6 Wood Discoloration

More documents

Recommendations

Info

166 8 Habitat of <strong>Wood</strong> Fungi Fig.8.2. Pathogenesis of Chestnut blight by Cryphonectria parasitica (translated from Heiniger 1999, with permission of Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research) time the most important hardwood species. The disease appeared in Europe first in 1938 in Genoa in the European chestnut sites (Castanea sativa)ofItaly, then in southern France, Spain, Switzerland (1948), Germany (1992), and Eastern Europe. The fungus penetrates as a spore by means of wind, rain, insects, or birds through wounds into the bark until the cambium. Then reddish-brown bark spots that break to longitudinal fissures, branch-surrounding necroses, wilt, and death of the affected branch or crown region occur. One- to 2mm-large, orange-yellow-ochre pustules (conidiomata, ascomata) develop on the bark. The disease in Europe does not run however as intensively as in the USA probably due to lesser aggressive fungal strains. The reduced pathogenicity is caused by Cryphonectria-hypovirus 1 that infests the fungus, that is, it becomes lesser virulent and only produces superficial cankers, which soon heal up. The virusisalsofoundinthenaturalC. parasitica populations in Japan and China, but not in the North American populations. To limit the distribution of the fungus in non-infested countries, there are official regulations (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) (Heiniger 2003). Breeding experiments are performed between C. dentata and resistant Asian species. There are also attempts on a biological control based on vegetative pairing of hypo-virulent fungal isolates with virulent strains. Infested sites are inoculated with hypo-virulent isolates that can transfer the virus in the www.taq.ir
Page 2:
Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
Page 6:
Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
Page 10:
Preface This book is the updated re
Page 14:
X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
Page 18:
1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
Page 22:
2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
Page 26:
2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
Page 30:
2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
Page 34:
2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
Page 38:
2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
Page 42:
2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
Page 46:
Page 50:
Page 54:
Page 58:
2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
Page 62:
2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
Page 66:
2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
Page 70:
2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
Page 74:
2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
Page 78:
2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
Page 82:
2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
Page 86:
2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
Page 90:
2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
Page 94:
2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
Page 98:
2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
Page 102:
2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
Page 106:
2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
Page 110:
2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
Page 114:
2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
Page 118:
2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
Page 122:
3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
Page 126:
3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
Page 130:
3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
Page 134:
3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
Page 138:
3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
Page 142:
3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
Page 146:
3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
Page 150:
3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
Page 154:
3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
Page 158:
3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
Page 162:
3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
Page 166:
3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
Page 170:
3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
Page 174:
3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
Page 178:
Page 182:
Page 186:
Page 190:
88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
Page 194:
90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
Page 198:
92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
Page 202:
94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
Page 206:
96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
Page 210:
98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
Page 214:
100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
Page 218:
102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
Page 222:
104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
Page 226:
106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
Page 230:
5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
Page 234:
5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
Page 238:
5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
Page 242:
5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
Page 246:
5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
Page 250:
6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
Page 254:
6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
Page 258:
6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
Page 262:
6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
Page 266:
6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
Page 270:
6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
Page 274:
6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
Page 278:
6.4 Protection 133 Fougerousse 1985
Page 282:
136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
Page 286:
138 7 Wood Rot Brown-rot fungi colo
Page 290: 140 7 Wood Rot In the successive (s
Page 294: 142 7 Wood Rot Table 7.2. Some comm
Page 298: 144 7 Wood Rot enlargement of exist
Page 302: 146 7 Wood Rot rine salts, which in
Page 306: 148 7 Wood Rot Table 7.5. Hazard cl
Page 310: 150 7 Wood Rot Fig.7.5. Kolle flask
Page 314: 152 7 Wood Rot allowed for indoor a
Page 318: 154 7 Wood Rot Table 7.10. Major gr
Page 322: 156 7 Wood Rot 1935 from staining a
Page 326: 158 7 Wood Rot type end coating of
Page 330: 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Microbial d
Page 334: 8.1 Fungal Damage to Living Trees 1
Page 338: 8.1 Fungal Damage to Living Trees 1
Page 344: 168 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi cut sec
Page 348: 170 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi ins; e.
Page 352: 172 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi through
Page 356: 174 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi After w
Page 360: 176 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.8
Page 364: 178 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi for bra
Page 368: 180 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.1
Page 372: 182 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi The typ
Page 376: 184 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi by Armi
Page 380: 186 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi schwein
Page 384: 188 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fruit b
Page 388: 190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
Page 392:
192 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.1
Page 396:
194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
Page 400:
Page 404:
198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
Page 408:
200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
Page 412:
202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
Page 416:
204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
Page 420:
206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
Page 424:
Page 428:
210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
Page 432:
212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
Page 436:
214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
Page 440:
Page 444:
218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
Page 448:
220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
Page 452:
Page 456:
224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
Page 460:
226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
Page 464:
Page 468:
230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
Page 472:
232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
Page 476:
234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
Page 480:
236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
Page 484:
238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
Page 488:
Page 492:
Page 496:
Page 500:
Page 504:
Page 508:
Page 512:
Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
Page 516:
Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
Page 520:
Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
Page 524:
Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
Page 528:
262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
Page 532:
264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
Page 536:
266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
Page 540:
268 References Allen MF (1991) The
Page 544:
270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
Page 548:
272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
Page 552:
274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
Page 556:
276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
Page 560:
278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
Page 564:
280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
Page 568:
282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
Page 572:
284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
Page 576:
286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
Page 580:
288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
Page 584:
290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
Page 588:
292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
Page 592:
294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
Page 596:
296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
Page 600:
298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
Page 604:
300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
Page 608:
302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
Page 612:
304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
Page 616:
306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
Page 620:
308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
Page 624:
310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
Page 628:
312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
Page 632:
314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
Page 636:
316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
Page 640:
318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
Page 644:
320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
Page 648:
322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
Page 652:
324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
Page 656:
326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
Page 660:
Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
Page 664:
Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
Page 668:
Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
show all

6 Wood Discoloration

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?