The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society
The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society The Numismatic Chronicle 171 Offprint - Royal Numismatic Society
384 FRANÇOIS THIERRY was submission; as man and son, his aim was fi lial piety; as man and father, his aim was affection’ (wei ren jun zhi yu ren, wei ren chen zhi yu jing, wei ren zi zhi yu xiao, wei ren fu zhi yu ci 為人君止於仁,為人臣止於敬,為人子止於孝,為人父止 於慈). 108 26. 賢賢,親親,樂樂,利利 Hiền hiền, thân thân, lạc lạc, lợi lợi Ch. Xian xian, qin qin, le le, li li // Appreciate the wise, love one’s parents, enjoy pleasure, benefi t from gain. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng, 109 Thiệu Trị110 and Tự Đức111 eras. On coins of the Minh Mạng era, the inscription appears in the form 賢ㄑ親ㄑ樂ㄑ利ㄑ. These eight characters are a contraction of a passage in The Great Learning citing the Shijing: ‘The Shi[jing] says: Oh! The old kings are not forgotten. The princes appreciate the wise, and love their parents; the lesser people enjoy their pleasures and benefi t from their gains’ (Shi yun. Yuxi! Qian wang bu wang. Junzi xian qi xian, er qin qi qin, xiaoren le qi le, er li qi li 詩云。於戲。前王不忘,君子賢其賢而 親其親,小人樂其樂而利其利). 112 The fi rst two characters are found in the Lunyu in a more developed form: ‘appreciate wisdom over pleasure’ (xian xian yi se 賢賢 易色); 113 and a similar version is found at the end of the fourth chapter of The Great Learning. 114 The expression ‘love one’s parents’ (qin qin) is found many times in the Doctrine of the Mean. See also type 35. 27. 國泰民安,風調雨順 Quốc thái dân an, phong điều vũ thuận Ch. Guo tai min an, feng diao yu shun // The state calm, the people at peace, the wind gentle, the rain benefi cial. Inscription found on coins of the Minh Mạng (Fig. 6) 115 and Thiệu Trị (Fig 7) 116 eras. This inscription is not found with the niên hiệu Tự Đức because the character An 安 was made taboo in 1861 (see above). 108 Daxue, III, p. 8. Legge (Four Books, p. 318) translates this as ‘As a sovereign, he rested in benevolence. As a minister, he rested in reverence. As a son, he rested in fi lial piety. As a father, he rested in kindness.’ 109 Lacroix, Numismatique annamite, no. 426; Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 129; AMM, no. V70; CMV, no. 1528; Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 140. 110 CMVS, no. 428. 111 CMV, no. 1792. 112 Daxue, III, pp. 9–10. Legge (Four Books, p. 320) translates this as ‘In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “Ah! The former kings are not forgotten.” Future princes deem worthy what they deemed worthy, and love what they loved. The common people delight in what delighted them, and are benefi ted by their benefi cial arrangements.’ 113 Lunyu, I-7, p. 73. Legge (Four Books, p. 6) translates this as ‘If a man withdraws his mind from the love of beauty, and applies it as sincerely to the love of the virtuous…’ 114 Daxue, IV, pp. 9–10. 115 Schroeder, Annam. Etudes numismatiques, no. 130; AS, III, p. 11; CMV, no. 1533. Barker, Historical cash coins of Viêt Nam, no. 142. 116 CMV, no. 1629.
THE CONFUCIAN MESSAGE ON VIETNAMESE COINS 385 Fig. 6: Type 27, Minh Mạng thông bảo, diameter 51 mm, 26.64 g., BnF, CMV no. 1533 Fig. 7: Type 27, Thiệu Trị thông bảo, diameter 51.3 mm, 34.94 g., BnF, CMV no. 1629 This type is particularly relevant to Thánh Tổ because the Annals of the Đại Nam (Đại Nam thực lục 大南實錄) record that in the third moon of the fi rst year canhthìn 庚辰 of the Minh Mạng era (1820), during an audience at court, a mandarin respectfully presented to the emperor an ‘old coin’ which had the inscription 國泰 民安,風調雨順 The emperor had the coin passed around the mandarins who were present and sought their views on the date, but no one was able to say anything about it. The emperor then announced that although no one was able to determine the date of the coin, the inscription appeared to express a wish, and that if one was able to govern the empire in accordance with these eight characters, then it would surely be very rewarding indeed. 117 The piece shown to Thánh Tổ was probably a Chinese amulet: indeed there are several different types of amulet which have guo tai min an 國泰民安 on the obverse, and feng diao yu shun 風調雨順on the reverse. 118 117 DNTL, V, p.84. 118 ZGHQ, nos 635, 639. During the reign of Renzong of the Qing dynasty, in the Jia Qing era (1796– 1820) palace amulets were issued which had the inscription ‘May Jia Qing last 10,000 years’ Jia Qing wan nian 嘉慶萬年) on the obverse and Guo tai min an on the reverse (Lu ZH, p. 161); there are
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THE CONFUCIAN MESSAGE ON VIETNAMESE COINS 385<br />
Fig. 6: Type 27, Minh Mạng thông bảo, diameter 51 mm, 26.64 g., BnF,<br />
CMV no. 1533<br />
Fig. 7: Type 27, Thiệu Trị thông bảo, diameter 51.3 mm, 34.94 g., BnF,<br />
CMV no. 1629<br />
This type is particularly relevant to Thánh Tổ because the Annals of the Đại Nam<br />
(Đại Nam thực lục 大南實錄) record that in the third moon of the fi rst year canhthìn<br />
庚辰 of the Minh Mạng era (1820), during an audience at court, a mandarin<br />
respectfully presented to the emperor an ‘old coin’ which had the inscription 國泰<br />
民安,風調雨順 <strong>The</strong> emperor had the coin passed around the mandarins who were<br />
present and sought their views on the date, but no one was able to say anything about<br />
it. <strong>The</strong> emperor then announced that although no one was able to determine the date<br />
of the coin, the inscription appeared to express a wish, and that if one was able to<br />
govern the empire in accordance with these eight characters, then it would surely<br />
be very rewarding indeed. 117 <strong>The</strong> piece shown to Thánh Tổ was probably a Chinese<br />
amulet: indeed there are several different types of amulet which have guo tai min an<br />
國泰民安 on the obverse, and feng diao yu shun 風調雨順on the reverse. 118<br />
117 DNTL, V, p.84.<br />
118 ZGHQ, nos 635, 639. During the reign of Renzong of the Qing dynasty, in the Jia Qing era (1796–<br />
1820) palace amulets were issued which had the inscription ‘May Jia Qing last 10,000 years’ Jia Qing<br />
wan nian 嘉慶萬年) on the obverse and Guo tai min an on the reverse (Lu ZH, p. 161); there are
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