6 Wood Discoloration

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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Richter DL (1993) Anti-sapstain efficacy of borates against Aureobasidium pullulans. Forest Prod J 43:33–34 Landi L, Staccioli G (1992) Acidity of wood and bark. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 50:238 Langendorf G (1961) Handbuch für den Holzschutz. Fachbuchverl, Leipzig Lark N, Xia Y, Qin C-G, Gong CS, Tsao GT (1997) Production of ethanol from recycled paper sludge using cellulase and yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus. Biomass Bioenergy 12:135–143 Larsen MJ, Rentmeester RM (1992) Valid names for some common decay fungi and their synonyms. IRG/WP/1522 Larsson B, Bengtsson B, Gustafsson M (2004) Nondestructive detection of decay in living trees. Tree Physiol 24:853–858 Larsson Brelid P, Simonson R, Bergman Ö, Nilsson T (2000) Resistance of acetylated wood to biological degradation. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 58:331–337 Leatham GF (1982) Cultivation of shii-take, the Japanese forest mushroom, on logs: a potential industry for the United States. Forest Prod J 32:329–358 Leatham GF (1983) A chemically defined medium for fruiting of Lentinus edodes.Mycologia 75:905–908 Lederer W, Seemüller S (1991) Occurrence of mycoplasma-like organisms in diseased and non-symptomic alder trees (Alnus spp.). Eur J Forest Pathol 21:90–96 Lee J-S, Furukawa I, Tomoyasu S (1993) Preservative effectiveness against Tyromyces palustris in wood after pre-treatment with chitosan and impregnation with chromated copper arsenate. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 39:103–108 Lee KH, Wi SG, Singh AP, Kim YS (2004) Micromorphological characteristics of decayed wood and laccase produced by the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. J <strong>Wood</strong> Sci 50:281–284 Lee S, Kim SH, Breuil C (2002) The use of a green fluorescent protein as a biomarker for sapstain fungi. Forest Pathol 32:153–161 Leightley LE, Eaton RA (1980) Micromorphology of wood decay by marine microorganisms. Biodetn Proc 4th Int Symp Berlin 1978. Pitman, London, pp. 83–88 Leiße B (1992) Holzschutzmittel im Einsatz: Bestandteile, Anwendungen und Umweltbelastungen. Bauverlag, Wiesbaden Leithoff H (1997) Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Überführung eines biologischen Reinigungsverfahrens für schutzsalzgetränkte Hölzer in den Technikumsmaßstab. Doct Thesis Univ Hamburg Leithoff H, Peek R-D (1998) Hitzebehandlung – eine Alternative zum chemischen Holzschutz? 21st Holzschutztagung, Dtsch Ges Holzforsch, pp. 97–105 Leithoff H, Stephan I, Lenz MT, Peek R-D (1995) Growth of the copper tolerant brown rot fungus Antrodia vaillantii on different substrates. IRG/WP/10121 Lelley J (1991) Pilzanbau. Biotechnologie der Kulturspeisepilze. Ulmer, Stuttgart Lelley J (1992) Erfahrungen aus der Versuchsanstalt in Krefeld. Problematik und Perspektiven der angewandten Mykorrhizaforschung. Allg Forstz 47:368–369 Lenz O, Oswald K (1971) Über Schäden durch Bohrspanentnahme an Fichte, Tanne und Buche. Mittlg Schweiz Anst Forstl Versuchswes 47 Leonowicz A, Rogalski J, Jaszek M, Luterek J, Wojtas-Wasilewska M, Malarczyk E, Ginalska G, Fink-Boots M, Cho N-S (1999) Cooperation of fungal laccase and glucose 1-oxidase in transformation of Björkman lignin and some phenolic compounds. Holzforsch 53:376– 380 Leslie H, Morton G, Eggins HOW (1976) Studies of interactions between wood-inhabiting microfungi. Mater Org 11:197–214 Leslie JF, Leonard TJ (1979) Three independent genetic systems that control initiation of a fungal fruiting body. Molec Gen Genet 171:257–260 www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
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92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
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94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
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96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
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100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
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102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
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104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
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106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
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5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
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5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
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5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
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5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
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6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
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6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
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6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
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6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
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6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
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6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
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6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
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6.4 Protection 133 Fougerousse 1985
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136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
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138 7 Wood Rot Brown-rot fungi colo
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140 7 Wood Rot In the successive (s
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142 7 Wood Rot Table 7.2. Some comm
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144 7 Wood Rot enlargement of exist
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146 7 Wood Rot rine salts, which in
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148 7 Wood Rot Table 7.5. Hazard cl
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150 7 Wood Rot Fig.7.5. Kolle flask
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152 7 Wood Rot allowed for indoor a
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154 7 Wood Rot Table 7.10. Major gr
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156 7 Wood Rot 1935 from staining a
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158 7 Wood Rot type end coating of
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8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Microbial d
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8.1 Fungal Damage to Living Trees 1
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8.2 Tree Wounds and Tree Care 173 d
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8.2 Tree Wounds and Tree Care 175 w
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8.2 Tree Wounds and Tree Care 177 t
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8.2 Tree Wounds and Tree Care 179 8
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8.2 Tree Wounds and Tree Care 181 T
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 183 The
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 185 Tab
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 187 and
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 189 and
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 191 sin
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 193 you
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 195 Cry
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 197 A p
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8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 199 dea
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8.4 Damage to Stored Wood and Struc
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8.5 Damage to Structural Timber Ind
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9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inhabiti
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9.2 Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms
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9.3 Biological Pulping 245 typicall
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9.5 Wood Saccharification and Sulph
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9.7 Recent Biotechnological Process
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9.7 Recent Biotechnological Process
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254 Appendix 1 vegetative hyphae wi
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256 Appendix 1 16∗ mycelium not o
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258 Appendix 1 first white, then br
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Appendix 2 Fungi Mentioned in this
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Appendix 2 263 Fuligo septica Gmeli
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Appendix 2 265 Phellinus robustus (
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References Aanen DK, Kuyper TW, Hoe
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References 269 Augusta U, Rapp AO (
Page 546: References 271 Behrendt CJ, Blanche
Page 550: References 273 Braun HJ (1977) Das
Page 554: References 275 Cherfas J (1991) Dis
Page 558: References 277 Daniel G (2003) Micr
Page 562: References 279 Duchesne LC, Hubbes
Page 566: References 281 Falck R (1927) Gutac
Page 570: References 283 Glenn JK, Gold HH (1
Page 574: References 285 Haller-Brem S (2001)
Page 578: References 287 Heydeck P (1997) Kie
Page 582: References 289 Humar M, Pohleven F,
Page 586: References 291 Jürgens M (2004) MA
Page 590: References 293 Keyserlingk van H (1
Page 594: References 295 Korhonen K, Holdenri
Page 600: 298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
Page 604: 300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
Page 608: 302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
Page 612: 304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
Page 616: 306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
Page 620: 308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
Page 624: 310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
Page 628: 312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
Page 632: 314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
Page 636: 316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
Page 640: 318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
Page 644: 320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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