Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harvesting of saffron flowers, Kozani, Greece. India. Cultivation of saffron is confined to the states of Jammu and Kashmir, mainly in the Kashmir Valley at Pulwama (78% of the total cultivated area), Badgam, Anantanag and Baramulla (
238 S. A. Ordoudi and M. Z. Tsimidou Table 7. Typical soil characteristics of saffron fields at Birjhand and Ghaen, Khorasan, Iran (after Behnia et al., 1999). Soil characteristics Birjhand fields Ghaen fields Potassium (mg/kg) 270 215 Phosphorous (mg/kg) 007 004.5 Total N (%) 000.05 000.06 Organic C (%) 000.51 000.71 CaCO 3 (%) 015.0 017.0 PH 008.0–8.1 007.5–7.9 Electrical conductivity (dS m –1 ) 002.1–3.0 002.0–3.3 Iron mg/kg 004.4–6.4 002.8–6.8 Manganese 013.2–23.0 009.6–22.0 Zinc 000.48–0.68 000.48–0.82 Copper 000.7–1.1 000.72–1.1 Clay (%) 022.6 017.6 Silt (%) 031.4 040.0 Sand (%) 046.0 042.4 Irrigation was by siphons and rains. First irrigation was three weeks before flowering (in September), the second after collection of flowers (early November) and the third in March and two more at 15 days intervals. The flowers were picked au by hand. The results of this tedious experimental work, which deserved attention, did not clarified which edaphic or climatic factors were responsible for the differences in productivity in these two locations. In any case fertilisers were found not to improve significantly the yield. This study gives evidence for the organic cultivation of saffron in the years to come. Italy. Nowadays, cultivation is restricted to Navelli highlands and to a lesser extent in Sardinia (Cagliari province) and the Val di Taro (Parma province). Some attempts are currently made to renew interest in this cultivation in Tuscany. Sicily and Campania do not produce saffron crocus any more. Ten hectares and 100 growers are rather small figures for this otherwise profitable cultivation (Tammaro, 1994 and 1999) who reports that after experimentation in multiannual cultivation it was evidenced that by taken up the corms at the early summer and replanting at the end of August reduced significantly root rot. In the highland of Navelli rainfall is common throughout the year except for August, whereas temperatures below zero and snow are also common during late November and winter. High humidity in summer favours development of parasitic fungi that destroy corms. The use of anti-fungal agents is, thus, recommended to save the reproduction material. Japan. Morimoto et al. (1994) referred to an ‘indoor’ cultivation system that is used for more than 80 years and that it is even mentioned in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. The authors commended that achievement of full blooming in the room is advantageous for the homogenous quality of saffron and also for reducing labour.
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
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Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
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Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
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SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
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Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
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With centrifugal energy systems dro
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fruit orchards is described as 1000
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According to Furness (2000), the nu
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sprayers which were developed prima
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air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
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Most agricultural chemicals have be
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educing dosage rates to one quarter
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CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
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2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
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Table 2. Chestnut production in the
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vineyards and north facing to chest
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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size. When the trees develop too mu
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6.5. Management of old orchards Che
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the disease is already established
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where ink disease is rampant, disea
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8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
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9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
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IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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Page 198 and 199: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
Page 200 and 201: IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
Page 202 and 203: Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
Page 204 and 205: Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
Page 206 and 207: Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
Page 208 and 209: Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
Page 210 and 211: Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
Page 212 and 213: species show a progressive decline
Page 214 and 215: Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
Page 216 and 217: Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
Page 218 and 219: Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
Page 220 and 221: SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
Page 222 and 223: 1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
Page 224 and 225: 1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
Page 226 and 227: oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
Page 228 and 229: Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
Page 230 and 231: Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
Page 232 and 233: and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
Page 234 and 235: Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
Page 236 and 237: (1984) gives the following data: δ
Page 238 and 239: Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
Page 240 and 241: Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
Page 242 and 243: Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
Page 244 and 245: Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
Page 246 and 247: Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
Page 250 and 251: Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
Page 252 and 253: and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
Page 254 and 255: Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
Page 256 and 257: Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
Page 258 and 259: unpleasant sensory characteristics
Page 260 and 261: Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
Page 262 and 263: Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
Page 264 and 265: Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
Page 266 and 267: Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
Page 268 and 269: Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
Page 270 and 271: Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
Page 272 and 273: FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
Page 274 and 275: 3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
Page 276 and 277: exert a vertical pulling force to t
Page 278 and 279: Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
Page 282 and 283: - fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
Page 284 and 285: - frequency and - amplitude of vibr
Page 290 and 291: To calculate the number of directio
Page 292 and 293: For the cleaning and separation of
Page 296: Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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