6 Wood Discoloration

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146 7 <strong>Wood</strong> Rot rine salts, which inhibit brown and white-rot fungi, but are sensitive to copper (Chap. 7.4). <strong>Wood</strong> in soil contact must therefore be treated with a preservative that contains copper if coal tar oil is not applied. Large economic losses developed nevertheless in Australia when hundreds of thousands of eucalyptus poles, which were treated with chrome copper arsenic, prematurely failed by soft rot due to unequal preservative distribution in the wood (Dickinson et al. 1976; Liese and Peters 1977; Greaves and Nilsson 1982). Several soft-rot fungi were isolated from CCA treated (Zabel et al. 1991; Wong et al. 1992) and coal tar oil-impregnated poles (Lopez et al. 1990; Dickinson et al. 1992). 7.4 Protection This chapter focuses on fundamentals upon prevention of wood damage by fungi, and protection and preservation of wood (e.g., Willeitner and Liese 1992; Eaton and Hale 1993; Palfreyman et al. 1996; Murphy and Dickinson 1997; Zujest 2003; Goodell et al. 2003; Müller 2005). Protection in the broader sense comprises non-chemical methods like organizational measures and measures by design, use of naturally durable woods, application of antagonisms, or wood modifications that do not affect the environment. Preservation predominantly stands for chemical measures. Table 7.4 shows the conditions for the development of wood fungi and protection principles that can be deduced from them. The principle of the wood protection consists of changing at least one of the three life prerequisites of fungi in wood in such a way that the development of fungi is impossible or at least inhibited. Fungal attack can be prevented Table 7.4. Prerequisites for the development of wood fungi and principles of protection deduced from them (supplemented from Willeitner and Schwab 1981) Prerequisite Preventive measure Protection principle Suitable moisture Reduce, keep away Timber drying, constructional wood protection, wood modification Suitable food Make inedible Use of durable wood, chemical wood preservation, wood modification, (use of antagonisms) Sufficient oxygen Keep away Drying, wet storage, storage in CO2/N2 atmosphere, use below the water level www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
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92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
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94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
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96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
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100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
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102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
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104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
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106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
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5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
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5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
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5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
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5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
Page 250: 6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
Page 254: 6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
Page 258: 6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
Page 262: 6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
Page 266: 6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
Page 270: 6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
Page 274: 6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
Page 278: 6.4 Protection 133 Fougerousse 1985
Page 282: 136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
Page 286: 138 7 Wood Rot Brown-rot fungi colo
Page 290: 140 7 Wood Rot In the successive (s
Page 294: 142 7 Wood Rot Table 7.2. Some comm
Page 298: 144 7 Wood Rot enlargement of exist
Page 304: 7.4 Protection 147 (Willeitner and
Page 308: 7.4 Protection 149 preservatives. I
Page 312: 7.4 Protection 151 ing efficacy and
Page 316: 7.4 Protection 153 fungicides and p
Page 320: 7.4 Protection 155 Table 7.9 shows
Page 324: 7.4 Protection 157 unpleasant smell
Page 328: 7.4 Protection 159 is a mixture of
Page 332: 162 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi tophtho
Page 336: 164 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Table 8
Page 340: 166 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.2
Page 344: 168 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi cut sec
Page 348: 170 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi ins; e.
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172 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi through
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174 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi After w
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176 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.8
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178 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi for bra
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182 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi The typ
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184 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi by Armi
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186 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi schwein
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188 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fruit b
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190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
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194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
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198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
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200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
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202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
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204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
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206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
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210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
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212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
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214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
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218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
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220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
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224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
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226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
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230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
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232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
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234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
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236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
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238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
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Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
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Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
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Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
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Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
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262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
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264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
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266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
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268 References Allen MF (1991) The
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270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
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272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
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274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
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276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
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278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
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280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
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282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
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284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
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286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
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288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
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290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
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292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
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294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
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298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
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300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
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302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
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304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
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306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
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308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
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310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
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312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
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314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
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316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
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318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
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320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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6 Wood Discoloration

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