UNHCR's ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE ...

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H. Others .................................................................................................................. 120 1. Women.................................................................................................................... 120 a) Situation in Central and Southern Iraq ....................................................... 120 b) Situation of Women in the Region of Kurdistan .......................................... 122 c) Single Women and Women Head of Household .......................................... 124 2. Sexual Orientation................................................................................................... 125 a) General........................................................................................................ 125 b) Current Situation......................................................................................... 125 3. Persons Accused of “Un-Islamic” Behaviour ......................................................... 127 V. <strong>ELIGIBILITY</strong> <strong>FOR</strong> INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION............................130 A. Overall Approach ............................................................................................... 130 B. Inclusion for Refugee Status Under the 1951 Convention Criteria ............... 132 1. Well-Founded Fear of Persecution.......................................................................... 133 2. Link With a 1951 Convention Ground.................................................................... 135 a) Race, Religion, Nationality and Political Opinion...................................... 136 b) Membership of a Particular Social Group .................................................. 137 C. Exclusion From International Refugee Protection .......................................... 138 1. Acts Within the Scope of Article 1F ....................................................................... 139 a) Before the Fall of the Former Regime......................................................... 140 b) After the Fall of the Former Regime ........................................................... 141 2. Crimes Against Peace, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity (Article 1F[a]) ...................................................................................................................... 141 a) Crimes Against Peace ................................................................................. 141 b) War Crimes ................................................................................................. 142 i. International Armed Conflict ........................................................... 142 ii. Non-International Armed Conflict ................................................... 143 c) Crimes Against Humanity............................................................................ 144 3. Serious Non-Political Crimes (Article 1F[b]) ......................................................... 145 4. Acts Contrary to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations (Article 1F[c])......................................................................................................... 146 5. Individual Responsibility ........................................................................................ 146 a) Basis for Incurring Individual Responsibility.............................................. 146 b) Grounds Negating Individual Responsibility............................................... 148 c) Proportionality Considerations................................................................... 149 d) Consequences of Exclusion ......................................................................... 149 D. Internal Flight or Relocation Alternative......................................................... 150 1. IFA/IRA in Areas of Central and Southern Iraq ..................................................... 150 a) The Relevance Analysis ............................................................................... 150 i. Risk of Persecution or Other Serious Harm Upon Relocation ......... 150 ii. Particular Considerations Relating to Formerly Arabized Areas ................................................................................................ 151 iii. Accessibility..................................................................................... 151 iv. Restrictions on Entry/Residency and/or Locations of Settlement......................................................................................... 155 b) The Reasonableness Analysis...................................................................... 156 i. Access to Food (Public Distribution System, PDS) ......................... 157 ii. Access to Shelter.............................................................................. 157 iii. Access to Basic Services (Water, Sanitation, Health)...................... 158 iv. Access to Income and Employment ................................................. 158 v. Access to Education ......................................................................... 159 c) Conclusion................................................................................................... 159 2. IFA/IRA in the Three Northern Governorates of Sulaymaniyah, Erbil and Dahuk ..................................................................................................................... 159 4
a) Overall Situation ......................................................................................... 159 b) The Relevance Analysis ............................................................................... 163 i. Accessibility..................................................................................... 163 ii. Entry Measures ................................................................................ 164 iii. Residency......................................................................................... 165 iv. General Rules................................................................................... 167 v. Risk of Persecution or Other Serious Harm Upon Relocation ......... 168 c) The Reasonableness Analysis...................................................................... 168 d) Persons Who May Not Be Able to Find Protection ..................................... 170 3. IFA/IRA Within the Three Northern Governorates for Iraqis Who Originate From These Governorates....................................................................... 170 VI. EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF REFUGEES OF ARAB ORIGIN IN IRAQ..............................................................................................................173 VII. ANNEXES...........................................................................................................175 Annex I: Attacks on Christian Religious and Political Representatives.................. 175 Annex II: Attacks on Sabaean-Mandaean Representatives...................................... 177 Annex III: Attacks on Former Members of the Ba’ath Party, the Armed Forces and Security/Intelligence Servcies and Other Persons Affiliated With the Former Regime .................................................................. 179 Annex IV: Attacks on Government Officials and Other Persons Associated With the Current Iraqi Government, Administration and Institutions ........ 184 Annex V: Attacks on Professors, Teachers and Students ......................................... 187 Annex VI: Attacks on Doctors and Other Medical Personnel.................................. 190 Annex VII: Attacks on Judicial Personnel ................................................................. 191 Annex VIII: Attacks on Athletes and Sports Officials .............................................. 194 Annex IX: Attacks on Palestinian Refugees in Iraq .................................................. 196 Annex X: Selected Bibliography.................................................................................. 200 Annex XI: Maps of Iraq ............................................................................................... 207 Iraq Atlas Map ................................................................................................................... 207 Iraq Governorates .............................................................................................................. 208 5
Page 1 and 2: UNHCR’s ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FO
Page 3: iii) Current Situation ............
Page 7 and 8: IOM International Organization for
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. Current Situat
Page 11 and 12: and gatherings, Shi’ite religious
Page 13 and 14: Government Officials and Other Pers
Page 15 and 16: Iraqi Asylum-Seekers From Central a
Page 17 and 18: considered to be well-founded. To t
Page 19: affiliated with criminal groups. In
Page 22 and 23: expand on the legal and policy guid
Page 24 and 25: The general chaos following the inv
Page 26 and 27: countries. While a good part of the
Page 28 and 29: evenues. 41 An understanding of var
Page 30 and 31: Article 140 of the Constitution cal
Page 32 and 33: the Middle East in terms of women
Page 34 and 35: epealed the CPA’s decision to sus
Page 36 and 37: The Iraqi judiciary continues to be
Page 38 and 39: Several groups, including the Mujah
Page 40 and 41: Al-Sunna. In addition, members of t
Page 42 and 43: dominated Special Police Commando u
Page 44 and 45: military commander in Iraq, General
Page 47 and 48: IV. PARTICULAR GROUPS AT RISK A. Re
Page 49 and 50: to Osama Bin Laden, the Shi’ites
Page 51 and 52: Shi’ite militias on the other han
Page 53 and 54: underscored how explosive the confl
Page 55 and 56:
of the latest security crack-down i
Page 57 and 58:
Ninewa Plains in particular have be
Page 59 and 60:
The overall climate results in non-
Page 61 and 62:
efuge in the three Northern Governo
Page 63 and 64:
an international court. 261 Several
Page 65 and 66:
The alleged main perpetrators of at
Page 67 and 68:
In the current climate of religious
Page 69 and 70:
prohibition to kill, lie, commit ad
Page 71 and 72:
Mandaeans as belonging to the “Pe
Page 73 and 74:
have found refuge with the Sabaean-
Page 75 and 76:
distributed to homes in Baghdad gav
Page 77 and 78:
Estimates of the number of Yazidis
Page 79 and 80:
Yazidis are furthermore organized i
Page 81 and 82:
AP reported in October 2006 that
Page 83 and 84:
apostasy and a threat to public ord
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KRG. Mr. Falak Al-Deen Kakai, senio
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“those Iraqis who had lost their
Page 89 and 90:
government offices, 441 and changin
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security, of transferring hundreds
Page 93 and 94:
2. Roma (Kawliyah) 461 a) Introduct
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Ghraib and was known for its strong
Page 97 and 98:
Sunnis willing to denounce violence
Page 99 and 100:
CPA began to allow some vetted ex-B
Page 101 and 102:
It has been documented that attacks
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een killed in Iraq and another 491
Page 105 and 106:
Acts committed against employees or
Page 107 and 108:
E. Government Officials and Other P
Page 109 and 110:
3. Persons Opposing the Ruling Part
Page 111 and 112:
3,250 professors had fled Iraq sinc
Page 113 and 114:
There are a number of possible moti
Page 115 and 116:
inside the media compound, refrain
Page 117 and 118:
3. Artists Iraqi artists, actors an
Page 119 and 120:
groups for not giving priority to t
Page 121 and 122:
population at large and bring the c
Page 123 and 124:
after their release. 660 UNAMI HRO
Page 125 and 126:
International Covenant on Civil and
Page 127 and 128:
evidence that over forty people had
Page 129 and 130:
Both sexes have become victims of s
Page 131 and 132:
V. ELIGIBILITY FOR INTERNATIONAL PR
Page 133 and 134:
those countries, even only on a tem
Page 135 and 136:
violence on a daily basis. Ordinary
Page 137 and 138:
cause. 733 More than one Convention
Page 139 and 140:
C. Exclusion From International Ref
Page 141 and 142:
a) Before the Fall of the Former Re
Page 143 and 144:
) War Crimes War crimes are serious
Page 145 and 146:
in mind when assessing crimes commi
Page 147 and 148:
groups (pre-2003) or insurgency or
Page 149 and 150:
A plausible explanation regarding t
Page 151 and 152:
D. Internal Flight or Relocation Al
Page 153 and 154:
Travel by Road Road travel in Iraq,
Page 155 and 156:
with armed conflict between the MNF
Page 157 and 158:
egulations regarding entry and resi
Page 159 and 160:
It has been reported that new IDPs,
Page 161 and 162:
Interior and Finance. While the Min
Page 163 and 164:
and generally describe the three No
Page 165 and 166:
In order to access the three Northe
Page 167 and 168:
Governorate of Sulaymaniyah Persons
Page 169 and 170:
v. Risk of Persecution or Other Ser
Page 171 and 172:
In addition, non-Kurdish persons, p
Page 173 and 174:
Conclusion Availability of an inter
Page 175 and 176:
to flee Iraq have done so illegally
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explosives blew up. Two people were
Page 179 and 180:
• On 2 July 2003, an armed assaul
Page 181 and 182:
• 18 September 2006: Gunmen kille
Page 183 and 184:
• 17 December 2003: An angry mob
Page 185 and 186:
Annex IV: Attacks on Government Off
Page 187 and 188:
• 2 May 2006: A suicide car bombe
Page 189 and 190:
• 5 December 2006: Dr. Mohammed H
Page 191 and 192:
Annex VI: Attacks on Doctors and Ot
Page 193 and 194:
• 1 July - 31 August 2006: Accord
Page 195 and 196:
Annex VIII: Attacks on Athletes and
Page 197 and 198:
Annex IX: Attacks on Palestinian Re
Page 199 and 200:
Palestinian family fled the hospita
Page 201 and 202:
Annex X: Selected Bibliography Note
Page 203 and 204:
IWPR, Baghdad Gays Fear for Their L
Page 205 and 206:
Senanayake, Sumedha, Iraq: Ethnic T
Page 207 and 208:
W Wilson, Scott, Iraqis Killing For
Page 209:
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