6 Wood Discoloration

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7.1 Brown Rot 137 et al. 2004), and in Gloeophyllum trabeum and Oligoporus placenta (Goodell 2003). Non-enzymatic, low molecular agents produced by the brown-rot fungi are responsible for initial stages of cell wall attack (Goodell 2003; Chap. 4). Of about 1,700 wood-degrading Basidiomycetes in North America, only 120 species (7%) caused brown rot, and of these 79 (65%) were polypores (Eriksson et al. 1990; Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1993). White-rot fungi distribute broader over the different basidiomycetous groups and some belong to the Ascomycetes (Rayner and Boddy 1988). Most brown-rot fungi affect conifers (Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1993), while white-rot fungi occur more frequently on hardwoods. Brown rot occurs in standing trees, felled and processed wood as well as in sapwood and heartwood. In the northern hemisphere, the majority of timber used in construction is from conifers. Thus, a large part of wood in outdoor and indoor service is destructed due to the action of brown-rot fungi. Brown rot is usually uniformly distributed over the substrate. A brown cubical pocket rot is caused by Laurelia taxodii in cypress and by Oligoporus amarus (Fig. 7.1C) in incense cedar. Decay pockets are localized and surrounded by firm wood (Zabel and Morrell 1992). A woody substrate both may show brown rot and white rot; a standing tree of Picea engelmannii exhibited “white pocket rot” by Phellinus pini in the heartwood (Chap. 8.3.8), and after wind throw the healthy areas became brown-rotten (Blanchette 1983). Brown-rot wood debris is extremely stable due to its content of slightly modified lignin and has remained unaltered in the soil for centuries. In conifers forests, this humic material may comprise up to 30 vol% in the upper layers (Swift 1982; Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1993). Table 7.1 lists some important brown rot. Table 7.1. Some common brown-rot fungi Fungus Predominant occurrence standing timber timber softwood hardwood tree outdoors indoors Laetiporus sulphureus × × Phaeolus schweinitzii × × Piptoporus betulinus × × Sparassis crispa × × Gloeophyllum spp. × × Daedalea quercina × × Lentinus lepideus × × Paxillus panuoides × × Antrodia spp. × × Coniophora spp. × × Serpula lacrymans × × Meruliporia incrassata × × × www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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90 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation cel
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92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
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94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
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96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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98 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation pro
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100 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation th
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102 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation mo
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104 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation ve
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106 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation be
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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses an
Page 234: 5.2 Bacteria 111 Gram staining divi
Page 238: 5.2 Bacteria 113 doch and Campana 1
Page 242: 5.2 Bacteria 115 Fig.5.3. Bacterial
Page 246: 5.2 Bacteria 117 Woods from Tertiar
Page 250: 6 Wood Discoloration The damage of
Page 254: 6.1 Molding 121 6.1 Molding Theterm
Page 258: 6.1 Molding 123 Molded wood is, how
Page 262: 6.2 Blue Stain 125 There are variou
Page 266: 6.2 Blue Stain 127 40 ◦ C. The mo
Page 270: 6.3 Red Streaking 129 6.3 Red Strea
Page 274: 6.4 Protection 131 often A. areolat
Page 278: 6.4 Protection 133 Fougerousse 1985
Page 282: 136 7 Wood Rot enzymatic action and
Page 288: 7.2 White Rot 139 tarius, T. versic
Page 292: 7.2 White Rot 141 Fig.7.3. Manganes
Page 296: 7.3 Soft Rot 143 Fig.7.4. Soft rot.
Page 300: 7.3 Soft Rot 145 Further infection
Page 304: 7.4 Protection 147 (Willeitner and
Page 308: 7.4 Protection 149 preservatives. I
Page 312: 7.4 Protection 151 ing efficacy and
Page 316: 7.4 Protection 153 fungicides and p
Page 320: 7.4 Protection 155 Table 7.9 shows
Page 324: 7.4 Protection 157 unpleasant smell
Page 328: 7.4 Protection 159 is a mixture of
Page 332: 162 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi tophtho
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164 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Table 8
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166 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.2
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168 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi cut sec
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170 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi ins; e.
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172 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi through
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174 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi After w
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178 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi for bra
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182 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi The typ
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184 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi by Armi
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186 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi schwein
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188 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fruit b
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190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
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194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
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198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
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200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
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202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
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204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
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206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
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210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
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212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
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214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
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218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
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220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
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224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
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226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
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230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
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232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
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234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
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236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
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238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
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Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
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Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
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Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
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Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
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262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
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264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
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266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
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268 References Allen MF (1991) The
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270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
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272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
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274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
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276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
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278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
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280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
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282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
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284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
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286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
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288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
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290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
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292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
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294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
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298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
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300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
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302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
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304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
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306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
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308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
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310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
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312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
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314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
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316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
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318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
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320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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6 Wood Discoloration

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