6 Wood Discoloration

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150 7 Wood Rot Fig.7.5. Kolle flask according to EN 113 to determine the toxic values of wood preservatives against wooddestroying Basidiomycetes cultured on agar medium. a Non-impregnated control. b Impregnated sample Tables 7.9, 7.10). It is distinguished between “preventive wood preservation” (Kleist 2005) and “controlling wood preservation” after a damage (Sallmann 2005). There are different national regulations with regard to testing, approval, application and toxicological aspects of chemical wood preservatives. Thus, the following only describes the German situation (Fischer 2005; Reifenstein 2005). The official approval of wood preservatives used for load-bearing construction takes place by the “Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt)”, which evaluates the results of tests that had been performed in view of minimum requirements (efficacy, no unfavorable side effects). The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) evaluates hygienic-toxicologic aspects of the preservative and the Federal Environmental Office (UBA) its ecotoxicologic behavior. Preservatives with approval obtain a general national approval by the DIBt. Important characteristics of a wood preservative are described by test ratings (Table 7.7). About 95% of the mainly professionally used preservation salts possess the DIBt approval (23% share of the market), while only 10% of the predominantly solvent-based preservatives that are used by do-it-yourselfers have been previously proven by neutral boards. Wood preservatives for non-load-bearing constructions can receive a quality mark by the RAL Quality Community of Wood Preservatives, including an evaluation by BfR and UBA. For blue stain-preventing preservatives for timber outdoors without ground contact including windows and outside joinery, a registration process concern- Table 7.7. Test ratings of wood preservatives in view of efficacy P prevention of fungi Iv prevention of insects Ib control of insects W for weathered wood without permanent soil or water contact E for wood in permanent soil or water contact or with dirt deposits in joints M preventionofSerpula lacrymans to grow through brickwork www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
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92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
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94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
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96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
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100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
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102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
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104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
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106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
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5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
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5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
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5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
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5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
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6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
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6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
Page 258: 6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
Page 262: 6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
Page 266: 6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
Page 270: 6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
Page 274: 6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
Page 278: 6.4 Protection 133 Fougerousse 1985
Page 282: 136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
Page 286: 138 7 Wood Rot Brown-rot fungi colo
Page 290: 140 7 Wood Rot In the successive (s
Page 294: 142 7 Wood Rot Table 7.2. Some comm
Page 298: 144 7 Wood Rot enlargement of exist
Page 302: 146 7 Wood Rot rine salts, which in
Page 306: 148 7 Wood Rot Table 7.5. Hazard cl
Page 312: 7.4 Protection 151 ing efficacy and
Page 316: 7.4 Protection 153 fungicides and p
Page 320: 7.4 Protection 155 Table 7.9 shows
Page 324: 7.4 Protection 157 unpleasant smell
Page 328: 7.4 Protection 159 is a mixture of
Page 332: 162 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi tophtho
Page 336: 164 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Table 8
Page 340: 166 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.2
Page 344: 168 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi cut sec
Page 348: 170 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi ins; e.
Page 352: 172 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi through
Page 356: 174 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi After w
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176 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.8
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178 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi for bra
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182 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi The typ
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184 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi by Armi
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186 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi schwein
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188 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fruit b
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190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
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194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
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198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
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200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
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202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
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204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
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206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
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210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
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212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
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214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
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218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
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220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
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224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
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226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
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230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
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232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
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234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
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236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
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238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
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Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
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Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
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Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
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Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
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262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
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264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
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266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
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268 References Allen MF (1991) The
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270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
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272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
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274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
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276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
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278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
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280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
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282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
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284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
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286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
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288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
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290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
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292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
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294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
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298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
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300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
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302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
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304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
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306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
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308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
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310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
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312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
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314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
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316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
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318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
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320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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