6 Wood Discoloration

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7.4 Protection 153 fungicides and pyrethroides as insecticide. Pentachlorophenol is totally banned and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) is not used any more. The addition of emulsifiers enables the use of various organic substances as emulsions in water-based systems. Distillates of coal tar oil (creosote) are a complex mixture of some hundred compounds, mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Majcherczyk and Hüttermann 1998), and are allowed for outdoor use of timber in permanent ground and water contact that is not in contact with human beings. Preferably, creosotes are applied to wood that is exposed to leaching, e.g., railroad sleepers and telegraph poles. According to legislation, the content of benzo(a)pyren is limited to 50 ppm, classified by the Western-European Institute for <strong>Wood</strong> Preservation as type WEI B and C. Boron compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, and carbamates are suitable to prevent growth of Serpula lacrymans through masonry. For the protective effect, the moisture content, the type of preservative (Table 7.8), the treatment process (Tables 7.9, 7.10), and the duration of treatment have to be considered. In addition, the timber species and part of the timber determine the permeability for preservatives. The treatability (EN 350-2) varies between completely permeable (class 1: easy to treat like the sapwood of Quercus robur and Pinus sylvestris) to extremely refractory (class 4: extremely Table 7.9. Applicability of wood preservatives and treating processes depending upon the wood moisture content (modified from Willeitner and Liese 1992) Moisture <strong>Wood</strong> Treating process content preservative water- creosote organic based solventbased green much above yes no no sap-displacement (diffusion) fiber saturation markedly above yes no no diffusion, long-term soaking fiber saturation slightly above yes no no diffusion, long-term soaking, simple methods, OPM fiber saturation below yes no (yes) soaking, simple methods, (diffusion), (pressure processes) fiber saturation yes yes yes pressure processes (except OPM), soaking, simple methods underlined preferably recommended, in brackets possible but not recommended, OPM oscillating pressure method www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
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92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
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94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
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96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
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100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
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102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
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104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
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106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
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5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
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5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
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5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
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5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
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6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
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6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
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6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
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6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
Page 266: 6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
Page 270: 6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
Page 274: 6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
Page 278: 6.4 Protection 133 Fougerousse 1985
Page 282: 136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
Page 286: 138 7 Wood Rot Brown-rot fungi colo
Page 290: 140 7 Wood Rot In the successive (s
Page 294: 142 7 Wood Rot Table 7.2. Some comm
Page 298: 144 7 Wood Rot enlargement of exist
Page 302: 146 7 Wood Rot rine salts, which in
Page 306: 148 7 Wood Rot Table 7.5. Hazard cl
Page 310: 150 7 Wood Rot Fig.7.5. Kolle flask
Page 314: 152 7 Wood Rot allowed for indoor a
Page 320: 7.4 Protection 155 Table 7.9 shows
Page 324: 7.4 Protection 157 unpleasant smell
Page 328: 7.4 Protection 159 is a mixture of
Page 332: 162 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi tophtho
Page 336: 164 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Table 8
Page 340: 166 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.2
Page 344: 168 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi cut sec
Page 348: 170 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi ins; e.
Page 352: 172 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi through
Page 356: 174 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi After w
Page 360: 176 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.8
Page 364: 178 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi for bra
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180 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.1
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182 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi The typ
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184 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi by Armi
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186 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi schwein
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188 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fruit b
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190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
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194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
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198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
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200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
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202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
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204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
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206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
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210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
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212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
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214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
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218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
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220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
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224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
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226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
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230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
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232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
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234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
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236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
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238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
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Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
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Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
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Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
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Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
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262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
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264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
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266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
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268 References Allen MF (1991) The
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270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
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272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
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274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
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276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
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278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
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280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
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282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
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284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
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286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
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288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
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290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
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292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
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294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
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298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
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300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
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302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
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304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
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306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
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308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
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310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
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312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
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314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
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316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
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318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
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320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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6 Wood Discoloration

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