The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society
The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society
388 FRANÇOIS THIERRY 31. 至公至正,無黨無偏 Chí công chí chính, vô đảng vô thiên Ch. Zhi gong zhi zheng, wu dang wu pian // Impartiality and rectitude at their utmost, impartiality without favouritism. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng 136 and Tự Đức 137 eras. Impartiality (gong 公) and rectitude (zheng 正) are two of the principal virtues of an exemplary ruler exercising his power; and these two terms appear in all the Confucian works. Li Yuangang 李元綱 of the Song dynasty wrote in his Houdelu 厚德錄: ‘When impartiality and rectitude are at their utmost, there is no need for private interests to harm public interests’ (Zhi gong zhi zheng, bu yi si hai gong 至 公至正,不以私害公). The second part of the inscription comes from The Great Plan of the Book of Documents (Shujing): ‘The Way of the King is vast and wide, impartial and without favouritism’ (Wang dao dangdang, wu dang wu pian 王道蕩 蕩,無黨無偏). See also type 42. 138 32. 萬歲萬歲萬萬歲壽 Vạn tuế vạn tuế vạn vạn tuế thọ Ch. Wan sui wan sui wan wan sui shou // Ten thousand years, ten thousand years, ten thousand times ten thousand years, longevity. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng 139 and Tự Đức 140 eras. 33. 穆穆,皇皇,濟濟,蹌蹌 Mục mục hoàng hoàng, tề tề thương thương Ch. Mu mu, huang huang, ji ji, qiang qiang // Admirable, majestic, solemn, dignifi ed. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng, 141 Thiệu Trị142 and Tự Đức143 eras. On the coins of Minh Mạng, the inscription appears in the form 穆ㄑ皇ㄑ濟ㄑ蹌ㄑ. The fi rst four characters appear in the poem Jiale 假樂: ‘Admirable, majestic, bringing good to lords, and good to princes’ (mumu huanghuang, yi jun yi wang 穆 穆皇皇,宜君宜王). 144 The last four characters come from the poem Chuci 楚茨: ‘With serious manner and dignifi ed step, we go to choose the cow and sheep (for 136 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 425; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 134; AS, III, p. 12; AMM, no. V73; CMV, no. 1542; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 145. 137 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 479; CMV, no. 1796; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 189. 138 Shujing, IV-IV, p. 201. 139 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 419; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 135; CMV, no. 1545; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 146. 140 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 466; CMV, no. 1799. 141 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 424; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 136; AS, III, p. 13; CMV, no. 1532; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 147. 142 CMV, no. 1610. 143 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 468; CMV, no. 1793; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 190. 144 Shijing, Daya-II-5, p. 359. Waley (Book of Songs, p. 181, no. 172) translates this as ‘Solemn and majestic,/bringing good to lords and princes.’
THE CONFUCIAN MESSAGE ON VIETNAMESE COINS 389 sacrifi ce)’ (jiji qiangqiang, xie er niu yang 濟濟蹌蹌,絜爾牛羊). 145 The fi fth and sixth characters (ji ji 濟濟) appear in the poem Yupu 棫樸, where the second verse reads: ‘Solemn is our lord, all sides turn to him’ (jiji bi wang, zuo you qu zhi 濟濟 辟王,左右趣之). 146 In this poem, Zhou gong 周公, duke of Zhou, the youngest son of King Wen, reminds his nephew Cheng (for whom he was acting as regent) of the meritorious achievements of his grandfather: ‘King Wen was admirable, for his perfect self-discipline’ (Mumu Wen wang, yu qi xi jing zhi 穆穆文王,於緝熙敬 止; 147 this passage also appears in The Great Learning 148 and in the Ziyi in the Book of Rites (Liji). 149 34. 河流順軌,年穀豐登 Hà lưu thuận quĩ, niên cốc phong đăng Ch. He liu shun gui, nian gu feng deng // When the rivers follow their course, the annual harvest is abundant. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng, 150 Thiệu Trị 151 and Tự Đức 152 eras. The fi rst part is a construction which derives from various phrases which appear in the Chinese dynastic histories, indicating that a particular wandering river has been dammed and brought under control, 153 for example, ‘the Huai River follows its course’ (Huai liu shun gui 淮流順軌), and ‘the Yellow River (Huang He) follows its course’ (Huanghe shun gui 黃河順軌).There is also the expression ‘May mountains and earth be calm for a long time, may rivers follow their course’ (shan di jiu an, he liu shun gui 山地久安,河流順軌), a wish for no earthquakes and no fl oods. The second part is a slightly modifi ed version of the passage in the Long tao (see also type 27); and there is the similar expression ‘the fi ve grains abundant and magnifi cent’ (wu gu feng chang五穀豐昌) in the Huainanzi: ‘The fi ve grains abundant and magnifi cent, the winds and the rain coming at the right time. Battles victorious abroad, happiness is born at home’ (wu gu feng chang, feng yu shijie, zhan sheng yu wai, fu sheng yu nei 五穀豐昌,風雨時節 戰勝於外,福生於內). 154 In the Yijing, the commentary of the hexagram dayou reads: ‘great abundance, a year in which grain is in abundance’. There is a similar text in the Hou Hanshu, which reports that the ninth year of the reign of Mingdi of the Eastern Han was a 145 Shijing, Xiaoya-VI-5, p. 276. Waley (Book of Songs, p. 209, no. 199) translates this as ‘In due order, treading cautiously,/We purify your oxen and sheep [for sacrifi ce].’ 146 Shijing, Daya-I-4, p. 330. Waley (Book of Songs, p. 266, no. 249) translates this as ‘Great is the magnifi cence of the lord king;/On either hand are those that speed for him.’ 147 Shijing, Daya-I-1, p. 321. Waley (Book of Songs, p. 250, no. 241) translates this as ‘August is Wên the King;/Oh, to be reverenced in his glittering light!’ 148 Daxue, III, p. 8. 149 Liji, XXXIII, p. 509. 150 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 427; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 137; AS, III, p. 10; CMV, no. 1546; Barker, no. Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, 148. 151 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 453; AMM, no. V132. 152 CMV, no. 1800. 153 Gui 軌 means ‘conforming to the rule’, ‘following its normal course’. 154 Huainanzi, XV, p. 269. The expression appears in the chapter Jingcheng in the Wenzi in the inverted form: feng yu shijie, wu gu feng chang (Wenzi-II, Chinese Text Project).
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388<br />
FRANÇOIS THIERRY<br />
31. 至公至正,無黨無偏 Chí công chí chính, vô đảng vô thiên<br />
Ch. Zhi gong zhi zheng, wu dang wu pian // Impartiality and rectitude at their<br />
utmost, impartiality without favouritism.<br />
Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng 136 and Tự Đức 137 eras.<br />
Impartiality (gong 公) and rectitude (zheng 正) are two of the principal virtues<br />
of an exemplary ruler exercising his power; and these two terms appear in all the<br />
Confucian works. Li Yuangang 李元綱 of the Song dynasty wrote in his Houdelu<br />
厚德錄: ‘When impartiality and rectitude are at their utmost, there is no need for<br />
private interests to harm public interests’ (Zhi gong zhi zheng, bu yi si hai gong 至<br />
公至正,不以私害公). <strong>The</strong> second part of the inscription comes from <strong>The</strong> Great<br />
Plan of the Book of Documents (Shujing): ‘<strong>The</strong> Way of the King is vast and wide,<br />
impartial and without favouritism’ (Wang dao dangdang, wu dang wu pian 王道蕩<br />
蕩,無黨無偏). See also type 42. 138<br />
32. 萬歲萬歲萬萬歲壽 Vạn tuế vạn tuế vạn vạn tuế thọ<br />
Ch. Wan sui wan sui wan wan sui shou // Ten thousand years, ten thousand years,<br />
ten thousand times ten thousand years, longevity.<br />
Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng 139 and Tự Đức 140 eras.<br />
33. 穆穆,皇皇,濟濟,蹌蹌 Mục mục hoàng hoàng, tề tề thương thương<br />
Ch. Mu mu, huang huang, ji ji, qiang qiang // Admirable, majestic, solemn,<br />
dignifi ed.<br />
Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng, 141 Thiệu Trị142 and Tự Đức143 eras. On<br />
the coins of Minh Mạng, the inscription appears in the form 穆ㄑ皇ㄑ濟ㄑ蹌ㄑ.<br />
<strong>The</strong> fi rst four characters appear in the poem Jiale 假樂: ‘Admirable, majestic,<br />
bringing good to lords, and good to princes’ (mumu huanghuang, yi jun yi wang 穆<br />
穆皇皇,宜君宜王). 144 <strong>The</strong> last four characters come from the poem Chuci 楚茨:<br />
‘With serious manner and dignifi ed step, we go to choose the cow and sheep (for<br />
136 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 425; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 134; AS,<br />
III, p. 12; AMM, no. V73; CMV, no. 1542; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 145.<br />
137 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 479; CMV, no. 1796; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt<br />
Nam, no. 189.<br />
138 Shujing, IV-IV, p. 201.<br />
139 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 419; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 135;<br />
CMV, no. 1545; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 146.<br />
140 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 466; CMV, no. 1799.<br />
141 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 424; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 136; AS,<br />
III, p. 13; CMV, no. 1532; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 147.<br />
142 CMV, no. 1610.<br />
143 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 468; CMV, no. 1793; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt<br />
Nam, no. 190.<br />
144 Shijing, Daya-II-5, p. 359. Waley (Book of Songs, p. 181, no. 172) translates this as ‘Solemn and<br />
majestic,/bringing good to lords and princes.’
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