Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Future 157 (Castanea sativa Mill.) en Galicia. MAPA, MONOGRAFIAS I.N.I.A 87: 271 PP. I.S.B.N: 84-7498- 424-6. Fernandez, J., S. Pereira and E. Miranda (1992). Fog and substrate conditions for chestnut propagation by leafy cuttings. Proceedings publiés par AFOCEL, Production de varietes genetiquement ameliorees d’especes forestieres a croissance rapide, Mass production technology for genetically improved fast growing forest tree species, Bourdeaux, pp. 379–383. Fernandez, J., S. Pereira and E. Miranda (1993). Selección, identificación y esquema de producción de clones híbridos de Castanea sativa Mill. y C. crenata Sieb. et Zucc. o C. mollissima Blume para producción de madera o fruto. En: Actas del Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán 2: 95–100 Fernandez, J., E. Miranda and S. Pereira (1995). Esquema de producción de materiales clonales forestales y frutales de castaño híbrido (Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. × C. sativa Mill.). ITEA 91(2): 65–70. Fernandez-Lopez, J. (1996). Tesis Doctoral. Variabilidad isoenzimática, morfológica y selección clonal en C. sativa Mill., C. crenata Sieb. et Zuc., C. mollisima e híbridos interespecíficos. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Fernandez-Lopez, J., R. A. Vázquez-Ruíz-de-Ocenda, R. D. Díaz-Vázquez and S. Pereira-Lorenzo (2002). Evaluation of resistance of Castanea sp. clones to Phytophthora sp. using excised chestnut shoots. For. Snow. Landsc. Res. 76(3): 451–454. Fineschi, S., E. Gillet and M. E. Malvolti (1990a). Genetics of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). Silvae Genetica 39: 188–193. Fineschi, S., M. E. Malvolti, M. Morgante, G. G. Vendramin, and M. Paciucci (1990b). Genetic studies on cultivated chestnut. Abstract, Congreso ISHS, Florencia, Agosto 1990. Fineschi, S., M. E. Malvolti, M. Morgante and G. G. Vendramin (1994). Can. For. Res. 24: 1160–1165. Frascaria, N. and M. Lefranc (1992). Le commerce de la châtaigne: un nouvel aspect dans l’etude de la différenciation génétique de populations de châtaigniers (Castanea sativa Mill.) en France. Ann. Sci. For. 49: 75–79. Gallardo-Lancho, J. F. (2001). Distribution of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forests in Spain: possible ecological criteria for quality and managemente (focusing on timber coppices). For. Snow Landsc. Res. 76(3): 477–481. Gallastegui, C. (1926). Técnica de la hibridación artificial del castaño. Boletín Real Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales XXVI: 88–94 Gaspar, J. M., C. Alberto, L. Torres, L. Ferreira and A. A. Fontainhas (1992). Estudo sobre a composiçao química e valor nutritivo da castanha, visando a sua transformaçao agro-industrial. Relatório final de actividades, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 50 pp. Gautam, D. R. and B. H. Howard (1991). Effect of preconditioning treatments and propagation environments on the rooting of chestnut and hazelnut leafy cuttings. Indian Journal of Horticulture 48(4): 296–298. Gomes, J. and C. Pinto De Abreu (1992). Clonal selection of Portuguese chestnut varieties. International Chestnut Conference, Morgantown, West-Virginia Gomes, J., C. Pinto, and T. Valdiviesso (1993a). Prospecçao do castanheiro em Portugal, Avaliaçao de algunhas caracteristicas. Actas de Horticultura, II Congreso Ibérico de Ciencias Hortícolas, Zaragoza 1: 111–114. Gomes, J., C. Pinto and T. Valdiviesso, T. (1993b). Chestnut selection in Portugal, Evaluation of some characteristics. International Congress on Chestnut, Spoleto, Italia. Goulao, L., T. Valdiviesso, C. Santana and C. M. Oliveira (2001). Comparison between phenetic characterisation using RAPD and ISSR markers and phenotypic data of cultivated chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48: 329–338. Grau, P. and A. France (1999). Chestnut production in Chile. Some steps toward its improvement. Acta Horticulturae 494: 37–42. Grente, J. and S. Berthelay-Sauret (1978). Biological control of chestnut blight in France. In MacDonald, Cech, Luchok and Smith (eds.), Proceedings of the American Chestnut Symposium. West Virginia University, Morgantown, pp. 30–40. Guedes-Lafargue, M. R. and G. Salesses (1999). Ink disease resistance: some preliminary elements from the studies of different crosses. In G. Salesses (ed), Proc. 2nd International Chestnut Symposium, Bordeaux, France. Acta Horticultura 494: 355–361.
158 S. Pereira-Lorenzo and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer Guerner, J. and T. Valdiviesso (1993). Caracterization of the portuguese variety of Castanea sativa L. ‘Amarelal’. Abstract, International Congress on Chestnut, Spoleto, Italia. Hardy, G. E. St. J., I. J. Colquhoun, B. L. Shearer and I. Tommerup (2001). The impact and control of Phytophthora cinnamomi in native and rehabilitated forest ecosystems in Western Australia. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 76(3): 337–343. Hebard, F. V. and S. Stiles (1996). Backcross breeding simplified. Journal of the American Chestnut Foundation 10: 35–39. Heiniger, U. and D. Rigling (1994). Biological contol of chestnut blight in Europe. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32: 581–599. Huang, H. (1998). Restoring the American chestnut to its native range: genetic variation in the American chestnut and selection strategies for recurrent parents. Journal of the American Chestnut Foundation 12: 27–39. Huang, H., F. Dane and J. D. Norton (1994a). Genetic analysis of 11 polymorphic isozyme loci in chestnut species and characterization of chestnut cultivars by multi-locus allozyme genotypes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119(4): 840–849. Huang, H., F. Dane and J. D. Norton, J.D. (1994b). Allozyme diversity in Chinese, Seguin and American chestnut (Castanea spp.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 88: 981–985. Huang, H., J. D. Norton, G. E. Boyhan and B. R. Abrahams (1994c). Graft compatibility among chestnut (Castanea) species. American-Society-for-Horticultural-Science 119(6): 1127–1132 Huang, H., F. Dane and J. D. Norton (1996a). Linkage relationships of isozymes and morphological traits in interspecific chestnut crosses. HortScience 31(3): 419–420. Huang, H., F. Dane and T. L. Kubisiak (1996b). Allozyme and RAPD analysis of the geographic variation and genetic diversity in natural populations of the American chestnut. HortScience: 31–591. Huang, H., F. Dane and T. L. Kubisiak (1998). Allozyme and RAPD analysis of the genetic diversity and geographic variation in wild populations of the American chetnut (Fagaceae). American Journal of Botany 85(7): 1013–1021. Jaynes, R. A. (1979). Chestnuts. In R. A. Jaynes (ed.), Nut tree culture in North America. Northern Nut Growers Association, Hamden, USA. Jinks, R. L. (1995). The effects of propagation environment on the rooting of leafy cuttings of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). New Forest 10(2): 183–195. Klinac, D., R. Seelye, R. Knowles and H. Nguyen (1999). Acta Horticulturae 494: 43–48. Kubisiak, T. L., F. V. Hebard, C. D. Nelson, J. Zhang, R. Bernatzky, H. Huang, S. L. Anagnostakis and R. L. Doudrick (1997). Molecular mapping of resistance to blight in an interespecific cross in the genus Castanea. Phytopathology 87: 751–759. Langerstedt, H. (1979). Propagation-Seed, Grafting, Budding. In A. Jaynes (ed.), Nut Tree Culture in North America. NNGA, Hamden, pp. 240–271. Liu, L. (1993). Germplasm Resources of Chestnut in China. Abstracts, International Congress on Chestnut, Spoleto, Italia. Liu, L. and J. Y. Zhou (1999). Some considerations on chestnut development in the 21st century in China. Acta Horticulturae 494: 85–88. Liu, L., S. He and J. Zhou (1992). The Rare Germplasmas of Chestnut in China. Poster, International Chestnut Conference, Morgantown, USA. Malvolti, M. E. and S. Fineschi (1987). Analysis of enzyme systems in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). Genet. Agr. 41: 243–256. Martins, L. M., M. T. Oliveira and C. G. Abreu (1999). Soils and climatic characteristic of chestnut stands that differ on the presence of ink disease. In G. Salesses (ed.), Proc. 2nd International Chestnut Symposium, Bordeaux, France. Acta Horticulturae 494: 447–449. Miller, G., D. D. Miller and R. A. Jaynes (1996). Chestnuts. In J. Janick and J. N. Moore (eds.) Fruit Breeding, Volume III: Nuts. John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp. 99–123. Miranda-Fontaíña, M. E. (2001). Propagación clonal in vitro de castaño: influencia de factores nutritivos, ambientales y genéticos en las etapas de desarrollo in vitro y ex vitro. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Miranda-Fontaíña, M. E. and J. Fernandez-Lopez (1992). Micropropagation as nursery technique in
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
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Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
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Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
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SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
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Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
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With centrifugal energy systems dro
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fruit orchards is described as 1000
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According to Furness (2000), the nu
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sprayers which were developed prima
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air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
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Most agricultural chemicals have be
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educing dosage rates to one quarter
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CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 156 and 157: the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
Page 174 and 175: IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
Page 176 and 177: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
Page 188 and 189: 2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
Page 200 and 201: IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
Page 202 and 203: Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
Page 204 and 205: Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
Page 206 and 207: Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
Page 208 and 209: Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
Page 210 and 211: Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
Page 212 and 213: species show a progressive decline
Page 214 and 215: Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
Page 216 and 217: Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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