UNHCR's ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE ...

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The Governorates with the highest presence of new IDPs (Al-Anbar, Baghdad, Diyala, Salah Al-Din, Babylon, Kerbala, Missan and Najaf) feature an average unemployment rate which is typically much higher than the national average. UNAMI estimates that the national unemployment rate is some 50 percent rising to 70 percent in the worst affected provinces, such as Al-Anbar. It is important to note that the pace and scale of displacement is causing increasing distress to already unstable labour markets. Both the displaced and host communities are affected by both shortages in job opportunities and the likelihood of reduced wages as a result of the local labour surplus. Heightened employment shortages and inflationary pressures linked to IDPs’ concentration may result in tensions between IDPs and their host communities. v. Access to Education Access to education for IDP children is increasingly problematic. Overcrowded schools with a shortage of equipment, school supplies and teachers are unable to support additional students. In some cases, IDP children are denied registration. Poor maintenance, unreachable roads and a lack of bus transportation also limit access to education. Some schools have been closed because of occupation by military groups and the MNF, or, due to security concerns, are temporarily closed or have schedules disrupted. c) Conclusion In light of the overall situation in Central and Southern Iraq, UNHCR considers that on the whole an internal flight or relocation alternative would not be relevant or reasonable, given, in particular, the existence of widespread violence and prevalent human rights violations, the physical risks and legal barriers encountered in reaching other areas, as well as the serious difficulties faced in accessing basic services and ensuring economic survival in a situation of displacement. 2. IFA/IRA in the Three Northern Governorates of Sulaymaniyah, Erbil and Dahuk a) Overall Situation The security situation in the three Northern Governorates has been less precarious than in Central and Southern Iraq. Since the end of the PUK-KDP fighting in 1997, the security situation has stabilized and local authorities have committed themselves to increasing security against external and internal threats. However, the security situation remains tense and unpredictable for the following, primarily political, reasons: a. There is anticipation that the conflict prevailing in the other parts of the country, in particular in the Governorates of Kirkuk and Ninewa, might spill over to the three Northern Governorates; b. Despite the recent unification of the two KRG administrations, the exercise of joint control still needs to be demonstrated on the crucial portfolios of Peshmerga Affairs, 160
Interior and Finance. While the Ministry of Extra Regional Affairs has been nominated as the Ministry responsible for displacement issues, it is a new Ministry and will take time before it can effectively carry out its responsibilities; c. Apparent Kurdish ambitions to expand their areas of control, in particular in the Governorates of Kirkuk and Ninewa, are being met with concern from Arab and Turkmen communities, as well as Turkey and Iran; d. Tensions are expected to rise in view of a popular referendum on the status of Kirkuk and other disputed areas slated for 2007; 810 e. The reported presence of some 5,000 PKK and 1,000 PJAK fighters in Northern Iraq is a cause for concern. A number of attacks inside Turkey allegedly perpetrated by PKK fighters operating from Northern Iraq prompted Turkey to threaten Iraq with military retaliation. Both Turkey and Iran continue to have troops on the border and carried out operations against Kurdish fighters along the Iraqi border last year. 811 The Iraqi Government’s repeated promise to close down all PKK offices in the country has yet to fully materialize; 812 f. Radical Islamic elements, offshoots from Ansar Al-Islam (an indigenous Kurdish Islamist Movement) which during the 2003 US-led invasion was attacked by Coalition and Kurdish forces for reportedly providing a safe haven to major terrorist groups, have regrouped, mainly near the Iraqi-Iranian border. They are held responsible for (suicide) attacks in the Kurdistan Region, primarily against senior PUK/KDP political and military officials; 813 810 See also “De-Arabization”. 811 AP, Iraq warns Turkey against cross-border operation, 21 February 2007, http://www.metimes.com/ storyview.php?StoryID=20070221-115132-9033r; Vincent Boland and Guy Dinmore, Turkey weighs crossborder attack on PKK separatists, The Financial Times, 1 February 2007, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8b5425fab199-11db-b901-0000779e2340.html; Reuters Alertnet, Turk PM asserts right to intervene in Iraq, raps US, 12 January 2007, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L12896544.htm; The Christian Science Monitor, Turkey sharpens response to upsurge in Kurd violence, 29 August 2006, http://www.csmonitor.com/ 2006/0829/p10s01-woeu.html; see also The Guardian, Kurds flee homes as Iran shells Iraq’s northern frontier, 18 August 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1852843,00.html; Oxford Analytica, Tensions mount at Iraq-Turkey border, 25 July 2006, http://www.hillnews.com/thehill/export/TheHill/ Comment/OpEd/072506_oxford.html; RFE/RL, Iraq: Turkey Threatens Military Incursion, 21 July 2006, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/07/04C77744-2F65-4989-B6DE-D00564FD5DB8.html; IRIN, Iraq: Officials warn of displacement following attacks, 28 May 2006, http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx? reportid=26911; ibidem, Iraq: Kurdish families flee as Iran shells rebel positions, 2 May 2006, http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26335. 812 UPI, Iraq Promises Crackdown On PKK, 18 November 2006, http://www.washingtontimes.com/upi/ 20061118-014937-3262r.htm; CNN, Iraq to close offices of Kurdish separatist group, 19 September 2006, http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/09/19/iraq.main/index.html. 813 UNHCR, 2006 Return Advisory, p. 6, see above footnote 7. 161
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UNHCR’s ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FO
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iii) Current Situation ............
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a) Overall Situation ..............
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IOM International Organization for
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. Current Situat
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and gatherings, Shi’ite religious
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Government Officials and Other Pers
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Iraqi Asylum-Seekers From Central a
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considered to be well-founded. To t
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affiliated with criminal groups. In
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expand on the legal and policy guid
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The general chaos following the inv
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countries. While a good part of the
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evenues. 41 An understanding of var
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Article 140 of the Constitution cal
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the Middle East in terms of women
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epealed the CPA’s decision to sus
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The Iraqi judiciary continues to be
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Several groups, including the Mujah
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Al-Sunna. In addition, members of t
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dominated Special Police Commando u
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military commander in Iraq, General
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IV. PARTICULAR GROUPS AT RISK A. Re
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to Osama Bin Laden, the Shi’ites
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Shi’ite militias on the other han
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underscored how explosive the confl
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of the latest security crack-down i
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Ninewa Plains in particular have be
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The overall climate results in non-
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efuge in the three Northern Governo
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an international court. 261 Several
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The alleged main perpetrators of at
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In the current climate of religious
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prohibition to kill, lie, commit ad
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Mandaeans as belonging to the “Pe
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have found refuge with the Sabaean-
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distributed to homes in Baghdad gav
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Estimates of the number of Yazidis
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Yazidis are furthermore organized i
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AP reported in October 2006 that
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apostasy and a threat to public ord
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KRG. Mr. Falak Al-Deen Kakai, senio
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“those Iraqis who had lost their
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government offices, 441 and changin
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security, of transferring hundreds
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2. Roma (Kawliyah) 461 a) Introduct
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Ghraib and was known for its strong
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Sunnis willing to denounce violence
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CPA began to allow some vetted ex-B
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It has been documented that attacks
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een killed in Iraq and another 491
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Acts committed against employees or
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E. Government Officials and Other P
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Page 115 and 116: inside the media compound, refrain
Page 117 and 118: 3. Artists Iraqi artists, actors an
Page 119 and 120: groups for not giving priority to t
Page 121 and 122: population at large and bring the c
Page 123 and 124: after their release. 660 UNAMI HRO
Page 125 and 126: International Covenant on Civil and
Page 127 and 128: evidence that over forty people had
Page 129 and 130: Both sexes have become victims of s
Page 131 and 132: V. ELIGIBILITY FOR INTERNATIONAL PR
Page 133 and 134: those countries, even only on a tem
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Page 137 and 138: cause. 733 More than one Convention
Page 139 and 140: C. Exclusion From International Ref
Page 141 and 142: a) Before the Fall of the Former Re
Page 143 and 144: ) War Crimes War crimes are serious
Page 145 and 146: in mind when assessing crimes commi
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Page 151 and 152: D. Internal Flight or Relocation Al
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Page 159: It has been reported that new IDPs,
Page 163 and 164: and generally describe the three No
Page 165 and 166: In order to access the three Northe
Page 167 and 168: Governorate of Sulaymaniyah Persons
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Page 171 and 172: In addition, non-Kurdish persons, p
Page 173 and 174: Conclusion Availability of an inter
Page 175 and 176: to flee Iraq have done so illegally
Page 177 and 178: explosives blew up. Two people were
Page 179 and 180: • On 2 July 2003, an armed assaul
Page 181 and 182: • 18 September 2006: Gunmen kille
Page 183 and 184: • 17 December 2003: An angry mob
Page 185 and 186: Annex IV: Attacks on Government Off
Page 187 and 188: • 2 May 2006: A suicide car bombe
Page 189 and 190: • 5 December 2006: Dr. Mohammed H
Page 191 and 192: Annex VI: Attacks on Doctors and Ot
Page 193 and 194: • 1 July - 31 August 2006: Accord
Page 195 and 196: Annex VIII: Attacks on Athletes and
Page 197 and 198: Annex IX: Attacks on Palestinian Re
Page 199 and 200: Palestinian family fled the hospita
Page 201 and 202: Annex X: Selected Bibliography Note
Page 203 and 204: IWPR, Baghdad Gays Fear for Their L
Page 205 and 206: Senanayake, Sumedha, Iraq: Ethnic T
Page 207 and 208: W Wilson, Scott, Iraqis Killing For
Page 209: s�—�2q��
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