Conflict, Legitimacy and Government Reform: Equitable Allocation of ...

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Panel Discussion education, health, wealth, power and input into the decision making process is very much a function of where you are born and who are your parents. In looking at inequalities within countries the case of Brazil provides an illustration which sheds some light on the roots of inequality. One quarter of the inequalities in incomes in Brazil in 1996 was found to be determined by factors completely out of control of the individual: race, region of birth, parental education and paternal occupation at birth. While we do not have a quantifiable measure of their impact, we can argue that gender, family wealth and the quality of primary schools, all factors out of control of the individual, are also important determinants of power and wealth. 2 Compared to inequalities within countries, inequalities across countries are massive. Cross country differences begin with the opportunity for life itself: while 7 of every 1,000 American babies die in the first year of their lives, 126 of every 1,000 Malian babies do. Babies who survive, not only in Mali but in much of Africa and in the poorer countries of Asia and Latin America, are at much greater nutritional risk than their counterparts in rich countries. And if they go to school—more than 400 million adults in developing countries never did—their schools are substantially worse than those attended by children in Europe, Japan, or the United States. Given lower school quality, under nutrition, and the earnings a child can generate by working instead of studying, many children leave school early. The average person born between 1975 and 1979 in Sub-Saharan Africa has only 5.4 years of schooling. In South Asia, the figure rises to 6.3 years; in OECD countries, it is 13.4 years. Opportunities for the consumption of private goods differ vastly between rich and poor countries. While the average Nigerian may find it difficult to afford adequately nutritious meals every day, the average citizen of Luxembourg need not worry too much about buying the latest generation cell phone on the market. 3 2 World Development Report 2006 3 Ibid 91
92 KPI Congress XI In summary ‘equitable allocation of resources’ is about ensuring that everyone, regardless of their place of birth and their family background, have equal access to services, equal opportunities to make choices that will shape their future, and equal opportunities to have a say in the decisions that impact them and the world in which they live. Defining Governance, its Actors and Principles Governance is a broad field of study, and practitioners and theorists define it differently. There are many definitions of governance. We prefer a definition that speaks of governance not only as a destination, but as a journey. Governance is more than government, more than public administration, more than a governing model or structure, though of course these are important. Governance, and in particular good governance, is also about effective ways of continuously engaging various sectors of society. Governance is therefore closely aligned with democracy and the central role that citizens must play in any effective governance system. The Institute On Governance defines governance as the process whereby societies or organizations make their important decisions, determine who has voice, who is engaged in the process and how account is rendered. 4 Figure 1 illustrates the actors involved in governance and the relationships among those actors. Simply stated, governance actors include organizations within government 5 , civil society and business, with media forming a link among players in all three sectors. The diagram depicts these organizations with some overlap among them. It illustrates that organizations in all sectors exist in a context which is shaped by citizens and their traditions, values and cultures. 4 Laura Edgar, Claire Marshall and Michael Bassett, “Partnerships: Putting Good Governance Principles in Practice”, 2006. http://www.iog.ca/publications/ 2006_partnerships.pdf 5 Government includes the executive branch, the legislature and the judiciary.
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