Food-Processing-Plant-Design-layout

Food Processing Plant Design & layout
Proper mixing at optimum water quantity.
Careful placing, tamping and curing.
Using suitable water proofing compound.
15.11 Stones
Stones are obtained from rock, a portion of the earth‟s crust having no definite shape or
chemical composition. Stones are used as the construction material for the following.
Material for foundations and walls of buildings, dams, bridges
Material for road and concrete making in the form of either broken or crushed stones
called aggregates/ gravels/ peebles.
Used as thin slabs for paving/flooring.
Used as roofing tiles
Lime stones are used as a flux material in the blast furnaces
In view of several artificial materials developed recently for flooring and roof, the
use of natural stone in many applications has become limited.
15.11.1 Requirements of good structural stones
When stone is used as structural material, the following considerations are to be
considered.
(i) Strength: It should be sufficiently strong against crushing. The stones having more
compact grains with higher density are stronger. A dense and compact stone has very few
or no pores and thus does not absorb water. A stone of igneous origin is stronger than one
of sedimentary formation. A crystalline stone is superior to a non-crystalline one and the
finer the crystalline structure, the stronger it is. The specific gravity of good stone should
not be less than 2.7. It is desirable to have crushing strength of building stone more than 100
N/mm 2 . The crushing strength of some commonly used stone is given below.
· Granite: 75-127 N/mm 2
· Sand stone: 64 N/mm 2
· Lime stone: 54 N/mm 2
· Durability: It depends on (a) chemical composition (b) physical structure (c) weathering
effects and (d) place or position in the structure. It depends on type of stone and working
conditions.
· Appearance: The appearance of a stone in relation to the design is of great importance
from an architectural point of view. Appearance depends on the colour and the ease with
which stone can be dressed, rubbed or polished, for which slightly softer stone is selected. It
is desirable that the colour of stone is uniform, no weathering effect, and free from clay
holes.
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