6 Wood Discoloration

Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Biology 3
2.1 Cytology and Morphology.................................................... 3
2.2 Growth and Spreading ......................................................... 10
2.2.1 Vegetative Growth ..................................................... 10
2.2.2 Reproduction of Deuteromycetes ................................. 16
2.2.3 Sexual Reproduction.................................................. 18
2.2.4 Fruit Body Formation ................................................ 24
2.2.5 Production, Dispersal and Germination of Spores .......... 25
2.3 Sexuality............................................................................ 26
2.4 Identification...................................................................... 31
2.4.1 Traditional Methods .................................................. 31
2.4.2 Molecular Methods.................................................... 33
2.5 Classification...................................................................... 47
3 Physiology 53
3.1 Nutrients ........................................................................... 53
3.2 Air .................................................................................... 58
3.3 Wood Moisture Content ....................................................... 60
3.4 Temperature....................................................................... 67
3.5 pH Value and Acid Production by Fungi ................................. 70
3.6 Light and Force of Gravity .................................................... 74
3.7 Restrictions of Physiological Data.......................................... 77
3.8 Competition and Interactions Between Organisms................... 79
3.8.1 Antagonisms, Synergisms, and Succession .................... 79
3.8.2 Mycorrhiza and Lichens ............................................. 82
4 Wood Cell Wall Degradation 87
4.1 Enzymes and Low Molecular Agents ...................................... 87
4.2 Pectin Degradation.............................................................. 92
4.3 Degradation of Hemicelluloses.............................................. 93
4.4 Cellulose Degradation.......................................................... 95
4.5 Lignin Degradation ............................................................. 99