Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘densities’ of foliage, pests and predators expressed per tree for the sake of simplicity, and γ 3 and γ 3Pe being the migration terms. As far as parameters are concerned, α i is an intrinsic term of population increase or decrease, depending on the sign of α i, β ii a term of self-limitation, and β ij a term of positive or negative interaction between populations. Fruit mass and sucrose concentration were the fruit quality traits considered in the simulations. The growth rate of the fruit crop per tree was very roughly described as depending linearly on the tree leaf area Fo, thus the mean individual growth rate was dF dt = δ Fo n Modelling Fruit Quality 75 with F being the fruit mass, n the number of fruit per tree and � a parameter. Sucrose concentration in the fruit was calculated using the SUGAR model presented previously in this chapter. We modified the basic model to account for a possible chemical control, in a way close to the IFP guidelines. The resulting Catiote model made it possible to trigger insecticide spraying when pest density exceeded a given threshold y (reasoned pest control). Input values described the efficiency of the product for the possible targets, pests and predators, and its persistence through the pattern of decreasing efficiency over time. This decrease is assumed to be linear with time. Simulations were performed for a period of 110 days ended by fruit harvest, using a daily time step. Three cases were investigated where the source of pest control was (i) the plant environment only, (ii) the integrated chemical control only, (iii) a mixture of both. 6.2. Effect of pests, predators and insecticide spraying on fruit quality and 6.2. environment When the only source of pest control was the plant environment and when predators were pest-independent, predators and leaf area slowly increased, while pests slowly decreased after a few peaks. Final mean fruit mass was about 70 g and sucrose concentration about 5%. When pest-dependent, predators caused a stronger regulation of the system. The final mean fruit mass and sucrose concentration, about 100 g and 6% respectively, were higher than in the previous case (Figure 12). Under reasoned chemical pest control, without any predator influence, the developmental trends of pests and leaf area levelled off rapidly but permanent oscillations were encountered. As soon as the effect of insecticide application was over, pests increased, resulting in a new application and so on. The resulting outputs were a mean individual fruit mass of 140 g, a sucrose concentration of 7%, and a number of seven chemical applications. Combined environmental and reasoned chemical pest control also rapidly yielded flat and oscillating evolution trends of pests and leaf area (Figure 12). The patterns were very similar to the previous case for pest-dependent predators. With pestindependent predators, the oscillations were less frequent. In this situation of double
76 M. Génard and F. Lescourret Figure 12. From left to right: temporal evolution of pest (full line) and predator number per tree (dotted line), temporal evolution of mean individual fruit mass (full line) and leaf area per tree (dotted line), temporal evolution of fruit sucrose concentration. From top to bottom: environmental control only with pest-independent predators, environmental control only with pest-dependent predators, reasoned chemical control only, combined environmental (pest-independent) and reasoned chemical control, combined environmental (pest-dependent) and reasoned chemical control. protection, pest-dependent predators were considerably reduced by the chemical treatments because of their dependence on pests, while pest-independent predators were not affected and increased as in the previous situation of environmental control (Figure 12). As a result, though the final fruit mass and sugar concentrations were high in both cases as in the situation of reasoned chemical control, the number of chemical applications was six for the pest-dependent case, which is a little bit less
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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Page 40 and 41: season. The main environmental fact
Page 42 and 43: 4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
Page 44 and 45: Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
Page 46 and 47: Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
Page 48 and 49: EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
Page 50 and 51: Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
Page 52 and 53: Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
Page 54 and 55: Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
Page 56 and 57: Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
Page 58 and 59: MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
Page 60 and 61: Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
Page 62 and 63: Is it the only level to be consider
Page 64 and 65: To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
Page 66 and 67: on an analysis of the biophysical p
Page 68 and 69: Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
Page 70 and 71: Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
Page 72 and 73: f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
Page 76 and 77: which depends on climate and irriga
Page 80 and 81: distributed over the period during
Page 84 and 85: Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
Page 88 and 89: Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
Page 90 and 91: Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
Page 92 and 93: Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95: SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99: With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101: fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103: According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105: sprayers which were developed prima
Page 106 and 107: air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
Page 108 and 109: Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111: educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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size. When the trees develop too mu
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6.5. Management of old orchards Che
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the disease is already established
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where ink disease is rampant, disea
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8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
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9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
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IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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