Hungarian Defence Review 2020, Nr. 1.

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8HDR 2020, Nr. 1BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGYMore and more frequently scientific authors publish that blockchain technology will be thenext technological revolution 17 that will impact our lives similarly as it happened with Internet.It will affect, for example, the more conservative financial sector but also recent popularresearch areas, such as Artificial Intelligence. The importance of blockchain – distributedfault tolerance, seamless transaction – has already been recognized by the industry, andresearch is under way on how to possibly migrate various existing systems to blockchainbasis, in whole or in part.It is worth considering blockchain-based technologies as implementing a distributedledger. 18 In the context of blockchain technologies, the ledger is an entry repository whereentries can be stored and cannot be modified once they are in the repository (this ledgermay also have a narrow “ledger” semantics depending on the blockchain technologies andtheir application, but this is not nearly a regularity). Blockchain technologies implementdistributed ledger by keeping it in sync with nodes in the distributed network, which can begeographically distant or owned by different companies, so each node has its own equivalentcopy of the ledger. Any changes to the ledger – and the rest of the nodes in the network agree– will appear within minutes on other nodes, even seconds on some solutions, and will allowany trusted central monitoring body to access the information stored in the entries, withoutinvolving its internal processes and rules. 19The ledger is maintained by distributed network nodes – based on some sort of consensusalgorithm – that heavily use cryptography to store and verify transactions. This allowsthe network to remain functional even with a large number of defective nodes, providedthat the number of defective nodes is below the maximum number of defective nodes. ITknows and applies a great deal from the distributed consensus algorithm or, more generally,from the distributed consensus protocol. In a given application context, the selection of theconsensus protocol is influenced by factors such as hypothesized failure modes, maximumsystem size, consensus response time, and synchronization requirements. Accordingly, it isnot surprising that different blockchain technologies also use a number of different consensusprotocols. However, what is common in blockchain technologies is that the problem ofdistributed consensus is addressed by some protocol.Almost independently of blockchain technology, the blockchain has a common structure.In a sense, blockchain is a transaction log (journal) whose entries are stored in blocksin a strictly chronological order. As shown in Figure 1, these blocks are time-stamped andidentified by some suitably selected cryptographic hash. Each block contains a reference tothe block preceding it. In this way, the blocks are organized into a backward-chained list,which, at worst, can be processed from the first block to clearly determine the current stateof the distributed database (of course, when there is consensus between nodes on the block-17 Tapscott, D. and Tapscott, A. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology behind Bitcoin is Changing Money,Business, and the World. London: Penguin. 2016.18 Kakavand, H., Kost de Sévres, N. and Chilton, B. “The Blockchain Revolution: An Analysis of Regulation andTechnology Related to Distributed Ledger Technologies”. Social Science Research Network 2017. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2849251 ; https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Blockchain-Revolution%3A-An-Analysis-of-andto-Kakavand-S%C3%A8vres/df2e88f4ce56c0456e0472d29b8f660fdd865e7819 Pinna, A. and Ruttenberg, W. Distributed ledger technologies in securities post-trading revolution or evolution?.Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, 2016. DOI:10.2866/270533
Focus9chain). If the consensus protocol is “strong”, then it is not possible to change or delete anearlier operation without the client that is aware of enough nodes in the system to notice it.…(N)thblock• Hash of the(N–1)th block• Timestamp• Transactions(N)thblock• Hash of the(N)th block• Timestamp• Transactions(N)thblock• Hash of the(N+1)th block• Timestamp• Transactions…Figure 1 Structure of blockchain 20The decentralized nature of blockchain technology (Figure 2) means that it does notrely on a central entity, a checkpoint. The lack of authority makes the system fairer andmore secure. The way in which data is recorded on the blockchain reflects the value ofdecentralization. 21 Instead of relying on a central authority to secure transactions with otherusers, blockchain uses innovative consensus protocols on the node network to authenticatetransactions and record data in an unbiased manner. Thus, the blockchain is not stored by acentral data controller, but practically all users store it on their own computers.Figure 2 Representation of different (centralized, distributed, decentralized) systems 2220 Huszár. “A decentralizáció és a blockchain-technológia felhasználási lehetőségei…”21 Buterin, V. “Ethereum White Paper: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform”.blockchainlab.com. April 2014. 6. https://blockchainlab.com/pdf/Ethereum_white_paper-a_next_generation_smart_contract_and_decentralized_application_platform-vitalik-buterin.pdf22 Dwyer, G. P. “The Economics of Bitcoin and Other Private Digital Currencies”. MPRA Paper 57360. 8 May2014. 2. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/57360/3/MPRA_paper_57360.pdf
Page 1 and 2: HungarianDefenceReviewSPECIAL ISSUE
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Page 5 and 6: Foreword3FOREWORDThis year we can s
Page 7 and 8: Focus5Blockchain is clearly a disru
Page 9: Focus7the distributed ledger system
Page 13 and 14: Focus11made sensational by the nove
Page 15 and 16: Focus13ones. As a result, blockchai
Page 17 and 18: HDR 2020, Nr. 1, 15-40. Security St
Page 19 and 20: Security Studies17could be counter
Page 21 and 22: Security Studies19secret service in
Page 23 and 24: Security Studies21without hierarchy
Page 25 and 26: Security Studies23Regions, as parts
Page 27 and 28: Security Studies25teach in the firs
Page 29 and 30: Security Studies27was also a major
Page 31 and 32: Security Studies29The withdrawal wa
Page 33 and 34: Security Studies31the next chapter,
Page 35 and 36: Security Studies33violations agains
Page 37 and 38: Security Studies35VI. CONCLUSION -
Page 39 and 40: Security Studies37Behlewî, D. “S
Page 41 and 42: Security Studies39“Persecution an
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Page 45 and 46: Security Studies43In short, safety
Page 47 and 48: Security Studies45The historical re
Page 49 and 50: Security Studies47investment in Eth
Page 51 and 52: Security Studies49Havasi, Zs. “En
Page 53 and 54: Security Studies51EXTRAORDINARY LOA
Page 55 and 56: Security Studies53Figure 3 Testing
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Training59• Obligation: activitie
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Training61In budō, the most import
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Training63standing and mastering of
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Training65Stages Ages Basicconflict
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Training67and ability with the grea
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HDR 2020, Nr. 1, 69-78. Forum & Rev
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Forum & Reviews71the combined appli
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Forum & Reviews73Did the air count
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Forum & Reviews75NATO’s cyber and
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Forum & Reviews77the Alliance than
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HDR 2020, Nr. 1, 79-85. Forum & Rev
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Forum & Reviews81analyze the major
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Forum & Reviews85example, adding ne
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Forum & Reviews87“The Military Hi
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Forum & Reviews89well documented pu
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About the Authors91ABOUT THE AUTHOR
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Editorial Policies93EDITORIAL POLIC
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Guidelines for Authors95GUIDELINES
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Guidelines for Authors97NumbersNumb
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Guidelines for Authors99ThesisLast
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HDR 2020, Nr. 1101RECOMMENDED FOR Y
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HDR 2020, Nr. 1103POSTERS OF MILITA
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