UNHCR's ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE ...

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Travel by Air For those who can afford it, airplane travel has become more readily available via the three major airports in Basra, Baghdad and Erbil. However, insurgents are targeting Baghdad International Airport, which is located 20km southwest of Baghdad and also serves as a US military base (Camp Victory). 797 Civilian and military aircraft arriving to and departing from the airport have been subjected to attack by small arms and missiles. 798 In addition, insecurity and lack of proper maintenance of Iraq’s aircrafts often lead to cancellations and delays. 799 Insurgents reportedly have also targeted Erbil Airport. 800 The US Embassy (and the UN) prohibits all US government employees from departing Baghdad International Airport on commercial airlines. 801 The road to the airport, a 12km stretch of highway linking the airport to the International Zone has been a regular target for insurgents and was labelled the most dangerous road in Iraq. Travellers on the road face constant threats from IEDs, small arms fire and RPG attacks. 802 Incidents had lessened somewhat over the latter part of 2006. They have, however, risen again in 2007, and fatal attacks continue to take place on an almost daily basis. 803 iv. Restrictions on Entry/Residency and/or Locations of Settlement Furthermore, some neighbourhoods in Baghdad and the local authorities in several Governorates have imposed restrictions on the entry and residence of IDPs and/or their locations of settlement. Measures or restrictions designed to halt new entries into some Governorates/areas/cities are motivated by security, economic (limited municipal resources) saturation-related and political considerations. It is important to note that 797 On 7 March 2007, four mortar rounds crashed into the airport compound, including one which struck the main terminal; see Reuters, Mortars strike Baghdad airport, no casualties, 8 March 2007, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/KHA838258.htm. On 11 March 2006, explosives were found near a Royal Jordanian Airways plane at Baghdad Airport; see FCO, Travel Advise by Country – Iraq, see above footnote 790. 798 FCO, Travel Advise by Country – Iraq, see above footnote 790; USDOS, Travel Warning – Iraq, see above footnote 790. See also: SITE Institute, according to which the Islamic State of Iraq issued a communiqué on 23 March 2007, claiming responsibility for launching an attack on the aircraft carrying the “Crusader” Australian Prime Minister, John Howard, during his 18 March 2007 visit; SITE Institute, Islamic State of Iraq Claims Attack on Aircraft Carrying Australian Prime Minister, John Howard, 23 March 2007, http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications265807&Category=publications&Subcategory=0. 799 Hannah Allam, Commercial flights provide a bird’s-eye view of Iraq’s problems, McClatchy Newspapers, 15 March 2007, http://www.realcities.com/mld/krwashington/news/columnists/hannah_allam/ 16911111.htm?source=rss&channel=krwashington_hannah_allam. 800 FCO, Travel Advise by Country – Iraq, see above footnote 790; USDOS, Travel Warning – Iraq, see above footnote 790. 801 USDOS, Travel Warning – Iraq, see above footnote 790. 802 See, for example, John F. Burns, Terror on Iraq’s “Death Street”, The New York Times, 30 May 2005, http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/29/news/street.php; Jill Caroll and Dan Murphy, Toughest commute in Iraq? The six miles to the airport, The Christian Science Monitor, 26 April 2005, http://www.csmonitor.com/ 2005/0426/p01s03-woiq.html. 803 Assessment received by UNAMI/Safety and Security Unit by e-mail on 23 May 2007. 156
egulations regarding entry and residency are subject to change without prior notice, such that the information provided below may no longer be current by the time of publication of these Guidelines. Access of IDPs to the city of Fallujah in the Governorate of Al-Anbar and the Governorates of Kerbala, Basrah 804 and Babylon 805 is restricted to families originating from these areas, due to overcrowding of public buildings, overloading of basic services and security concerns. In the Governorate of Najaf, IDPs not originating from the city of Najaf are not allowed to settle in the city centre but must live in suburbs or outer districts. As a consequence, the Ministry of Displacement and Migration (MoDM) is no longer registering IDPs not originating from these areas. For example, there are reports that in the Governorate of Kerbala approximately 5,000 IDP families are not registered and accordingly do not have access to services (see below). Latest reports suggest that persons identified as IDPs (e.g. carrying personal belongings or furniture) are being turned away at entry checkpoints. Registration of new IDPs in the Governorate of Kirkuk is hindered by political motives related to the upcoming referendum on the status of the Governorate later in 2007. Reportedly, the local authorities issued an order banning new IDPs from the Governorate, though it appears not to be fully enforced. For security purposes, local authorities in the Governorates of Thi-Qar and Muthanna began in early 2007 to register IDPs only if they belonged to one of the tribes in these Governorates. IDPs are required to register with the National Security Directorate and need to have a sponsor who must be a local government employee. Only if these conditions are met will the IDP be registered by MoDM. Failure to register may result in blocked access to basic services, including food rations, fuel and any kind of protection. Persons relocating to the aforementioned Governorates may be at risk of expulsion or face undue hardship if only allowed to reside outside the city centers with little access to services and subject to possible rejection by local communities. 806 b) The Reasonableness Analysis Overall, for the reasons set out below and as demonstrated by the difficulties faced by IDPs in Central and Southern Iraq, UNHCR considers it unreasonable to expect an individual fleeing persecution in Iraq to relocate to an area in Central and Southern Iraq. Such an individual would not be able to lead a relatively normal life without undue hardship. Lack of basic facilities and difficulties with livelihoods and survival render it extremely harsh for 804 Until recently, IDPs had to provide evidence that they originate from a mixed area and that their displacement was caused by sectarian violence. 805 In the Governorate of Babel, professionals are allowed to enter even if they do not originate from the Governorate. 806 Cluster F, Update 23 May 2007, see above footnote 22. 157
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UNHCR’s ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FO
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iii) Current Situation ............
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a) Overall Situation ..............
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IOM International Organization for
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. Current Situat
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and gatherings, Shi’ite religious
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Government Officials and Other Pers
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Iraqi Asylum-Seekers From Central a
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considered to be well-founded. To t
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affiliated with criminal groups. In
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expand on the legal and policy guid
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The general chaos following the inv
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countries. While a good part of the
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evenues. 41 An understanding of var
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Article 140 of the Constitution cal
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the Middle East in terms of women
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epealed the CPA’s decision to sus
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The Iraqi judiciary continues to be
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Several groups, including the Mujah
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Al-Sunna. In addition, members of t
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dominated Special Police Commando u
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military commander in Iraq, General
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IV. PARTICULAR GROUPS AT RISK A. Re
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to Osama Bin Laden, the Shi’ites
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Shi’ite militias on the other han
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underscored how explosive the confl
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of the latest security crack-down i
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Ninewa Plains in particular have be
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The overall climate results in non-
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efuge in the three Northern Governo
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an international court. 261 Several
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The alleged main perpetrators of at
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In the current climate of religious
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prohibition to kill, lie, commit ad
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Mandaeans as belonging to the “Pe
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have found refuge with the Sabaean-
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distributed to homes in Baghdad gav
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Estimates of the number of Yazidis
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Yazidis are furthermore organized i
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AP reported in October 2006 that
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apostasy and a threat to public ord
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KRG. Mr. Falak Al-Deen Kakai, senio
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“those Iraqis who had lost their
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government offices, 441 and changin
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security, of transferring hundreds
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2. Roma (Kawliyah) 461 a) Introduct
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Ghraib and was known for its strong
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Sunnis willing to denounce violence
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CPA began to allow some vetted ex-B
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It has been documented that attacks
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een killed in Iraq and another 491
Page 105 and 106: Acts committed against employees or
Page 107 and 108: E. Government Officials and Other P
Page 109 and 110: 3. Persons Opposing the Ruling Part
Page 111 and 112: 3,250 professors had fled Iraq sinc
Page 113 and 114: There are a number of possible moti
Page 115 and 116: inside the media compound, refrain
Page 117 and 118: 3. Artists Iraqi artists, actors an
Page 119 and 120: groups for not giving priority to t
Page 121 and 122: population at large and bring the c
Page 123 and 124: after their release. 660 UNAMI HRO
Page 125 and 126: International Covenant on Civil and
Page 127 and 128: evidence that over forty people had
Page 129 and 130: Both sexes have become victims of s
Page 131 and 132: V. ELIGIBILITY FOR INTERNATIONAL PR
Page 133 and 134: those countries, even only on a tem
Page 135 and 136: violence on a daily basis. Ordinary
Page 137 and 138: cause. 733 More than one Convention
Page 139 and 140: C. Exclusion From International Ref
Page 141 and 142: a) Before the Fall of the Former Re
Page 143 and 144: ) War Crimes War crimes are serious
Page 145 and 146: in mind when assessing crimes commi
Page 147 and 148: groups (pre-2003) or insurgency or
Page 149 and 150: A plausible explanation regarding t
Page 151 and 152: D. Internal Flight or Relocation Al
Page 153 and 154: Travel by Road Road travel in Iraq,
Page 155: with armed conflict between the MNF
Page 159 and 160: It has been reported that new IDPs,
Page 161 and 162: Interior and Finance. While the Min
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Page 165 and 166: In order to access the three Northe
Page 167 and 168: Governorate of Sulaymaniyah Persons
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Page 171 and 172: In addition, non-Kurdish persons, p
Page 173 and 174: Conclusion Availability of an inter
Page 175 and 176: to flee Iraq have done so illegally
Page 177 and 178: explosives blew up. Two people were
Page 179 and 180: • On 2 July 2003, an armed assaul
Page 181 and 182: • 18 September 2006: Gunmen kille
Page 183 and 184: • 17 December 2003: An angry mob
Page 185 and 186: Annex IV: Attacks on Government Off
Page 187 and 188: • 2 May 2006: A suicide car bombe
Page 189 and 190: • 5 December 2006: Dr. Mohammed H
Page 191 and 192: Annex VI: Attacks on Doctors and Ot
Page 193 and 194: • 1 July - 31 August 2006: Accord
Page 195 and 196: Annex VIII: Attacks on Athletes and
Page 197 and 198: Annex IX: Attacks on Palestinian Re
Page 199 and 200: Palestinian family fled the hospita
Page 201 and 202: Annex X: Selected Bibliography Note
Page 203 and 204: IWPR, Baghdad Gays Fear for Their L
Page 205 and 206: Senanayake, Sumedha, Iraq: Ethnic T
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W Wilson, Scott, Iraqis Killing For
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