The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society
The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society
386 FRANÇOIS THIERRY The fi rst part of the inscription is a variant of the famous expression ‘May the state be rich and the people well’ (guo fu min kang 國富民康), which appears in the Seven Principles (Qi qi 七啟) by Cao Zhi. 119 In this text, Cao Zhi presents a Confucian who tries to convince a Taoist to abandon his retirement in order to put his high ideals into practice and thereby make his country powerful. The fi rst four characters on this coin are taken from a passage in Chapter 14 of Shanchuanshen 山川神, in the Meng Liang lu 夢梁錄 (1214) by Wu Zimu 吳自牧 of the Southern Song dynasty: ‘First ask Heaven for the country to be calm, then keep the people at peace’ (shang qi guo tai, xia bao min an 上祈國泰,下保民安). 120 The second part is an extremely common phrase, taken from the Treatise on Rites and Ceremonies (Liyizhi 禮儀志) in the History of the Tang (Tangshu 唐書). 121 It is based on a passage in The Six Strategies (Liu Tao 六韜), a text from the Warring States period (fourth to third centuries BC) which became a classic of military strategy during the Three Kingdoms and during the Tang dynasty. When King Wu 武 of Zhou 周 questioned Prime Minister Jiang Taigong 姜太公 on military strategy and tactics, he replied: ‘It is because the wind and rain arrived at a favourable moment that the fi ve grains matured in abundance and that the territory of the State is at peace’ (shi gu feng yu shijie, wu gu feng shu, sheji anning 是故風雨時節,五穀豐熟,社稷安寧). 122 The same phrase, albeit reversed, is also seen in the poem Ode on Lychees (Lizhi tan 荔 枝嘆) by Su Shi 蘇軾 (a.k.a. Su Dongpo, 1037–1101): ‘with rain benefi cial and wind gentle all the grains matured, the people know not famine nor cold which is a happy omen for the ruler’ (Yu shun feng diao bai gu deng, min bu ji han wei shang rui 雨順 風調百穀登,民不饑寒為上瑞). 28. 華封三祝,天保九如 Hoa phong tam chúc, Thiên bảo cửu như Ch. Hua feng san zu, tian bao jiu ru // The three desires of Hua, the Nine Comparisons in [the poem] Tianbao. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng123 era. This type was dropped from the time of Thiệu Trị because it contained the taboo character Hoa 華 which was present in the personal name of the emperor’s mother (see above). The fi rst part of the inscription comes from Zhuangzi: ‘When Yao was inspecting the land of Hua, the offi cial appointed to this fi efdom said, ‘Longevity, wealth and many sons, these are what the people desire.’ (Yao guan hu Hua. Hua feng ren yue: […] shou fu duo nanzi, ren zhi suo yu ye 堯觀乎華。華封人曰:[…] 壽富多男子, also amulets which have just one of four-character phrases (ZGHQ, nos 365, 515), or one of them in association with another (ZGHQ, nos 675, 876; Lockhart, Glover collection, no. 1843). 119 The poet Cao Zhi 曹植 (192–232) was the son of the warlord Cao Cao who was responsible for the foundation of the Wei kingdom, of the Three Kingdoms. 120 Ciyuan, p. 454. 121 Tangshu, XXI, p. 822. 122 Long tao-IV, Chinese Text Project. See also type 34. 123 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 418; Schroeder, no. 131; CMV, no. 1534; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 141.
THE CONFUCIAN MESSAGE ON VIETNAMESE COINS 387 人之所欲也). 124 The same four characters are also found on the obverse of Chinese amulets which have a reverse depicting the symbols of the Eight Immortals. 125 The second part of the inscription is an allusion to the Nine Comparisons in the poem Tianbao in the Book of Odes (Shijing). See also type 37. 126 29. 得位得祿得名得壽 Đắc vị đắc lộc đắc danh đắc thọ Ch. De wei de lu de ming de shou // Achieve status, achieve riches, achieve reputation, achieve longevity. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng, 127 Thiệu Trị 128 and Tự Đức 129 eras. This expression is taken from the description of the emperor Shun 舜, at the end of the seventeenth chapter of The Doctrine of the Mean: ‘Because of his great virtue, it was inevitable that he would achieve status, inevitable that he would achieve riches, inevitable that he would achieve reputation, inevitable that he would achieve longevity’ (Gu da de bi de qi wei, bi de qi lu, bi de qi ming, bi de qi shou 故大德必 得其位,必得其祿,必得其名,必得其壽). 130 30. 六府孔修,三事允治 Lục phủ khổng tu, tam sự duẫn trị Ch. Liu fu Kong xiu, san shi yun zhi // The Six Treasuries maintained perfectly, the Three Occupations performed correctly. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng, 131 Thiệu Trị 132 and Tự Đức 133 eras. The fi rst part of this inscription describes the results of Yu’s good agricultural and water-controlling policies, under emperor Shun, and comes from the Tribute of Yu in the Book of Documents (Shangshu); 134 the second was developed in The Counsels of Yu the Great. 135 The Six Treasuries are water, fi re, metal, wood, earth and grains; the Three Occupations are to acquire the necessary goods (liyong 利用), assure the well-being of the people (ximin 錫民), and to maintain virtue (zhengde 正德). See also types 12 and 18. 124 Zhuangzi, XII-F, pp. 296–7. 125 Lu ZH, p. 329. 126 Shijing, Xiaoya-I-6, pp. 183–4. 127 Lacroix, no. 428; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 132; CMV, no. 1536; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 143. 128 AS, III, p.16. 129 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 477. 130 Zhongyong, XVII, p. 40. Legge (Four Books, p. 373) translates this as ‘Therefore having such virtue, it could not but be that he should obtain the throne, that he should obtain those riches, that he should obtain his fame, that he should attain to his long life.’ 131 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 429; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 133; CMV, no. 1540; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 144. 132 Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 169. 133 AS, III, p. 22. 134 Shujing, II-1, p. 86. 135 Shujing, I-3, p. 35.
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THE CONFUCIAN MESSAGE ON VIETNAMESE COINS 387<br />
人之所欲也). 124 <strong>The</strong> same four characters are also found on the obverse of Chinese<br />
amulets which have a reverse depicting the symbols of the Eight Immortals. 125<br />
<strong>The</strong> second part of the inscription is an allusion to the Nine Comparisons in the<br />
poem Tianbao in the Book of Odes (Shijing). See also type 37. 126<br />
29. 得位得祿得名得壽 Đắc vị đắc lộc đắc danh đắc thọ<br />
Ch. De wei de lu de ming de shou // Achieve status, achieve riches, achieve<br />
reputation, achieve longevity.<br />
Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng, 127 Thiệu Trị 128 and Tự Đức 129 eras.<br />
This expression is taken from the description of the emperor Shun 舜, at the end of<br />
the seventeenth chapter of <strong>The</strong> Doctrine of the Mean: ‘Because of his great virtue,<br />
it was inevitable that he would achieve status, inevitable that he would achieve<br />
riches, inevitable that he would achieve reputation, inevitable that he would achieve<br />
longevity’ (Gu da de bi de qi wei, bi de qi lu, bi de qi ming, bi de qi shou 故大德必<br />
得其位,必得其祿,必得其名,必得其壽). 130<br />
30. 六府孔修,三事允治 Lục phủ khổng tu, tam sự duẫn trị<br />
Ch. Liu fu Kong xiu, san shi yun zhi // <strong>The</strong> Six Treasuries maintained perfectly, the<br />
Three Occupations performed correctly.<br />
Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng, 131 Thiệu Trị 132 and Tự Đức 133 eras.<br />
<strong>The</strong> fi rst part of this inscription describes the results of Yu’s good agricultural and<br />
water-controlling policies, under emperor Shun, and comes from the Tribute of Yu<br />
in the Book of Documents (Shangshu); 134 the second was developed in <strong>The</strong> Counsels<br />
of Yu the Great. 135 <strong>The</strong> Six Treasuries are water, fi re, metal, wood, earth and grains;<br />
the Three Occupations are to acquire the necessary goods (liyong 利用), assure the<br />
well-being of the people (ximin 錫民), and to maintain virtue (zhengde 正德). See<br />
also types 12 and 18.<br />
124 Zhuangzi, XII-F, pp. 296–7.<br />
125 Lu ZH, p. 329.<br />
126 Shijing, Xiaoya-I-6, pp. 183–4.<br />
127 Lacroix, no. 428; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 132; CMV, no. 1536; Barker,<br />
Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 143.<br />
128 AS, III, p.16.<br />
129 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 477.<br />
130 Zhongyong, XVII, p. 40. Legge (Four Books, p. 373) translates this as ‘<strong>The</strong>refore having such<br />
virtue, it could not but be that he should obtain the throne, that he should obtain those riches, that he<br />
should obtain his fame, that he should attain to his long life.’<br />
131 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 429; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 133;<br />
CMV, no. 1540; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 144.<br />
132 Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 169.<br />
133 AS, III, p. 22.<br />
134 Shujing, II-1, p. 86.<br />
135 Shujing, I-3, p. 35.
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