Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

More documents

Recommendations

Info

To calculate the number of directions of vibration (shaking pattern) let us consider (Figure 15) that the speed ω 1 is slightly higher than ω 2, and rotating in opposite directions: ω 1 t = 2π + α; ω 2 t = 2π – α, and the number of directions of shaking is (Ortiz-Cañavate and Hernanz, 1989): n = 2π/α = (ω 1 + ω 2)/(ω 1 – ω 2) Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Systems 279 Damage to the trees The zone of attachment of the shaker to the tree (trunk or limb) has been found to be the most dangerous for tree damage. During shaking applied by the clamp to the wood, there are not only radial stresses, but also longitudinal and tangential (Moser, 1984). The admissible stresses that can be absorbed without damage under the shaker clamp are very much related to bark humidity. For fruit trees, the admissible values for tangential, radial and longitudinal stresses are, respectively: σ t ≤ 600 kPa; σ r ≤ 1700 kPa and σ l ≤ 1800 kPa. Figure 16 shows the comparative variation of bark resistance (N/cm 2 ) for different times of tree growth (times of the year) and irrigation, all which influence bark humidity. Excessive radial stresses are likely to cause damage in selected fruit trees. The causes of excessive stress can be due to a bad design of the clamp, as well as to careless operation. For example, damage can be caused by inadequate adjustment of clamping pressure or inadequate contact area between the bark and the clamp. To avoid tangential stresses (the worst for the tree) some manufacturers place a flap on the clamp, keeping the clamp-flap contact surface well lubricated. 3.3.2. Harvesting fruits in high-density orchards with over-the row machines A new possibility for fruit production is the high-density dwarf-tree plantation (Trees planted at 2 × 1 or 2.5 × 1 m 2 ; this means 4000–5000 trees/ha, with a higher and Figure 16. Bark-resistance (tangential-resistance) variation along time of the year and irrigation (plum tree).
280 M. Ruiz-Altisent et al. earlier cropping). A complete mechanization process: cultivating, pruning, spraying and also harvesting is possible, implemented with over-the-row machines. Maximum height of the trees must be maintained at 2.4 m for the clearance of the machine (
Page 2 and 3:
Production Practices and Quality As
Page 4 and 5:
Production Practices and Quality As
Page 6 and 7:
CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
Page 8 and 9:
PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
Page 10 and 11:
LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
Page 12 and 13:
EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
Page 14 and 15:
2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
Page 16 and 17:
e beneficial to the water economy a
Page 18 and 19:
Other responses that can also be ca
Page 20 and 21:
06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
Page 22 and 23:
of more than 13 hours of night temp
Page 24 and 25:
temperatures. Some show serious int
Page 26 and 27:
Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
Page 28 and 29:
1) High rainfall conditions where B
Page 30 and 31:
increase in the release of P i from
Page 32 and 33:
however, more severe when foliage i
Page 34 and 35:
temperatures and luxuriant growth a
Page 36 and 37:
development of chilling injury symp
Page 38 and 39:
conditions followed by sudden high
Page 40 and 41:
season. The main environmental fact
Page 42 and 43:
4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
Page 44 and 45:
Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
Page 46 and 47:
Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
Page 48 and 49:
EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
Page 50 and 51:
Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
Page 52 and 53:
Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
Page 54 and 55:
Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
Page 56 and 57:
Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
Page 58 and 59:
MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
Page 60 and 61:
Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
Page 62 and 63:
Is it the only level to be consider
Page 64 and 65:
To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
Page 66 and 67:
on an analysis of the biophysical p
Page 68 and 69:
Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
Page 70 and 71:
Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
Page 72 and 73:
f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
which depends on climate and irriga
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
distributed over the period during
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
Page 86 and 87:
with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
Page 88 and 89:
Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
Page 90 and 91:
Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
Page 92 and 93:
Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95:
SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97:
Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99:
With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101:
fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103:
According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105:
sprayers which were developed prima
Page 106 and 107:
air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
Page 108 and 109:
Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111:
educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119:
2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121:
Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123:
vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125:
Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127:
Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159:
where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161:
8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163:
9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
Page 176 and 177:
Improvement of Grain Legume Product
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
Page 202 and 203:
Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
Page 204 and 205:
Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
Page 206 and 207:
Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
Page 208 and 209:
Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
Page 210 and 211:
Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
Page 212 and 213:
species show a progressive decline
Page 214 and 215:
Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
Page 216 and 217:
Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
Page 218 and 219:
Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
Page 220 and 221:
SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
Page 222 and 223:
1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
Page 224 and 225:
1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
Page 226 and 227:
oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
Page 228 and 229:
Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
Page 230 and 231:
Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
Page 232 and 233:
and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
Page 234 and 235:
Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
Page 236 and 237:
(1984) gives the following data: δ
Page 238 and 239:
Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
Page 240 and 241: Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
Page 242 and 243: Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
Page 244 and 245: Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
Page 246 and 247: Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
Page 248 and 249: Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
Page 250 and 251: Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
Page 252 and 253: and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
Page 254 and 255: Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
Page 256 and 257: Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
Page 258 and 259: unpleasant sensory characteristics
Page 260 and 261: Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
Page 262 and 263: Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
Page 264 and 265: Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
Page 266 and 267: Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
Page 268 and 269: Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
Page 270 and 271: Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
Page 272 and 273: FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
Page 274 and 275: 3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
Page 276 and 277: exert a vertical pulling force to t
Page 278 and 279: Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
Page 282 and 283: - fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
Page 284 and 285: - frequency and - amplitude of vibr
Page 292 and 293: For the cleaning and separation of
Page 296: Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
show all

Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?