6 Wood Discoloration

8.3 Tree Rots by Macrofungi 195
Cryphonectria-hypovirus (Chap. 8.1.1.2), only reduced spore germination of
the fungus.
8.3.3
Stereum sanguinolentum, Bleeding Stereum,
Bleeding Conifer Parchment
Occurrence: conifers, particularly spruce; as saprobe causing red streaking
discoloration (see Fig. 6.4a);
Significance: white rot, most important fungus involved in “Wound rot of
spruce” (Butin 1995); 2/3 of about 20% of annual harvest of fir wood with fungal
damage affected by wound rots, particularly by S. sanguinolentum (Schönhar
1989); wounds often due to mechanized wood harvest or bark damage by game;
infection of the opened wood body by spores; also transmission of mycelial
fragments by woodwasps (Sirex spp.); small and superficial wounds often
closed by resin excretion; extension of white rot in the outer stem wood with
reddish discoloration; fast rot extension (20 cm/year) in the first years after
infection; rot spreads more rapidly after injuries at the root collar than after
wounding the stem or small roots; injured roots of less than 2 cm in diameter
and wounds in more than 1-m distance of the stem foot hardly lead to stem rot.
To prevent wound rot by S. sanguinolentum, tree harvest should be done
carefully and injuries treated with a wound dressing. Amylostereum species
maybealsoinvolvedinwounddecayofspruceandotherconifers,A. areolatum
and A. chailletii, both also being associated with woodwasps (Vasiliauskas
1999).
8.3.4
Fomes fomentarius, Tinder Fungus, Hoof Fungus
Occurrence: common, circumboreal, south to North Africa, through Asia to
eastern North America; mostly hardwoods, common on birches in the north
and on beeches in the south, also on oak, lime tree, maple, poplar, and willow,
rarely on alder and hornbeam, exceptionally on softwoods (Schwarze 1994,
2001);
Fruit body (Fig. 8.15a): perennial (over 30 years, increase in early summer
to autumn), thick, large (to 50 cm in diameter), hard brackets, mostly solitary;
often high at the stem; firmly attached to the bark; upper surface: light brown to
blackish-grey, bulging-zonate; pore surface: flat, cream-brownish hymenium
with white margin; circular pores (4–5/mm); trimitic; soft-tough trama beneath
a 1 to 2-mm-thick hard crust; 1–3 new hymenial layers per year; up to
240 million spores per cm 2 hymenium and hour; tetrapolar. In former times
(e.g., in Haitabu), the trama was soaked with salpetre for tinder production.
www.taq.ir