Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCTION IN SEMI-ARID KENYA THROUGH BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION: THE EXPERIENCE WITH TEPARY BEAN (PHASEOLUS ACUTIFOLIUS A. GRAY VAR. LATIFOLIUS) CHRIS A. SHISANYA Department of Geography, P.O. Box 43844, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Food security concerns in sub-Saharan Africa Although agriculture is the main stay for the majority of households in Africa, food security still remains the greatest challenge. There seems to be no prospects for sustainable agricultural growth for increased productivity and African agriculture has been ‘diagnosed’ as having a ‘chronic and anaemic rather than episodic growth performance’. According to the World Bank (2001), agriculture share of gross domestic product (GDP) in Africa ranges from 3.6–63.6% but with very low annual average percentage growth ranging from –4.9 to 7.7% (Table 1). Generally, small-scale farmers who produce for subsistence dominate the agricultural sector in Africa. Indeed, a large proportion of farm households aim simply to produce enough food to meet household needs and many often fail to meet even this limited goal. According to Bongaarts (1994), there are 186 million hungry people in Africa. Between 1950 and 1995, Africa’s population grew at an average annual rate of 2.6% and more than trebled, reaching 561 million. This rate of increase is historically unprecedented among major regions of the world over comparable periods of time (Bloom and Sachs, 1998). Despite the fact that there is no relationship between prevalence of hunger in a given country and its population the challenge is to produce enough food to feed the populations. For example, for every densely populated and hungry nation like Bangladesh or Haiti, there is a sparsely populated and hungry nation like Brazil and Indonesia. The causes of hunger in Africa should be viewed from two angles: long-term and short-term. In the long-term, poor populations have limited income and are unable to purchase or produce, on continuous basis, the amount and quality of food needed for good health. Many people are too poor to buy food that is available or lack ability and resources to grow it themselves (Lappe et al., 1998). On the other hand, short-term food insecurity is frequently the result of crisis (e.g. civil strife and HIV/AIDS pandemic) or seasonal food shortages due to factors such as drought. In many African nations, the drive to social developments is being greatly undermined by human capital degradation caused by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, rising armed conflicts and civil strife, ethnic and cultural upheavals and the burden of staggering national debt, all of which have become a major factor in food emergencies. For example, FAO (1999) reported several countries facing exceptional food emergencies (Table 2). 163 R. Dris and S. M. Jain (eds.), Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops, Vol. 1, “Preharvest Practice”, pp. 163–188. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
164 Chris A. Shisanya Table 1. Agricultural share of GDP in Africa in 1999 and annual average percentage agricultural growth, 1990–99. Countries Agricultural share Annual average percentage growth, GDP in 1999 1990–99 (constant 1995 US $) Guinea-Bissau 63.6 03.3 Central African Republic 55.1 03.6 Burundi 52.2 –1.3 Ethiopia 48.9 0– Tanzania 47.6 03.3 Mali 46.5 02.8 Rwanda 45.7 –1.9 Sierra Leone 44.4 00.3 Uganda 44.2 03.7 Cameroon 43.5 04.7 Togo 43.0 03.8 Nigeria 41.2 02.8 Niger 40.4 03.7 Comoros 38.7 –0.2 Benin 38.2 05.5 Chad 37.9 06.2 Malawi 37.6 07.7 Ghana 35.8 03.5 Gambia 33.2 02.7 Burkina Faso 32.1 04.7 Mozambique 31.6 03.9 Madagascar 30.0 01.4 Kenya 27.0 00.9 Mauritania 25.2 05.6 Cote d’ivoire 23.8 01.4 Guinea 23.1 04.5 Sao Tome and Principe 20.7 04.1 Senegal 17.9 01.1 Zambia 17.3 –4.1 Eritrea 16.0 0– Equatorial Guinea 16.0 05.3 Swaziland 15.8 –0.3 Namibia 12.8 04.1 Cape Verde 12.0 04.1 Congo Republic 10.1 02.3 Mauritius 08.0 01.6 Angola 06.7 –4.9 Seychelles 04.1 –2.1 South Africa 03.8 00.9 Botswana 03.6 00.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0– 01.0 Gabon 0– –1.4 Lesotho 0– 00.7 Zimbabwe 0– 03.5 Source: World Bank: World Development Indicator Database.
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
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Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
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Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
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SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
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Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
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With centrifugal energy systems dro
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fruit orchards is described as 1000
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According to Furness (2000), the nu
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sprayers which were developed prima
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air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
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Most agricultural chemicals have be
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educing dosage rates to one quarter
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CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
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2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
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Table 2. Chestnut production in the
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vineyards and north facing to chest
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Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
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Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
Page 176 and 177: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
Page 188 and 189: 2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
Page 200 and 201: IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
Page 202 and 203: Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
Page 204 and 205: Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
Page 206 and 207: Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
Page 208 and 209: Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
Page 210 and 211: Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
Page 212 and 213: species show a progressive decline
Page 214 and 215: Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
Page 216 and 217: Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
Page 218 and 219: Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
Page 220 and 221: SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
Page 222 and 223: 1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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