UNHCR's ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE ...
UNHCR's ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE ...
UNHCR's ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE ...
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Table of Contents<br />
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................6<br />
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................9<br />
A. Current Situation in Iraq....................................................................................... 9<br />
B. Summary of Main Groups Perpetrating Violence and Groups at Risk ............ 9<br />
1. Main Groups Practicing Violence............................................................................... 9<br />
2. Main Groups at Risk ................................................................................................. 10<br />
3. Arab Refugees........................................................................................................... 14<br />
C. Assessing the International Protection Needs of Iraqi Asylum-Seekers.......... 14<br />
1. Overall Approach...................................................................................................... 14<br />
2. Refugee Status Under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of<br />
Refugees ................................................................................................................... 16<br />
I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................21<br />
II. BACKGROUND IN<strong>FOR</strong>MATION....................................................................23<br />
A. Security, Political and Human Rights Situation ................................................ 23<br />
B. Constitutional and Legislative Situation ............................................................ 27<br />
1. Freedom of Religion ................................................................................................. 28<br />
2. De-Arabization.......................................................................................................... 29<br />
3. Personal Status .......................................................................................................... 31<br />
4. Criminal Sanctions.................................................................................................... 32<br />
5. National Security....................................................................................................... 34<br />
III. MAIN GROUPS PRACTICING VIOLENCE..................................................35<br />
A. General .................................................................................................................. 35<br />
B. Lack of National Protection................................................................................. 35<br />
C. Main Groups Perpetrating Violence................................................................... 37<br />
1. Insurgent Groups....................................................................................................... 37<br />
2. Iraqi Security Forces and Shi’ite militias.................................................................. 40<br />
3. Criminal Groups........................................................................................................ 44<br />
4. Kurdish Armed Forces .............................................................................................. 45<br />
5. Family, Community, Tribe........................................................................................ 45<br />
IV. PARTICULAR GROUPS AT RISK ..................................................................47<br />
A. Religious Groups................................................................................................... 47<br />
1. Muslims..................................................................................................................... 47<br />
a) Shi’ites and Sunnis Civilians......................................................................... 47<br />
i) Historical Background of the Sectarian Division in Iraq ................... 47<br />
ii) The Emergence of the Current Sectarian Violence ............................ 48<br />
iii) Current Situation ................................................................................ 50<br />
iv) Affected Areas ................................................................................... 53<br />
b) Shi’ite-Sunni Mixed Families ........................................................................ 55<br />
c) Shabak ........................................................................................................... 55<br />
2. Non-Muslim Religious Groups ................................................................................. 57<br />
a) Christians ...................................................................................................... 59<br />
i) General............................................................................................... 59<br />
ii) Displacement of Christians Since 2003.............................................. 60<br />
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