6 Wood Discoloration

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5 5.1 Viruses Damages by Viruses and Bacteria Viruses are small particles (10–2,000 nm in size) that infect Eukaryotes as obligate intracellular parasites. They reproduce by invading and taking over other cells as they lack own metabolism and the machinery for self-reproduction (Nienhaus 1985a). Typically, they carry either DNA or RNA surrounded by a coat of protein or protein and lipid. Plant viruses penetrate the shoot, leaf tissue and root via wounds or they are transferred by vectors [aphids, cicadas, nematodes, among fungi: Sphaerotheca lanestris (Erysiphales) on oak]. Partial bleaching of chlorophyll results in angular, circular (mosaic) or diffuse chloroses. Leaf damage, dwarfing or growth inhibition, distorted growth, and necrotic areas or lesions can occur, that is, virus infection can reduce the tree growth. Over 1,000 virus diseases of plants are described for Europe. Virus diseases in forest trees have been summarized e.g., by Nienhaus and Castello (1989) and Cooper and Edwards (1996). Viruses occur in several gymnosperms (Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, Larix, Picea and Pinus), angiosperms (Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Carpinus, Cormus, Corylus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, Rhamnus, Robinia, Salix, Sambucus, Sorbus and Ulmus) (Nienhaus 1989; Brandte et al. 2002), in bamboos and palms. Twig increase in horse chestnut (Butin 1995), and witches’-broom on beech and robinia are probably likewise due to the participation of viruses. Viruses have been detected several times in forest dieback sites (Parameswaran and Liese 1988; Winter and Nienhaus 1989; Gasch et al. 1991). Viroids are infectious agents that consist of a single-stranded RNA. Viroids are smaller than viruses, lack a protein cover and are the smallest causal agents of plant diseases, like discolorations, chloroses and distorted growth, e.g., in coconut, cucumber, hop, potato and tomato (Schlegel 1992; Butin 1995; Nienhaus and Kiewnick 1998). About 33 species of viroids have been identified. 5.2 Bacteria “The Prokaryotes” (Dworkin et al. 2005) is a comprehensive reference on bacterial biology. www.taq.ir
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Olaf Schmidt Wood and Tree Fungi Bi
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Professor Dr. Olaf Schmidt Universi
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Preface This book is the updated re
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X Contents 5 Damages by Viruses and
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1 Introduction Wood is damaged by v
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2 Biology 2.1 Cytology and Morpholo
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 5 10 nm
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 7 The h
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2.1 Cytology and Morphology 9 Due t
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 11 velopme
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 13 Fig.2.6
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 21 shapedp
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 23 surface
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2.2 Growth and Spreading 25 and Ish
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2.3 Sexuality 27 the basidiospores
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2.3 Sexuality 29 Table 2.6. Pairing
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2.4 Identification 31 In addition t
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2.4 Identification 33 2.4.2 Molecul
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2.4 Identification 35 antibodies. A
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2.4 Identification 37 RAPD analysis
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2.4 Identification 39 in view of a
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2.4 Identification 41 Sequences of
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2.4 Identification 43 basidiomycete
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2.4 Identification 45 cleotide unit
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2.5 Classification 47 Fatty acid pr
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2.5 Classification 49 with about 12
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2.5 Classification 51 Table 2.12. C
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3 Physiology The wood-inhabiting fu
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3.1 Nutrients 55 conditions in the
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3.1 Nutrients 57 Al, S, and Zn were
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3.2 Air 59 Table 3.4. Energy produc
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 61 surviv
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 63 Table
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3.3 Wood Moisture Content 65 of bro
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3.4 Temperature 67 puteana, Gloeoph
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3.4 Temperature 69 mycelial growth.
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by
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3.6 Light and Force of Gravity 75 s
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3.7 Restrictions of Physiological D
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3.8 Competition and Interactions Be
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Page 190: 88 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation rel
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Page 198: 92 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Fig
Page 202: 94 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Saa
Page 206: 96 4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation Ear
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Page 232: 110 5 Damages by Viruses and Bacter
Page 252: 120 6 Wood Discoloration The wood-d
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Page 260: 124 6 Wood Discoloration bark. Pulp
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Page 276: 132 6 Wood Discoloration is perform
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7 Wood Rot There are three types of
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7.1 Brown Rot 137 et al. 2004), and
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7.2 White Rot 139 tarius, T. versic
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7.2 White Rot 141 Fig.7.3. Manganes
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7.3 Soft Rot 143 Fig.7.4. Soft rot.
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7.3 Soft Rot 145 Further infection
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7.4 Protection 147 (Willeitner and
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7.4 Protection 149 preservatives. I
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7.4 Protection 151 ing efficacy and
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7.4 Protection 153 fungicides and p
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7.4 Protection 155 Table 7.9 shows
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7.4 Protection 157 unpleasant smell
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7.4 Protection 159 is a mixture of
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162 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi tophtho
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164 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Table 8
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166 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fig.8.2
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168 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi cut sec
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170 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi ins; e.
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172 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi through
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174 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi After w
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178 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi for bra
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182 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi The typ
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184 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi by Armi
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186 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi schwein
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188 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Fruit b
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190 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi (pine),
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194 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi violet
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198 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Signifi
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200 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.3.11
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202 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi inChap.
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204 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Strands
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206 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.4.5 S
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210 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi timber
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212 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2 L
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214 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 8.5.2.3
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218 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Oligopo
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220 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1985).
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224 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi Occurre
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226 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi alive m
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230 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi to penc
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232 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi with it
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234 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi most im
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236 8 Habitat of Wood Fungi 1991; R
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238 9 Positive Effects of Wood-Inha
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Appendix 1 Identification Key for S
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Appendix 1 255 thesebrighttobrown;v
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Appendix 1 257 22(13,17) recognizab
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Appendix 1 259 margin; sometimes wi
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262 Appendix 2 Candida utilis (Henn
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264 Appendix 2 Memnoniella echinata
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266 Appendix 2 Stereum rugosum (Per
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268 References Allen MF (1991) The
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270 References Bastawde KB (1992) X
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272 References Blanchette RA, Cease
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274 References Bucur V (2003) Nonde
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276 References Cooper JI, Edwards M
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278 References Dickinson DJ, Sorkho
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280 References Ellis EA (1976) Brit
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282 References Frankland JC, Hedger
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284 References Grinda M, Kerner-Gan
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286 References Haustrup ACS, Green
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288 References Holdenrieder O (1982
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290 References Jellison J, Chen Y,
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292 References Katayama S, Watanabe
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294 References Klein-Gebbinck HW, B
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296 References Laks PE, Park CG, Ri
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298 References Liese W, Kumar S (20
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300 References Martin F, Delaruelle
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302 References Moreth U, Schmidt O
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304 References Nilsson T, Obst JR,
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306 References Payne C, Petty JA, W
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308 References Rapp AO, Müller J (
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310 References Rösch R (1972) Phen
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312 References Schmidt H (2005) Au
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314 References Schmidt O, Schmitt U
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316 References Schwarze FWMR (2005)
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318 References Siepmann R (1970) Ar
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320 References Sutter H-P (2003) Ho
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322 References Uemura S, Ishihara M
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324 References Watanabe T, Sabrina
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326 References Wohlers A, Kowol T,
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Subject Index Abiotic wood discolor
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Subject Index 331 Fruit body format
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Subject Index 333 Phylogenetic anal
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6 Wood Discoloration

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