6 Wood Discoloration

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8 Habitat of <strong>Wood</strong> Fungi Microbial damages to trees and wood can be differentiated into damage to the living tree, to felled and stored wood and in outside use, and to wood in indoor use. Such grouping is however rather for didactical reasons. There are many overlappings: For example Daedalea quercina is occasionally found as wound parasite on living oaks, frequently on stumps, more rarely on timber in outdoor use, like sleepers or bridge timber, and sometimes also on buildings (halftimbering and windows). Stereum sanguinolentum causes as well the “wound rot” of spruce trees (Butin 1995) as the red streaking of stored coniferous wood (v. Pechmann et al. 1967). 8.1 Fungal Damage to Living Trees This chapter belongs to the field of “forest pathology” and only gives an overview. For further reading see Tattar (1978), Schwerdtfeger (1981), Sinclair et al. (1987), Hartmann et al. (1988), Schönhar (1989), Butin (1995), Schwarze et al. (1997), and Nienhaus and Kiewnik (1998). Defense mechanisms of the trees are described by Blanchette and Biggs (1992) (also Chap. 8.2.1). The tree can be already damaged on its flowers, seeds, and seedlings by fungi that belong to the Oomycetes, Deuteromycetes, or Ascomycetes. Among the more frequently occurring fungi on flowers or inflorescences are host specific Taphrina species that affect alder catkins, or female flowers of poplar, and Thekopsora areolata damaging spruce inflorescence (Butin 1995). Seeds can be damaged by non-specific molds of the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium,andTrichothecium. Among the specialists that can cause internal rotting of seeds are Rhizoctonia solani on beechnuts and Ciboria batschiana on acorns. Conedera et al. (2004) list several parasitic fungi that colonize chestnuts. Heat damage in seedlings is often followed by secondary infections by Alternaria, Fusarium, and Pestalotia species. Thelephora terrestris, Helicobasidium brebissonii, Rosellinia minor and R. aquila can smother seedlings or young plants. Seedling rots are among the most common diseases in the forest nursery. Important fungi on conifer seedlings are Phytium debaryanum, Phy- www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
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92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
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94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
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96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
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100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
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102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
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104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
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106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
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5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
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5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
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5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
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5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
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6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
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6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
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6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
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6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
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6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
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6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
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6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
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Page 282: 136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
Page 286: 138 7 Wood Rot Brown-rot fungi colo
Page 290: 140 7 Wood Rot In the successive (s
Page 294: 142 7 Wood Rot Table 7.2. Some comm
Page 298: 144 7 Wood Rot enlargement of exist
Page 302: 146 7 Wood Rot rine salts, which in
Page 306: 148 7 Wood Rot Table 7.5. Hazard cl
Page 310: 150 7 Wood Rot Fig.7.5. Kolle flask
Page 314: 152 7 Wood Rot allowed for indoor a
Page 318: 154 7 Wood Rot Table 7.10. Major gr
Page 322: 156 7 Wood Rot 1935 from staining a
Page 326: 158 7 Wood Rot type end coating of
Page 332: 162 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi tophtho
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Page 340: 166 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.2
Page 344: 168 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi cut sec
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Page 376: 184 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi by Armi
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186 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi schwein
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188 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fruit b
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190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
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192 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.1
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194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
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198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
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200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
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202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
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204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
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206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
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210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
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212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
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214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
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218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
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220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
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224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
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226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
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230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
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232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
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234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
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236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
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238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
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Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
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Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
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Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
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Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
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262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
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264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
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266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
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268 References Allen MF (1991) The
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270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
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272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
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274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
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276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
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278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
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280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
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282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
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284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
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286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
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288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
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290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
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292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
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294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
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298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
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300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
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302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
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304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
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306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
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308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
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310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
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312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
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314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
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316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
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318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
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320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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