Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in the situation of reasoned chemical control, and only five for the pest-independent case. In conclusion, the Catiote model showed it is worth considering an integrated modelling framework combining ecological and agronomical concerns to compare the effect of various protection strategies on fruit quality. Here we focused on reasoned crop protection with the view of its possible environmental impact, roughly indicated by the number of chemical applications. Studying Catiote raised questions about the necessary conditions for pest control. Catiote relies on assumptions that should be carefully examined before concrete use. The Lokta-Volterra model belongs to the class of ecological theories of population regulation that focuses on density-dependent factors, knowing that other classes focus on densityindependent factors such as climate, or consider a mixture of both (Dajoz, 1974). By using situations and models that are both speculative, we only aimed at getting an insight into the ability of future models to meet IFP requirements. 7. CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS We presented several biological models dealing with fruit quality. It is clear that most of the models are mainly restricted to fruit growth, focusing on dry mass, and that research in modelling must now focus on other essential aspects of fruit quality such as acidity, firmness, vitamin content, etc. Indeed, a lot of work has been done by physiologists and technologists on these aspects, but the resulting knowledge has not been integrated in ecophysiological and agronomic models. The structure of the Catiote model presented in this chapter, shows how it could be possible to consider an ecological approach to deal with environmental problems additionally to fruit quality. But here also, a lot remains to be done, mainly integrating ecophysiological, agronomic and ecological knowledge into a model able to simulate several aspects of quality in response to cultural practices, environment, and pest and diseases. Such an integration has been done previously by Gutierrez and colleagues, and mainly exemplified in cotton and cassava (see Gutierrez, 1996, for a synthesis focusing on the ecological point of view, with numerous referenced papers). However, the agronomic aspects were not completely considered and the quality was not the aim of their models. We are now developing an integrated model applied to the peach (‘Alexis’ project) which combines some of the models presented here (SWAF, SUGAR, CaShoo) to build a model able to simulate the quality of each fruit in a peach orchard in response to cultural practices and to the occurrence of diseases. Such a model will be objectoriented in order to facilitate its design and its evolution. The advances in computer power make it possible to consider simulation models much more complex than ten years ago. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank G. Vercambre and G. Rigou for their advices and corrections to the manuscript.
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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Page 40 and 41: season. The main environmental fact
Page 42 and 43: 4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
Page 44 and 45: Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
Page 46 and 47: Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
Page 48 and 49: EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
Page 50 and 51: Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
Page 52 and 53: Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
Page 54 and 55: Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
Page 56 and 57: Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
Page 58 and 59: MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
Page 60 and 61: Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
Page 62 and 63: Is it the only level to be consider
Page 64 and 65: To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
Page 66 and 67: on an analysis of the biophysical p
Page 68 and 69: Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
Page 70 and 71: Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
Page 72 and 73: f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
Page 76 and 77: which depends on climate and irriga
Page 80 and 81: distributed over the period during
Page 84 and 85: Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
Page 86 and 87: with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
Page 90 and 91: Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
Page 92 and 93: Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95: SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99: With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101: fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103: According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105: sprayers which were developed prima
Page 106 and 107: air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
Page 108 and 109: Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111: educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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size. When the trees develop too mu
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6.5. Management of old orchards Che
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the disease is already established
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where ink disease is rampant, disea
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8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
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9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
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IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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