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E-Commerce and Executive Information Systems 105 facilitator of business activities in the world today. It is assumed that members of an organization will reap the fruits of new technologies and that computers have no negative impact on society, organizations and people. IS are technology-based innovations created and used by individuals, organizations and societies (Allen, 2000). Technological advances have allowed organizations to utilize IT applications in all aspects of organizational management (Khosrowpour, 1998). IS to support senior executives have been available for well over a decade (Poon & Wagner, 2001). EIS grew out of the development of IS to be used directly by executives and used to augment the supply of information by subordinates (Srivihok, 1998). EIS is a technology that is continually emerging in response to managers’ specific decision-making needs (Turban et al., 1999). The ubiquitous nature of the Internet and its universal connectivity/networked capability are dramatically revolutionizing the manner in which organizations and individuals access and share information (Anandarajan & Simmers, 2001). Many organizations hope to achieve general distributed computing across large networks or even across organizational boundaries (PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 2000). The adoption of networks in day-to-day and critical organizational operations has made them indispensable for co-operative work (Theoharakis & Serpanos, 2002). Advances in computer technologies combined with telecommunication technologies have lead to the development of the Internet and its most popular application, the World Wide Web (‘the Web’) (Khosrowpour, 2000). A new set of challenges has arizen as organizations integrate IT into all functions and activities of the modern organization (Khosrowpour & Liebowitz, 1997). As the usage of IT increases, Web-enabled information technologies can provide the means for greater access to information from disparate computer applications and other information resources (Eder, 2000). Many organizations have benefited from the technologies of the Web (Khosrowpour, 1998). These technologies include: intranet, Internet, extranet, e-commerce, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and other mobile technologies. E-commerce and its impact on EIS implementation and usage is the focus of this chapter. There exists a high degree of similarity between the characteristics of a ‘good EIS’ and Web-based technologies (Tang et al., 1997). Executives deal mostly with ill-structured decision-making (Lee & Chen, 1997). Definitions of e-commerce and e-business are varied (see, for example, Rockart & DeLong, 1998; Carlsson & Widmeyer, 1990; Watson et al., 1991; Westland & Walls, 1991; Whymark, 1991; Millet & Mawhinney, 1992; Rainer et al., 1992). All definitions identify the need for information that supports decisions about the business as the most important reason for the existence of EIS (Khan, 1996). Executives use EIS to extract, filter, compress and track critical data (Butler, Copyright © 2003, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
106 Erwin and Averweg 1992). EIS also allow executives seamless access to complex multi-dimensional models so that they can see their business at a glance (Harris, 2000). EIS applications support executive information needs and decision-making activities (Gillan & McPherson, 1993). An effective way to evaluate the success of an EIS is to obtain opinions from the executive users (Monash University, 1996). In this chapter, EIS is defined as “a computerized system that provides executives with… access to internal and external information that is relevant to their critical success factors” (Watson et al., 1997). While a definition is useful, describing the capabilities and characteristics of EIS provides a richer understanding. Earlier studies described EIS capabilities that are focused on providing information that serves executive needs. Srivihok (1998) reports that these capabilities are concerned with both the quality of the system (e.g., user friendliness) and information quality (e.g., relevance). Sprague and Watson (1996) identify the following capabilities or characteristics of EIS: • tailored to individual executive users; • extract, filter, compress and track critical data; • provide online status access, trend analysis, exception reporting and ‘drill down’; • access and integrate a broad range of internal and external data; • user-friendly and require little or no training to use; • used directly by executives without intermediaries; and • present graphical, tabular and/or textual information. Other researchers suggest additional capabilities and characteristics of EIS: • flexible and adaptable (Carlsson & Widmeyer, 1990); • should contain tactical or strategic information that executives do not currently receive (Burkan, 1991); • facilitate executives’ activities in management such as scanning, communication and delegating (Westland & Walls, 1991); • make executive work more effective and efficient (Friend, 1992); • assist upper management to make more effective decisions (Warmouth & Yen, 1992); • incorporate an historical ‘data cube’ and ‘soft’ information (Mallach, 1994) (‘datacube’ is a structure in which data is organized at the core of a multidimensional online analytical processing (OLAP) system (Ross, 2001) and ‘soft’ information includes opinions, ideas, predictions, attitudes, and plans); • provide support for electronic communications (Rainer & Watson, 1995a); and Copyright © 2003, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
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Acquisition Editor: Mehdi Khosrow-P
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The Economic and Social Impacts of
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vi Preface E-commerce is not new, t
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viii the e-commerce’s experience
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x In the sixth chapter, Rick Gibson
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Chapter III Adverse Effects of E-Co
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Adverse Effects of E-Commerce 35 pr
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Adverse Effects of E-Commerce 39 En
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Adverse Effects of E-Commerce 43 su
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The Emerging Need for E-Commerce Ac
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E-Learning is a Social Tool for E-C
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Electronic Commerce and Data Privac
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Figure 1: Research Model ANTECEDENT
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Figure 2: Final Model TK Gender Age
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Privacy Concerns a. The government
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About the Authors 259 Eric Cloete B
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About the Authors 261 Technikon. He
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A absenteeism 191 accreditation 247
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low mean values 171 M management 14
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