Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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PREFACE Today, in a world with abundant food, more than 700 million people are chronically undernourished. Over the next 20 years, the world’s population will probably double. The global food supply would need to double or to triple for the larger population to be fed adequately. Agriculture is closely linked to environmental quality in a variety of ways, and the challenge of our generation is how to feed a growing planet while maintaining the integrity of our ecological life-support system.The responsibility of governments for ensuring food security will grow proportionately with the growth of populations, and governments bear a special responsibility for promoting agricultural inputs. Agriculture in the 21st century, will certainly focus increasingly on adapting modern technologies to local farming systems, needs and environments. Worldwide climatic changes have been raising concerns about potential changes to crop yields and production systems. Such concerns include the ability to accommodate these uncertain effects in order to ensure an adequate food supply for an increasing population. What can be done concretely to use agriculture to address some of the fundamental issues of today’s world? We must recognize that agriculture is part of the solution and not just a problem. Agricultural development is a key to social stability and equity in many parts of the world. It can help to alleviate the subtle and unspoken fears of modernization and the space of change if innovation is handled transparently. The World Food Summit held at FAO-Rome in November 1996 gave priority to the development of urban and peri-urban agriculture as well as improving the efficiency of food supply and distribution systems and linkages between growth, production, quality handling, postharvest aspects and consumption areas, with the aim of facilitating access to food by low-income households and hence improving food security especially in developing countries and countries in transition. To increase food security and alleviate poverty there is a need to introduce improved crop-production technologies to farmers or growers and by promoting appropriate policies that help them to adopt new technologies. Responsible agriculture must be viable yet sustainable – economically, environmentally and socially. More information can be found in www.world-food.net or www.isfae.org or to take contact with World Food Ltd. Meri-Rastilantie 3 C, FIN- 00980 Helsinki, Finland (info@world-food.net) This book focuses on the preharvest practices on the production and quality of food crops. Nine chapters are included in this book, which are: Effect of Preharvest Factors on the Quality of Vegetables Produced in the Tropics – Vegetables: Growing Environment and the Quality of Produce; Effects of Agronomic Practices and Processing Conditions on Tomato Ingredients; Modelling Fruit Quality: Ecophysiological, Agronomical and Ecological Perspectives; Sprays Technology in Perennial Tree Crops; Chestnut, an Ancient Crop With Future; Improvement of Grain Legume Production in Semi-Arid Kenya Through Biological Nitrogen Fixation: The Experience With Tepary Bean (Phaseolus Acutifolius a Gray var. Latifolius); Impact of Ozone on Crops; Saffron Quality: Effect of Agricultural Practices, Processing and Storage; Fruit and vegetables Harvesting Systems. vii
viii Preface This book provides recent and up-dated information on preharvest field practice. The book will stimulate guidance material on key constraints, which can be useful in the field of agriculture or horticulture. Readers will get acquainted with a wide range of information, technologies and methodologies. The editors wish to express their sincere gratitude to all authors for their valuable contributions. We are grateful to Kluwer Academic Publishers for giving us an opportunity to compile this book. Ramdane Dris Ph.D. Shri Mohan Jain Ph.D. World Food Ltd. Plant Breeding and Genetics Section Meri-Rastilantie 3C Joint FAO/IAEA Division FIN-00980 Helsinki Finland International Atomic Energy Agency E-mail: info@world-food.net Wagramer Strasse 5 info@world-food.net P.O. Box 200 A-1400 Vienna, Austria E-mail: S.M.Jain@iaca.org
Page 2 and 3: Production Practices and Quality As
Page 4 and 5: Production Practices and Quality As
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
Page 12 and 13: EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
Page 14 and 15: 2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
Page 16 and 17: e beneficial to the water economy a
Page 18 and 19: Other responses that can also be ca
Page 20 and 21: 06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
Page 22 and 23: of more than 13 hours of night temp
Page 24 and 25: temperatures. Some show serious int
Page 26 and 27: Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
Page 28 and 29: 1) High rainfall conditions where B
Page 30 and 31: increase in the release of P i from
Page 32 and 33: however, more severe when foliage i
Page 34 and 35: temperatures and luxuriant growth a
Page 36 and 37: development of chilling injury symp
Page 38 and 39: conditions followed by sudden high
Page 40 and 41: season. The main environmental fact
Page 42 and 43: 4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
Page 44 and 45: Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
Page 46 and 47: Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
Page 48 and 49: EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
Page 50 and 51: Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
Page 52 and 53: Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
Page 54 and 55: Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
Page 56 and 57: Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
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Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
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Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
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SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
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Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
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With centrifugal energy systems dro
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fruit orchards is described as 1000
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According to Furness (2000), the nu
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sprayers which were developed prima
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air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
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Most agricultural chemicals have be
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educing dosage rates to one quarter
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CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
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2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
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Table 2. Chestnut production in the
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vineyards and north facing to chest
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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size. When the trees develop too mu
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6.5. Management of old orchards Che
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the disease is already established
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where ink disease is rampant, disea
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8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
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9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
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IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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