Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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species show a progressive decline in photosynthetic rate under elevated CO 2 (Sage et al., 1989; Miglietti et al., 1996). Elevated CO 2 has been shown to reduce the extent of O 3-induced visible damage in some species (Rudorff et al., 1996; Mulholand et al., 1997), but does not necessarily prevent reduction in photosynthetic rate (Balaguer et al., 1995). In order to explain the protective influence of elevated CO 2 several mechanisms have been proposed: (a) partial stomatal closure may reduce the flux of O 3 into leaves (Allen, 1990); (b) increases in Rubisco content and activity under elevated CO 2 may compensate for O 3-induced damage (Reid et al., 1998); and (c) improved assimilate may increase the production of antioxidants (Rao et al., 1995). 16.3. Transgenic plants Impact of Ozone on Crops 201 Manipulation of antioxidative capacity could be a valuable way of obtaining ozonetolerant plants. Screening analysis following plant transformation has shown that with overexpression of superoxide dismutase or glutathione reductase in important agronomical species such as tobacco, tomato, and potato, the transformant is more resistant to photo-oxidative stress (Rennember and Polle, 1994; Foyer et al., 1995). The responses of transformants to O 3 are dependent upon the type of isoenzyme and the exposure regimen. Tobacco plants overexpressing superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase do not show enhanced tolerance to ambient O 3 levels (Pitcher et al., 1991), whereas tobacco overexpressing superoxide dismutase shows less visible foliar injury upon exposure to O 3 (Van Camp et al., 1994). Unfortunately, the ecological significance of ambient O 3 on these transformed enzymes has still to be elucidated. The study of these transformed plants will increase our present understanding of O 3 phytotoxicity and will help to obtain O 3-tolerant plants. 17. CONCLUSIONS Tropospheric O 3 has a negative impact on growth, development, and productivity of crops. Effects of O 3 have been observed in a wide range of physiological characteristics, such as accelerated senescence, decreased photosynthetic assimilation, decreased productivity, and reduced carbon allocation to roots. Different responses to O 3 have been observed in related species and, hence, it is thought that the initial mechanism of O 3-induced stress on crops is uniform. A better understanding of the effect of O 3 and O 3-generated reactive oxygen species is necessary for an insight into the impact of O 3 in crops. A great effort must be made in order to decrease the concentrations of O 3 air pollution. In the absence of an effective emission control of O 3 precursors, it is expected that ambient O 3 concentration will increase in the future. The responses of crops to increased tropospheric O 3 level could play an important role in determining crop yielding. Given that O 3induced stress imposes considerable constraints on crop yield production, there is a need for continuous research in this area. More work is necessary to better our understanding of signal pathway and gene expression implicated in O 3 responses.
202 S. del Valle-Tascon and J. L. Carrasco-Rodriguez ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to the Consellería de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion (Project GV-CAPA00-06), Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, for financial assistance. REFERENCES Adams, R. M., J. D. Glyer and B. A. McCarl (1988). The NCLAN economic assessment: approach findings and conclusions. In W. W. Heck, D. C. Taylor and D. T. Tingey (eds.), Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollution. Elsevier Applied Science, New York. Allen, L. H. (1990). Plant response to rising carbon dioxide and partial interactions with air pollutants. J. Environ. Qual. 19: 15–34. Alscher, R. G. and J. L. Hess (1993). Antioxidants in higher plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Alscher, R. G. and A. R. Wellburn (1994). Plants responses to the gaseous environment. Chapman and Hall, London. Amundson, R. G., R. J. Kohut, C. A. Schoettle, R. M. Raba and P. B. Reich (1987). Correlative reduction of whole plant photosynthesis and yield in winter wheat caused by ozone. Phytopathology 77: 75–79. Asada, K. (1994). Mechanisms for scavenging reactive molecules generated in chloroplasts under light stress. In N. R. Baker and J. R. Bowyer (eds.), Plant Inhibition of Photosinthesis from Molecular Mechanisms to the Field. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford. Asada, K. (1994b). Production and action of active oxygen in photosynthetic tissue. In C. H. Foyer and P. M. Molineaux (eds.), Causes of Photooxidation and Amelioration of Defense Systems in Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Baker, N. R., J. Nie and M. Tomasevic (1994). Responses of photosyntethic light-use efficiency of chloroplast development on exposure of leaves to ozone. In R. G. Alscher and A. R. Weillburn (eds.), Plant Responses to the Gaseous Environment. Molecular, Metabolic and Physiological Aspects. Chapman and Hall, London. Balaguer, L., J. D. Barnes, A. Paniccuci and A. Borland (1995). Production and utilization of assimilates in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves exposed to elevated O 3 and/or CO 2. New Phytol. 129: 557–568. Bolhar-Noderkampf, H. R., S. P. Long, N. R. Baker, G. Öquist, U. Schreiber and E. C. Lechner (1989). Chlorophyll fluorescence as a probe of the photosynthetic competence of leaves in the field: a review of current instrumentation. Functional Ecol. 3: 497–514. Bors, W., C. Langerbartels, C. Mitchel and H. J. Sandermann (1989). Polyamines as radical scavengers and protection against ozone damage. Phytochem. 28: 1589–1595. Byovet, P., J. U. Balis, S. A. Shelley, M. R. Montgomery and J. M. Barber (1995). Detection of hydroxyl radicals unpon interaction of ozone in aqueous media or extracellular surfactant: The role of trace iron. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 319: 464–469. Carter, G. A., R. J. Mitchell, A. H. Chappelka and C. H. Brever (1992). Responses of leaf spectral reflectance in loblolly pine to increased atmospheric ozone and precipitation acidity. J. Exp. Bot. 43: 577–584. Casano, M. L., H. R. Lascano and V. S. Trippi (1994). Hydroxyl radicals and thylakoid-bound endopeptidase are involved in light and oxygen-induced proteolysis in oat protoplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 35: 145–152. Castillo, F. J., C. Penel and H. Greepin (1986). Balance between anionic and cationic extracellular activities in Sedum alba leaves after ozone exposure. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Physiol. Plant 68: 201–208. Castillo, F. J. and H. Greepin (1988). Extracellular ascorbic acid and enzyme activities related to ascorbic acid metabolism in Sedum alba L. leaves after ozone exposure. Environ. Exp. Bot. 28: 231–238. Chaerle, L. and D. van der Straeten (2000). Imaging techniques and the early detection of plant stress. Trends Plant Sci. 5: 495–501.
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
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Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
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Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
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SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
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Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
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With centrifugal energy systems dro
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fruit orchards is described as 1000
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According to Furness (2000), the nu
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sprayers which were developed prima
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air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
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Most agricultural chemicals have be
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educing dosage rates to one quarter
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CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
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2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
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Table 2. Chestnut production in the
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vineyards and north facing to chest
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
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size. When the trees develop too mu
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6.5. Management of old orchards Che
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the disease is already established
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where ink disease is rampant, disea
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8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
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Page 174 and 175: IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
Page 176 and 177: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
Page 188 and 189: 2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
Page 200 and 201: IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
Page 202 and 203: Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
Page 204 and 205: Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
Page 206 and 207: Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
Page 208 and 209: Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
Page 210 and 211: Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
Page 214 and 215: Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
Page 216 and 217: Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
Page 218 and 219: Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
Page 220 and 221: SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
Page 222 and 223: 1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
Page 224 and 225: 1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
Page 226 and 227: oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
Page 228 and 229: Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
Page 230 and 231: Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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Page 236 and 237: (1984) gives the following data: δ
Page 238 and 239: Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
Page 240 and 241: Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
Page 242 and 243: Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
Page 244 and 245: Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
Page 246 and 247: Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
Page 248 and 249: Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
Page 250 and 251: Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
Page 252 and 253: and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
Page 254 and 255: Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
Page 256 and 257: Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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Page 260 and 261: Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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