an attempt

to build a road to the top of Mount Lemmon.

The road travels about 4.5 miles into the

canyon, but was not completed due to the

steep terrain at the end of the canyon.

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Shuttle

The first Shuttle in Sabino Canyon began

operating in October, 1978. From that point

forward, access by cars was restricted to allow

visitors to reach Upper Sabino Canyon by foot,

bicycle or Shuttle. Sabino Canyon Tours was

founded in May 1985 and provides visitors the

opportunity to experience the noted beauty of

Sabino Canyon. The Shuttle was cancelled

by the current US government in 2018 and

reopened in March of 2019, with closed-in

electric shuttlebuses set to replace the former

open scenic Shuttles. Summer/Fall 2019 is

expected to see the return of new open scenic

Shuttle all electrically run.

On July 31, 2006, flooding from a thunderstorm

washed out the bridge at Rattlesnake Creek

(just beyond mile marker 1 and shuttle stop

#1), restricting the tram to the road below this

point. Many portions of the roadway above

Rattlesnake Creek also received damage from

the flooding, including silt and debris scattered

onto it. Tram service was completely restored,

with the tram being able to complete all nine

stops.

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solution on page 16

Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum

The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum is a 98-acre (40

ha) zoo, aquarium, botanical garden, natural history

museum, publisher, and art gallery founded in 1952.

Located just west of Tucson, Arizona, it features two

miles (3.2 km) of walking paths traversing 21 acres (8.5

ha) of desert landscape. It is one of the most visited

attractions in Southern Arizona.

The nonprofit organization focuses on the interpretation

of the natural history, plants and animals of the Sonoran

Desert. The museum is home to more than 230 animal

species and 1,200 varieties of plants. It is open every

day through the year, and hosts nearly 400,000 visitors

annually, including visitors from abroad.

Founded in 1952, the Arizona-Sonora Desert

Museum interprets the complete natural history of

a single region—the Sonoran Desert and adjacent

ecosystems—with plants and animals from the region

featured together in its exhibits.

William H. Carr inspired and founded the Desert

Museum with the support of his friend, Arthur Pack,

a conservationist, son of Charles Lathrop Pack, and

editor of Nature Magazine. Carr had earlier founded the

Bear Mountain Trailside Museum in New York, which

was affiliated with the American Museum of Natural

History. There he had developed a similar approach

to displays, working with native plants and animals to

create a regionally focused collection.

Pack, through his foundation, had provided $200,000

to open the museum and pay its operating cost, so the

museum initially charged no admission. Although an

admission charge was instituted in 1953, the museum

is still supported only by admission fees, memberships,

and donations, and receives no direct support from

public taxes.

From 1953 to 1985, a local television series, Desert

Trails, featured the museum. “It was an informal show,

almost always having live animals and human guests,

and focusing on the natural history of the desert as well

as happenings at the museum.” In 1991 the museum

partnered to develop a national television series known

as “Desert Speaks.” It was produced in cooperation

with the local PBS affiliate (KUAT), and with The Nature

Conservancy of Arizona. This television series was

broadcast in 200 markets and ran for 19 seasons. “

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