6 Wood Discoloration

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8.1 Fungal Damage to Living Trees 163 Table 8.2. Some fungal damages to buds, shoots, and branches (compiled from Butin 1995) Disease Causal fungus Classification Cucurbitaria bud blight of spruce Gemmamyces piceae (Borthw.) Cassagrande Dothideales (A) Grey mold Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel Helotiales (A) Sphaeropsis shoot-killing of pine Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & Sutton Coelomycetes (D) Pine twisting rust Melampsora pinitorqua E. Rostrup Uredinales (B) Brunchorstia dieback of conifers Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet Coelomycetes (D) Shoot shedding of pine Cenangium ferruginosum Fr. Helotiales (A) Juniper rust Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dickson) Winter Uredinales (B) Kabatina shoot killing Kabatina thujae Schneider & Arx Coelomycetes (D) of Cupressaceae Pollaccia shoot blight of poplar Venturia macularis (Fr.) E. Müller & Arx Dothideales (A) Myxosporium twig blight of birch Myxosporium devastans E. Rostrup Coelomycetes (D) Marssonina leaf and shoot blight Drepanopeziza sphaerioides (Pers.) Höhn. Helotiales (A) of willow A ascomycete, B basidiomycete, D deuteromycete Beech seedling disease is due to Phytophthora cactorum. OtherPhytophthora species attack chestnuts. Rosellinia quercina, Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium oxysporum lead to root damage in young oaks. Forest canopy fungi were investigated by Stone et al. (1996). A total of 344 different morphotaxa of endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves of Theobromae cacao. Most common were Colletotrichum sp., Xylaria sp. and Nectria sp. Inoculation of sterile leaves of young cocoa trees with these endophytes reduced subsequent damage by a parasitic Phytophthora sp. (Kull 2004). Many species of fungi are capable of causing leaf diseases. Hardwood leaf diseases showing superficial fungal growth, or swollen, raised, or dead leaf areas, may be grouped simplistically into leaf spot, blotch, anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf-blister, and shot-hole. Conifers may show needle spot, cast, blight, and rust (Tattar 1978; Stephan 1981; Butin and Kowalski 1989; Stephan et al. 1991). Table 8.1 only lists some fungi causing leaf diseases. Details on a specific disease may be read in Butin (1995). Some fungal damages to buds, shoots, and branches are listed in Table 8.2. 8.1.1 Bark Diseases Some bark diseases caused by fungi are listed in Table 8.3. Three bark diseases are described in detail. 8.1.1.1 Beech Bark Disease Beech bark disease (Fig. 8.1) has been known in Europe since about 1849 and was imported to North America (Shigo 1964; Parker 1974; Schütt and www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
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92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
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94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
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96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
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100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
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102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
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104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
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106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
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5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
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5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
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5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
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5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
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6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
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6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
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6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
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6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
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6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
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6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
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6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
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6.4 Protection 133 Fougerousse 1985
Page 282: 136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
Page 286: 138 7 Wood Rot Brown-rot fungi colo
Page 290: 140 7 Wood Rot In the successive (s
Page 294: 142 7 Wood Rot Table 7.2. Some comm
Page 298: 144 7 Wood Rot enlargement of exist
Page 302: 146 7 Wood Rot rine salts, which in
Page 306: 148 7 Wood Rot Table 7.5. Hazard cl
Page 310: 150 7 Wood Rot Fig.7.5. Kolle flask
Page 314: 152 7 Wood Rot allowed for indoor a
Page 318: 154 7 Wood Rot Table 7.10. Major gr
Page 322: 156 7 Wood Rot 1935 from staining a
Page 326: 158 7 Wood Rot type end coating of
Page 330: 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Microbial d
Page 336: 164 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Table 8
Page 340: 166 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.2
Page 344: 168 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi cut sec
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Page 352: 172 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi through
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Page 376: 184 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi by Armi
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188 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fruit b
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190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
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192 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.1
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194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
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198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
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200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
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202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
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204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
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206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
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210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
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212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
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214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
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218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
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220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
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224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
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226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
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230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
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232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
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234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
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236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
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238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
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Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
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Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
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Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
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Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
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262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
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264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
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266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
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268 References Allen MF (1991) The
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270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
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272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
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274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
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276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
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278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
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280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
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282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
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284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
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286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
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288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
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290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
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292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
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294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
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298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
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300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
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302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
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304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
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306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
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308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
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310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
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312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
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314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
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316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
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318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
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320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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6 Wood Discoloration

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