6 Wood Discoloration

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164 8 Habitat of <strong>Wood</strong> Fungi Table 8.3. Some bark diseases (compiled from Butin 1995, supplemented from Jung and Blaschke 2005) Disease Causal fungus Classification Phacidium disease of conifers Phacidium coniferarum (Hahn) DiCosmo Helotiales (A) Spruce bark disease Nectria fuckeliana Booth Hypocreales (A) Crumenulopsis stem canker Crumenulopsis soraria (P. Karsten) Groves Helotiales (A) of pine Pine stem rust Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein.) Uredinales (B) (Resin-top disease) Winter Endocronartium pini (Pers.) Hiratsuka Uredinales (B) White pine blister rust Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer Uredinales (B) Larch canker Lachnellula willkommii (R. Hartig) Dennis Helotiales (A) Beech canker Nectria ditissima Tul. Hypocreales (A) Beech bark disease Nectria species Hypocreales (A) Black bark scab of beech Ascodichaena rugosa Butin Rhytismatales (A) Fusicoccum bark canker of oak Fusicoccum quercus Oudem. Coelomycetes (D) Chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr Diaporthales (A) Dothichiza bark necrosis and Cryptodiaporthe populea (Sacc.) Butin Diaporthales (A) dieback of poplar Canker stain of plane Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ellis & Halstead) Davidson f. platani Walter Ophiostomatales (A) Stereum canker rot of Red oak Stereum rugosum (Pers.) Fr. Aphyllophorales (B) Pezicula canker of Red oak Pezicula cinnamomea (DC.) Sacc. Helotiales (A) Coral spot Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. Hypocreales (A) Sooty bark disease of sycamore Cryptostroma corticale (Ell. & Ev.) Hyphomycetes (D) Gregory & Waller Sudden oak death Phytophthora ramarum (Werres, Pythiales (O) De Cock & Man in’t Veld) A ascomycete, B basidiomycete, D deuteromycete, O oomycete Lang 1980; Eisenbarth et al. 2001). It develops particularly on trees older than 60 years of European Fagus sylvatica and American beech F. grandifolia by a disturbance of the water regime due to a abiotic/biotic factor complex: moist site, dry summer, participation of the Beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga (Lunderstädt 2002) and either one of two bark-killing Ascomycetes, in Europe Nectria galligena and in North America N. coccinea var. faginata (Mahoney et al. 1999), and possibly of mycoplasmas. Classical pathogenesis is an often short-lived mass reproduction of the Beech scale, which causes subcortical changes and subsequent infestation with Nectria. Xylem breeding Trypodendron domesticum and Hylecoetus dermestoides may follow. The larval galleries may be subsequently colonized by white-rot fungi. The susceptibility to the disease is biotically effected, whereby the physiological condition of the tree and its genetic potential determine the efficacy of the damaging agents (Beech scale, Nectria spp., beetles, white-rot fungi). The outbreak and/or healing can be controlled by the site conditions (Braun 1977; Lunderstädt 1992). The fungus invades the bark that was previously altered by the feeding activity of the Beech scale. A red-brown to blackish (bark tannic substances) slimy liquid may ooze from the bark tissue (Wudtke 1991). Under the bark www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
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92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
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94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
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96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
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100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
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102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
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104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
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106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
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5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
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5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
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5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
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5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
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6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
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6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
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6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
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6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
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6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
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6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
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6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
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6.4 Protection 133 Fougerousse 1985
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136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
Page 286: 138 7 Wood Rot Brown-rot fungi colo
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Page 294: 142 7 Wood Rot Table 7.2. Some comm
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Page 302: 146 7 Wood Rot rine salts, which in
Page 306: 148 7 Wood Rot Table 7.5. Hazard cl
Page 310: 150 7 Wood Rot Fig.7.5. Kolle flask
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Page 318: 154 7 Wood Rot Table 7.10. Major gr
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Page 326: 158 7 Wood Rot type end coating of
Page 330: 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Microbial d
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190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
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192 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.1
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194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
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198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
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200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
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202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
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204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
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206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
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210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
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212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
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214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
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218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
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220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
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224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
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226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
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230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
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232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
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234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
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236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
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238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
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Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
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Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
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Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
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Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
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262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
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264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
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266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
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268 References Allen MF (1991) The
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270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
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272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
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274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
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276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
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278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
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280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
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282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
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284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
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286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
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288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
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290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
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292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
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294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
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298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
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300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
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302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
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304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
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306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
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308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
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310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
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312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
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314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
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316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
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318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
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320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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6 Wood Discoloration

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