Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Systems 275 Figure 11. Drive of the rotating counterweights by two hydraulic motors with two bolts (a) and by one hydraulic motor and one idle pulley with one revolving belt. Figure 12. Tractor-mounted trunk shaker. (1) Supporting frame, (2) articulated arm, (3) shaker, (4) oil reservoir (5, 6) hydraulic system. acceleration has to be applied to the fruit (expressed in number of ‘g’s’) to produce its detachment from the limb or the peduncle. Table 3 summarizes vibration parameters typically used for shaker design. Damage to the fruits is a limiting factor for the application of the shaking method, also in the case of processing fruit. The use of abscission chemicals has not wide-
276 M. Ruiz-Altisent et al. Table 3. Frequencies and amplitudes used in fruit and nut harvesters. Harvested crop Frequency (Hz) Amplitude (mm) Observations Strawberries 05–15 20–40 Mass: 6–9 g Cherries 10–20 15–60 Apricots 15–30 08–12 Almonds 15–30 08–12 Apples 15–30 08–12 Prunes 15–30 10–14 Peaches 15–30 12–16 Olives 20–35 50–75 Oranges 10–15 12–16 Grapes 09–10/10–20 80–140 See text 15–23 25–70 Tomatoes 05–10 30–50 Small fruits Rubus 05–10 40–75 Ribes 10–25 40–75 spread application due to the high cost, and to problems related to timeliness of application, as well as to concerns about chemicals residues on the fruits. Kinematics of the inertial shaker If only one rotating mass, m, is considered (Ortiz-Cañavate and Hernanz, 1989) (Figure 13a), rotating at a constant angular speed ω, the centrifugal force has the following expression: F – = mr ω 2 exp(iωt) where r is the eccentricity of the rotating mass. This type of orbital shaker is the appropriate for some fruits, like almonds. If two eccentric masses are considered, m 1 and m 2 (Figure 13b), rotating at different angular speeds, ω 1 and ω 2, in the same or in opposite directions, and mounted in one or in two different axles, the forces generated by their rotations are: F – 1 = m 1r 1 ω 2 1 exp(iω 1t) F – 2 = m 2r 2 ω 2 2 exp(iω 2t) The usual output of inertia shakers is a relatively high frequency of vibration (12–40 Hz), and a short stroke (5–20 mm) delivered to the tree. The resultant force F – 1 + F – 2 can be adjusted for magnitude and pattern in any desired way by changing the relative masses of the eccentrics and by modifying their respective rotating speeds (Figure 14). The force generated by the shaker is (Figure 15): F(t) = Mx + cx + kx
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
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Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
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Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
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SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
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Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
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With centrifugal energy systems dro
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fruit orchards is described as 1000
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According to Furness (2000), the nu
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sprayers which were developed prima
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air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
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Most agricultural chemicals have be
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educing dosage rates to one quarter
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CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
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2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
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Table 2. Chestnut production in the
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vineyards and north facing to chest
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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size. When the trees develop too mu
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6.5. Management of old orchards Che
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the disease is already established
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where ink disease is rampant, disea
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8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
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9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
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IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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Page 238 and 239: Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Page 242 and 243: Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
Page 244 and 245: Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Page 252 and 253: and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
Page 254 and 255: Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
Page 256 and 257: Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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Page 260 and 261: Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
Page 262 and 263: Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
Page 264 and 265: Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
Page 266 and 267: Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
Page 268 and 269: Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
Page 270 and 271: Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
Page 272 and 273: FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
Page 274 and 275: 3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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